Medicinal plants have been used as traditional medicine in the treatment of numerous human diseases for thousands of years in many parts of the world. In the developing world, especially in rural areas, herbal remedies continue to be a primary source of medicine. Scientifically, medicinal plants have proven to be an abundant source of biologically active compounds, many of which have already been formulated into useful therapeutic substances or have provided a basis for the development of new lead molecules for pharmaceuticals. Antibiotic resistance, undesireable side effects and expences associated with the use of combination therapy in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections have generated a considerable interest in the study of medicinal plants as potential sources of new drugs against this organism. The high complexicity of bioactive compounds accumulated in plants coupled with their broad antimicrobial activity may make it difficult for pathogenic organisms, including H. pylori to acquire resistance during treatment. This study therefore evaluates the antimicrobial potential of selected South African medicinal plants employed in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections, and the subsequent isolation of the plant active principles. An ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections was conducted in the study area. Crude extracts of Combretum molle, Sclerocarya birrea, Garcinia kola, Alepidea amatymbica and 2 Strychnos species were screened against 30 clinical strains of H. pylori and 2 standard control strains (NCTC 11638 and ATCC 43526). In the preliminary stages of this study, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water extracts of the plants were tested against H. pylori by agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution methods. The plant crude extracts that exhibited anti-H. pylori activity with a iv percentage susceptibility of 50 percent and above were considered for the rate of kill assays and the most active crude extracts selected for bio-assay guided isolation of the active ingredient. Preliminary fractionation of the crude extract was achieved by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using different solvent combinations; hexane/diethylether (HDE), ethyl acetate/methanol/water (EMW) and chloroform/ethyl acetate/formic acid (CEF) in order to determine the most suitable combination for column chromatography (CC) and subsequent testing by indirect bioautography. The extract was then fractionated in a silica gel column using previously determined solvent combinations as eluent. Active fractions obtained from column chromatography separations were further fractionated and the compounds identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. All the plants exhibited antimicrobial activity against H. pylori with zone of inhibition diameters ranging from 0 - 38 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.06 - 5.0 mg/mL. The most active plant extracts were the acetone extract of C. molle with a percentage susceptibility of 87.1 percent, acetone and aqueous extracts of S. birrea (71 percent each) and the ethanolic extracts of G. kola (53.3 percent). Except for the aqueous extract, these extracts also exhibited a strong bactericidal activity against H. pylori at different concentrations. TLC analysis revealed the presence of 9 components in the acetone extract of S. birrea with the EMW solvent system as opposed to 5 and 8 with HDE and CEF respectively. Bioassay-guided isolation led to the identification of 52 compounds from the acetone extract of S. birrea with n-octacosane being the most abundant (41.68 percent). This was followed by pyrrolidine (38.91 percent), terpinen-4-ol (38.3 percent), n-eicosane (24.98 percent), cyclopentane (16.76 percent), n-triacontane (16.28 percent), aromadendrene (13.63 percent) and α-gujunene (8.77 percent). Terpinen-4-ol and pyrrolidine demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against H. pylori at all concentrations tested. These results may serve as preliminary scientific validation of the ethnomedicinal uses of the above mentioned plants in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections in South Africa. Terpinen-4-ol and pyrrolidine could be considered for further evaluation as therapeutic or prophylactic agents in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections. However, further investigations would be necessary to determine their toxicological properties, in-vivo potencies and mechanism of action against H.pylori

Garcinia kola is one of the plants used in folklore remedies for the treatment of microbial infections. Bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics has necessitated the search for newer and alternative compounds for the treatment of drug resistant microbial infections. This study focuses on the bioactivity of G. kola seeds on Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 49399), Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571), Plesiomonas Shigelloides (ATCC 51903) and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 13311), organisms which can cause illnesses from mild to severe with potentially fatal outcomes. The crude ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, acetone and aqueous extracts were screened by agar-well diffusion method and the activities of the extract were further determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays. The inhibition zones ranged from 0 - 24 mm, while MIC and MBC of the extract ranged between 0.04 - 1.25 mg/mL and 0.081 - 2.5 mg/mL respectively. Chloroform/ Ethyl Acetate/ Formic acid (CEF) solvent system separated more active compounds followed by Ethyl Acetate/ Methanol/ Water (EMW) and Benzene/ Ethanol/ Ammonium Hydroxide (BEA). The extracts were fractionated by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Bioautography was used to assess the activity of the possible classes of compounds present in the more active extracts. Column chromatography was used to purify the active compounds from the mixture while Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the phyto components of the fractions. The MIC of the fractions ranged between 0.0006 - 2.5 mg/mL. CEF 3 (F3), CEF 11 (F11) and CEF 12 (F12) revealed the presence of high levels fatty acids Linoleic acid, 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid and 2, 3-Dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, respectively. The results obtained from this study justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine and provide leads which could be further exploited for the development of new and potent antimicrobials.

The chemical profiling, characterization of Aloe products and phytochemical properties of Aloe vera were studied. The adulteration of commercial products derived from medicinal plants has been a major muddle for both the society and the pharmaceuticalindustry. Economically motivated adulteration includes the potential for contaminated, sub‐potent or counterfeit medication to enter the supply chain at several levels, from the production of raw ingredients through to the point of retail sale. Darwin’s theory of evolution states that, species undergo genetic variation with time to adapt to environmental changes. Therefore, the same species growing in widely different habitats may drift from the original genetic makeup as a mechanism of adaptation and that may result in them having different chemical profiles. Therefore this study aimed at investigating the phytochemical properties of Aloe vera growing in South Africa. Also, this study aims to utilize Thin Layer Chromatography to profile this plant, as well as use Infra Red spectroscopy to characterize commercial Aloe vera products. A large quantity of Aloe vera plant was collected from AloeWay, Iphofolo Game Farm, Polokwane in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The identity of the plant was confirmedrom literature and authenticated by Professor DS Grierson of Botany Department, University of Fort Hare, Alice. The plant leaves were divided into two portions. One portion was extracted fresh while the other was cut into pieces and oven dried at 400C then and milled to a homogenous powder once dried completely. The phytochemical composition of the gel and leaf extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenols at different concentrations. Results showed that the dry plant material yielded more phytochemicals than the fresh plant material. In particular, it was found that the acetone extract showed much more amounts ofphychemicals than the dichloromethane and aqueous extracts. The percentage compositions of phenols (71.86), flavonols (36.61), proanthocyanidins (82.71), saponins (37.73) and alkaloids (13.29) were significantly high in the acetone extract, followed by the dichloromthane extract with values of 46.85, 37.73, 49.51, 89.0 and 11.11 respectively, while the least composition was found in the aqueous extract. Furthermore, flavonoids were somewhat high in composition in both the aqueous extract of the dried and of the fresh plant material while others were very low. Tannins levels were significantly very low in all the solvent extracts. It was found that the acetone extract showed great amounts of phytochemicals than dichloromethane and aqueous extracts. Since A. vera is used in the treatment of different ailments such as skin wounds and abrasions, eczema, constipation, rheumatoid arthritis etc, the medicinal uses of this plant could be associated to such analysed bioactive compounds. Acetone, hexane, ethanol, water and dichloromethane were used to extract the Aloe vera leaf and the best solvent extract was determined. Thin layer chromatography was used to profile the leaf extracts with the aim of documenting the main phytochemicals present in the Aloe vera growing in South Africa. The best spraying reagent was determined. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer was used to validate the presence of Aloe vera ingredients in commercial products. The yield extraction ability of the solvent was the order: water>ethanol> hexane >dichloromethane and acetone for the dry portion. However, for the plant extracted fresh, the order of yield produced was ethanol-acetone-dichloromethane > and water. The different solvent systems separated the compounds differently. Hexane: acetone: ethanol (20 : 5: 2) and Benzene: ethanol: ammonium (80): ethanol (10): ammonium solvent systems were noted to be the best mobile phase as they gave the best separation compared to other systems.EMW [ethyl acetate (81): methanol (11): water (8)] showed better separation than the other two separating solvent systems. Vanillin- sulphuric acid spray was seen to be the best spraying reagent as compared to vanillin- phosphoric acid. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer validated the presence aloe ingredients in aloe vera commercial products.

This thesis investigated the phytochemistry and pharmacology of immunomodulatory medicinal plant species used traditionally by the Q’eqchi’ Maya Healers Association (QMHA) of Belize, and the Cree of Eeyou Istchee (CEI) of northern Quebec. Using quantitative ethnobotanical methodology, we identified 107 plant species belonging to 49 families used by Q’eqchi’ healers in the treatment of symptoms from 14 usage categories related to inflammation. Regression analysis revealed that the Piperaceae, Araceae, and Begoniaceae are preferentially selected by the Maya. Healer consensus for plant species was high, with 56 species (52%) being used by all the healers, and consensus for usage categories was also high, as informant consensus factor (FIC) values for each category were greater than 0.4. Fifty-two Belizean species were evaluated for their TNF-α inhibitory activity in an LPS-stimulated THP-1 monocyte model. Twenty-one species (40%) demonstrated significant TNF-α inhibition when assayed at 100 µg/mL, 8 of which had greater than 50% of the activity of the parthenolide positive control (10 µg/mL). Significant regressions were found between the anti-inflammatory activity and total healer frequency of use (Fuse) and the use reports for 3 usage categories, which indicated that ethnobotanical parameters can in part predict the activity of traditionally used species. Five sesquiterpene lactones were isolated from the leaves of Neurolaena lobata, one of the most active species tested, all of which demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity greater than that of parthenolide (IC50 = 4.79 µM), with IC50s ranging from 0.17-2.32 µM. Lobatin B was the most active isolate tested. Ethanolic and water extracts of 17 species used by Cree healers were evaluated for their immunomodulatory activity. In general, the average anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extracts was 1.8 times greater than that of water extracts, and the pro-inflammatory activity of water extracts was 3.7 times greater than ethanolic extracts. Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana were the most anti-inflammatory ethanolic and water extracts, while the water extract of Sarracenia purpurea was the most pro-inflammatory. Picea marina cones, the most anti-inflammatory Cree medicine, were subjected to bioassay guided isolation. This led to the isolation of the anti-inflammatory lignan (+)-lariciresinol-9’-p-coumarate, which had an IC50 of 28.4 µM. Together, these results validate the traditional knowledge shared by our Q’eqchi’ and Cree collaborators, and draw attention to the therapeutic potential of subtropical and boreal plants as culturally appropriate complements to modern medicine. - Cette thèse porte sur la phytochimie et la pharmacologie des espèces de plantes médicinales immunomodulatrices utilisées traditionnellement par le Q’eqchi’ Maya Healers Association (QMHA) du Belize, et les Cris d'Eeyou Istchee (CEI) du nord du Québec. En utilisant une méthodologie ethnobotanique quantitative, nous avons identifié 107 espèces végétales appartenant à 49 familles utilisées par les guérisseurs Q'eqchi’ dans le traitement de symptômes appartenant à 14 catégories d'utilisation liées à l'inflammation. Une analyse de régression a révélé que les familles Piperaceae, Araceae, et Begoniaceae sont préférentiellement choisis par les Mayas. Le consensus entre guérisseurs pour les espèces végétales était élevé, avec 56 espèces (52%) étant utilisés par tous les guérisseurs, et le consensus pour les catégories d'utilisation était également élevé, car les valeurs de facteur de consensus des informants (FIC) pour chaque catégorie étaient supérieurs à 0,4. Cinquante-deux espèces du Belize ont été évaluées pour leur activité inhibitrice de TNF-α dans un modèle de THP-1 monocytes stimulés par le LPS. Vingt-et-une espèces (40%) ont montré une inhibition significative de TNF-α lorsque dosés à 100 µg/mL, dont 8 d’entre elles ont démontrées plus de 50% de l'activité du contrôle positif parthénolide (10 µg/mL). Des régressions significatives ont été observées entre l'activité anti-inflammatoire et la fréquence d'utilisation de guérisseurs totale (Fuse) et les rapports d'utilisation pour 3 catégories d'utilisation, ce qui indique que les paramètres ethnobotaniques peuvent en partie prédire l'activité des espèces traditionnellement utilisées. Cinq lactones sesquiterpéniques ont été isolés à partir des feuilles de Neurolaena lobata, l'une des espèces les plus actives testées, qui a démontré une activité anti-inflammatoire supérieure à celle du parthénolide (CI50 = 4,79 µM), avec des CI50 allant de 0,17 à 2,32 µM. Lobatin B était l’isolât le plus actif testé. Des extraits éthanoliques et aqueux de 17 espèces utilisées par les guérisseurs Cris ont été évalués pour leur activité immunomodulatrice. En général, l'activité anti-inflammatoire moyenne des extraits éthanoliques était 1,8 fois supérieure à celle des extraits d'eau, et l'activité pro-inflammatoire des extraits d'eau était de 3,7 fois supérieure à celle des extraits éthanoliques. Picea mariana et Pinus banksiana étaient les extraits éthanoliques et aqueux avec le plus d’activité anti-inflammatoire, tandis que l'extrait aqueux de Sarracenia purpurea était le plus pro-inflammatoire. Le cône de Picea marina, le médicament traditionnelle Cris le plus anti-inflammatoire, a été soumis à une isolation guidée par essais biologiques. Cela a mené à l'isolement du lignane anti-inflammatoire (+)-lariciresinol-9'-p-coumarate, qui avait une CI50 de 28,4 µM. Ensemble, ces résultats valident les connaissances traditionnelles partagées par nos collaborateurs Q'eqchi' et Cris, et mettent en évidence le potentiel thérapeutique des plantes subtropicales et boréales comme des compléments à la médecine moderne qui sont culturellement appropriées.

All six plants studied (Senna petersiana, Terminalia sericea, Cassine transvaalensis, Elephantorrhiza burkei, Rauvolfia caffra and Anredera cordifolia) proved to have considerable antibacterial activity. The water extracts of five of the six plants tested, showed activity against Bacillus pumilis, B. subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Water extracts from S. petersiana showed a significant antibacterial activity by inhibiting all Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. A cytotoxicity assay of three plants (S. petersiana, T. sericea and A. cordifolia) on primary vervet monkey kidney ceelsl showed that A. cordifolia was the least cytotoxic extract with an ID50 value of 1.560 mg/ml. Both S. petersian and T. sericea showed an ID50 value of 0.024 mg/ml. Cytotoxicity as determined in this study does not necessarily mean that the active compound which can be isolated from these plants will also be toxic. Antiviral activity of S. petersiana, T. sericea and A. cordifoli crude extracts were investigated against herpes simplex virus type I at the non-toxic concentrations. Both T. sericea and A. cordifoli extracts showed to be non-active against HSV -I, but S. petersiana showed a 20 % reduction in replication of the virus after the sixth day of the experiment. Because of the sensitivity and instability of compounds in the root extract of S. petersiana, it was very difficult to isolate any pure compound. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the seeds of S. petersiana resulted in the isolation luteolin. Its structure was identified and confirmed through spectroscopic methods including IH, BC, UV, HMBC and HMBQ. An antibacterial assay of luteolin isolated from the seeds of S. petersiana showed activity against Baccilus cereus, B. pumilis, Streptococcus aureus and Staphylococcus areus at the concentration of I mg/ml. In the assay to assess the possible antiviral activity of luteolin against herpes simplex type I virus, 50% of the virus was inactivated at the concentration of 250 μg/ml. The results of this study have shown that it is possibl4e that the extracts studied, can provide humankind with valuable agents of potential use in the treatment of herpes and some bacterial species. / Dissertation (MSc ( Plant Physiology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Plant Science / unrestricted

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The aim of this study was to investigate the possible toxicity of the flavonoid-containing plant, Artemisia afra and especially establish the safety of the aqueous extract of this plant after acute and chronic administration to mice and rats respectively. / South Africa

Orientador: Jose Francisco Hofling / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T15:55:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BusatodeFeiria_SimoneNataly_M.pdf: 4206047 bytes, checksum: a3eb9ecd9d5d79dbc2d0c70b9963370d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Estudos com espécies de Mentha spp. em vários laboratórios de pesquisa, presentes também em nossa área, têm demonstrado um potencial de ação antimicrobiano, em especial, atividade antifúngica contra espécies do gênero Candida. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de diferentes espécies de Mentha spp. obtidos em períodos sazonais ao longo de um ano de coleta, contra leveduras do gênero Candida e avaliar a inibição de formação de hifas por Candida albicans após exposição ao óleo. As espécies de Mentha (M. aquatica, M. arvensis e M. piperita) foram coletadas mensalmente e o óleo essencial extraído através do método de hidrodestilação por arraste de vapor de água. Os óleos obtidos foram analisados de acordo com seu rendimento e composição através da cromatografia gasosa- CG-MS. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada através do método de microdiluição seriada (CLSI, 2008) e a formação de hifas foi analisada através da leitura da densidade óptica em espectrometria através do aparelho de ELISA, após exposição da levedura, Candida albicans (CBS 562) ao soro fetal bovino e 10% de CO2. Os óleos essenciais de Mentha testados se mostraram biologicamente ativos contra espécies de Candida spp., demonstrando atividade antimicrobiana contra células planctônicas de Candida spp. na concentração de 2mg/ml nos meses de abril a setembro; ainda, revelaram atividade de inibição de formação de hifas, fator de virulência encontrado para Candida albicans em até 38%. Os rendimentos dos óleos essenciais de Mentha spp. foram dependentes de variações ambientais ocorridas nas diferentes estações do ano, sendo menor nos períodos de abril à setembro e maior nos períodos de outubro à março. A detecção de determinados componentes bioativos resultantes do metabolismo secundário de espécies de Mentha se mostraram dependentes de condições climáticas sazonais. As condições climáticas mais favoráveis para a obtenção da atividade antifúngica dos óleos de Mentha spp. contra leveduras do gênero Candida estão relacionados ao período em que ocorreram temperaturas mais baixas (abril à setembro). Os resultados encontrados nessa pesquisa demonstram que estudos envolvendo plantas com potencial antimicrobiano, devem ser encorajados como alternativas clínicas de substâncias potencialmente ativas contra microrganismos / Abstract: Studies with species of Mentha spp. in many research laboratories, also present in our area, they have demonstrated antimicrobial action potential, in particular antifungal activity against Candida species. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of the essential oil of different species of Mentha spp. obtained from seasonal periods over a year of collection, against yeasts of the genus Candida and to evaluate the inhibition of hyphae formation by Candida albicans after exposure to oil. The Mentha species (M. aquatica, M. arvensis and M. piperita) were collected monthly and the essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation method in clevenger. The oils were analyzed according to their yield and composition by gas chromatography GC-EMS. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined through of the serial microdilution method (CLSI, 2008) and the formation of hyphae was analyzed by the optical density spectrometry by ELISA after exposure of the yeast, Candida albicans (CBS 562) in fetal bovine serum and 10% CO2. The Mentha essential oils tested showed to be biologically active against species of Candida spp., because demonstrated antimicrobial activity against planktonic cells of Candida spp. at a concentration of 2mg/ml in the months from April to September; still showed inhibition activity hyphal formation, virulence factor found for Candida albicans in 38%. The yields of essential oils of Mentha spp. were dependent on environmental variations in different seasons, being lower in the period april to september and higher in periods from october to march. The detection of certain bioactive components from the secondary metabolism is shown Mentha species dependent to seasonal climatic conditions. The most favorable climatic conditions for obtaining the antifungal activity of the oils of Mentha spp. against yeasts Candida was related to the period in which occur lower temperatures (april to september). The results in this study demonstrate that studies involving plants with antimicrobial potential, should be encouraged as alternative clinics of potentially active substances against microorganisms. / Mestrado / Microbiologia e Imunologia / Mestra em Biologia Buco-Dental

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 656931 bytes, checksum: 9e652ea425d8ee514d730485376a75bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-16 / The Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert is a plant from to the Asteraceae family. It is grown in temperate climates having adequate growing conditions in southern and southeastern Brazil. Its cultivation has increased due to its of their medical use for the extraction of essential oil and fractions of flavonoids for the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The use of organic fertilizer such as cattle manure and poultry manure, provides higher yields of essential oil and the production of flavonoids. There are few studies related to the agronomic management of medicinal plants, with the need to study the appropriate depths of irrigation and nutrition to obtain a high production and quality. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation water depths and organic fertilization with cattle and poultry manure on the production and quality of Chamomilla recutita plants. This study was conducted at Unoeste - Campus II in an experimental area. The experimental design was randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of the irrigation: T0) 0, T1) 150, T2) 100, T3) 75, T4) 50, T5) 25%Etc were calculated using the Class A tank (ECA), associating organic fertilizers used the tanned cattle manure and poultry manure at rates of 0 kg m-2, 3 kg m-2 and 5 kg m-2. Were 36 treatments with four replicates resulting in 144 plots. The measured variables used as parameters on this experiment were: plant height, (two week after seedling transplant and the flowering beginning), fresh and dry weight of plants after harvest, number of capitula, nutrients extraction on the fresh leaves, proline acumlation, content and yield of flavonoids and essecial oil. The statistical analysis was performed using the Scott-Knott test at a probability of 5%. The irrigation water dephts 150% ETc associated with fertilization with chicken manure at a dose 5 kg m-2 promoted the greatest plant growth, production, fresh and dry weight of capitula. The water stress promoted less fresh and dry weight of plant. The water stress caused by the irrigation water dephts of 150% and 0% ETc resulted in a higher concentration of proline in the leaves. The content and yield of flavonoids and essential oil and leaf N content were higher for the irrigation of 150% ETc associated with a dose of 5 kg m-2 of poultry manure. The non-irrigated plants had higher leaf content of macronutrients. / A Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert é uma planta pertencente à família Asteraceae. É cultivada em climas temperados possuindo condições de cultivo adequadas em regiões do sul e sudeste do Brasil. Seu cultivo tem aumentado por ocasião de seu uso medicinal, para extração das frações de óleo essencial e flavonóides para produção de produtos farmacêuticos e cosméticos. A utilização de adubo orgânico, como esterco bovino curtido e esterco de aves, aumenta o rendimento do óleo essencial bem como a produção de flavonóides. Existem poucos estudos relacionados ao manejo agronômico de plantas medicinais, havendo a necessidade do estudo dos níveis adequados de reposição hídrica e nutricional para obtenção de uma produção elevada e de qualidade. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da irrigação e da adubação orgânica com esterco bovino curtido e de aves sobre a produção e qualidade da camomila. O presente trabalho foi realizado na Unoeste Campus II,em uma área experimental. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados. Os tratamentos abrangeram as lâminas de irrigação: T0) 0, T1) 150, T2) 100, T3) 75, T4) 50, T5) 25% ETc que foram calculadas utilizando o tanque Classe A (ECA); associando a adubação orgânica utilizado os esterco de curral curtido e esterco de aves nas doses de 0 kg m-2, 3 kg m-2 e 5 kg m-2. Totalizaram 36 tratamentos com quatro repetições resultando em 144 parcelas. As variáveis medidas e utilizadas como parâmetros do experimento foram: altura das plantas (15 dias após o transplante e no início do florescimento), massa fresca e seca de plantas após a colheita, número de capítulos florais, extração de nutrientes pelas folhas, acúmulo de prolina nas folhas frescas, teor e rendimento de flavonóides e de óleo essencial. Após foi realizada análise estatística utilizando o teste de Scott-Knott ao nível de probabilidade de 0,05. A lâmina de irrigação de 150% ETc associada adubação com esterco de aves na dose 5 kg m-2 promoveu maior crescimento das plantas; produção, massa fresca e seca de capítulos florais. O estresse hídrico promoveu menor massa fresca e seca de planta. O estresse hídrico provocado pelas lâminas de 150% e 0%ETc resultaram em maior concentração de prolina nas folhas. O teor e rendimento de flavonóides e óleo essencial, e o teor de nitrogênio foliar foram superior para a lâmina de irrigação de 150% ETc associado a dose de 5 kg m-2 de esterco de ave. As plantas não irrigadas apresentaram maiores teores de macronutrientes foliares.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaca Paulo.pdf: 254511 bytes, checksum: c2a84e6eed7079ddc23e53dc978a94f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-28 / The purpose of this experiment was to analyze five irrigation water depth effect on the basil production. The basil is a plant very used as spice to food preparation. The water depths had been based in the class A pan evaporation (CPE): 0% CPE; 50% CPE; 75% CPE; 100% CPE, and 150% CPE. The analyzed variables were dry weight for leaves and flowers; content of essential oil and dry mass and length of root zone. It was calculated the essential oil yield and net return. The experiment was carried out in President Prudente, SP, Brazil, from March to October 2007. The third harvest was possible only under irrigation. The daily excessive water depth was detrimental to the plant development. The 100% CPE water depth showed maximum dry mass productivity (4,248.67 kg ha-1), maximum essential oil yield (58.26 kg ha-1) with the net annual profit of R$ 2,543.82 ha-1. / O objetivo deste experimento foi analisar o efeito de cinco lâminas de irrigação na produção do manjericão, planta muito usada como tempero na preparação de alimentos. As lâminas foram baseadas na evaporação do tanque classe A (ECA) sendo: 0% ECA; 50% ECA; 75% ECA; 100% ECA e 150% ECA. As variáveis analisadas foram a matéria seca das folhas e inflorescências, teor de óleo essencial e massa seca e comprimento de raízes. Foram calculadas a produtividade de óleo essencial e a receita líquida. O experimento foi instalado em Presidente Prudente-SP no período de março a outubro de 2007. A terceira colheita só foi viável utilizando irrigação. A irrigação excessiva diária prejudicou o desenvolvimento da planta. A lâmina de irrigação equivalente a 100% ECA apresentou a máxima produtividade de massa seca (4.248,67 kg ha-1), a máxima produtividade de óleo essencial (58,26 kg ha-1) com a receita líquida anual de R$ 2.543,82 ha-1.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 656931 bytes, checksum: 9e652ea425d8ee514d730485376a75bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-16 / The Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert is a plant from to the Asteraceae family. It is grown in temperate climates having adequate growing conditions in southern and southeastern Brazil. Its cultivation has increased due to its of their medical use for the extraction of essential oil and fractions of flavonoids for the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The use of organic fertilizer such as cattle manure and poultry manure, provides higher yields of essential oil and the production of flavonoids. There are few studies related to the agronomic management of medicinal plants, with the need to study the appropriate depths of irrigation and nutrition to obtain a high production and quality. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation water depths and organic fertilization with cattle and poultry manure on the production and quality of Chamomilla recutita plants. This study was conducted at Unoeste - Campus II in an experimental area. The experimental design was randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of the irrigation: T0) 0, T1) 150, T2) 100, T3) 75, T4) 50, T5) 25%Etc were calculated using the Class A tank (ECA), associating organic fertilizers used the tanned cattle manure and poultry manure at rates of 0 kg m-2, 3 kg m-2 and 5 kg m-2. Were 36 treatments with four replicates resulting in 144 plots. The measured variables used as parameters on this experiment were: plant height, (two week after seedling transplant and the flowering beginning), fresh and dry weight of plants after harvest, number of capitula, nutrients extraction on the fresh leaves, proline acumlation, content and yield of flavonoids and essecial oil. The statistical analysis was performed using the Scott-Knott test at a probability of 5%. The irrigation water dephts 150% ETc associated with fertilization with chicken manure at a dose 5 kg m-2 promoted the greatest plant growth, production, fresh and dry weight of capitula. The water stress promoted less fresh and dry weight of plant. The water stress caused by the irrigation water dephts of 150% and 0% ETc resulted in a higher concentration of proline in the leaves. The content and yield of flavonoids and essential oil and leaf N content were higher for the irrigation of 150% ETc associated with a dose of 5 kg m-2 of poultry manure. The non-irrigated plants had higher leaf content of macronutrients. / A Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert é uma planta pertencente à família Asteraceae. É cultivada em climas temperados possuindo condições de cultivo adequadas em regiões do sul e sudeste do Brasil. Seu cultivo tem aumentado por ocasião de seu uso medicinal, para extração das frações de óleo essencial e flavonóides para produção de produtos farmacêuticos e cosméticos. A utilização de adubo orgânico, como esterco bovino curtido e esterco de aves, aumenta o rendimento do óleo essencial bem como a produção de flavonóides. Existem poucos estudos relacionados ao manejo agronômico de plantas medicinais, havendo a necessidade do estudo dos níveis adequados de reposição hídrica e nutricional para obtenção de uma produção elevada e de qualidade. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da irrigação e da adubação orgânica com esterco bovino curtido e de aves sobre a produção e qualidade da camomila. O presente trabalho foi realizado na Unoeste Campus II,em uma área experimental. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados. Os tratamentos abrangeram as lâminas de irrigação: T0) 0, T1) 150, T2) 100, T3) 75, T4) 50, T5) 25% ETc que foram calculadas utilizando o tanque Classe A (ECA); associando a adubação orgânica utilizado os esterco de curral curtido e esterco de aves nas doses de 0 kg m-2, 3 kg m-2 e 5 kg m-2. Totalizaram 36 tratamentos com quatro repetições resultando em 144 parcelas. As variáveis medidas e utilizadas como parâmetros do experimento foram: altura das plantas (15 dias após o transplante e no início do florescimento), massa fresca e seca de plantas após a colheita, número de capítulos florais, extração de nutrientes pelas folhas, acúmulo de prolina nas folhas frescas, teor e rendimento de flavonóides e de óleo essencial. Após foi realizada análise estatística utilizando o teste de Scott-Knott ao nível de probabilidade de 0,05. A lâmina de irrigação de 150% ETc associada adubação com esterco de aves na dose 5 kg m-2 promoveu maior crescimento das plantas; produção, massa fresca e seca de capítulos florais. O estresse hídrico promoveu menor massa fresca e seca de planta. O estresse hídrico provocado pelas lâminas de 150% e 0%ETc resultaram em maior concentração de prolina nas folhas. O teor e rendimento de flavonóides e óleo essencial, e o teor de nitrogênio foliar foram superior para a lâmina de irrigação de 150% ETc associado a dose de 5 kg m-2 de esterco de ave. As plantas não irrigadas apresentaram maiores teores de macronutrientes foliares.