The thesis named Game of Thrones as a Game deals with fantasy saga Song of Ice and Fire written by G. R. R. Martin. The main theme is the interconnection of the five-volume narrative with basic game mechanics and features defined by R. Caillois and J. Huizinga. Game of Thrones shows many characteristics of board games and the interpretaion is based on this aproach. Game aspects of the narrative are observed in the analysis of character classes, narrative forms, fictional world functioning and modality and character motivation which are related to game worlds, characters, rules and objectives.

The aim of the thesis is to analyse the interjections in Spanish and Czech with regard to Catalan. The thesis consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical one is focused on the definition of interjections form the grammatical point of view; moreover, it describes the distinction between proper and improper interjections. Subsequently, it goes through the role of interjections in the field of pragmatics, especially in terms of interpretation of the utterance and expression of its modal meanings. According to the predominant function, they are classified into mainly three categories - expressive, apellative and phatic. The practical part is focused on analysing some of the most important Spanish proper interjections: eh, ah, oh, ay, bah, uy, ja, zas, pum, hum and uf and their Catalan equivalent eh, ah, oh, ai, bah, ui, ha ha, zas (or xac), pum, hum and uf. The analysis is based on the linguistic corpus InterCorp. The most important part of the practical part are Spanish interjections and their Czech equivalents, while the Catalan ones are considered complementary. Key words: interjections - Spanish - Czech - Catalan - modality - pragmatics - linguistic corpus

Master of Arts / Department of Modern Languages / Mary Copple / Modality, a concept for which linguists have struggled to come to an agreed-upon, comprehensive definition, has been the subject of many linguistic studies over the last several decades. The contemporary English modal system has a long history of semantic and morphological development, or grammaticalization, which currently consists of auxiliary modals that function with lexical verbs to express levels of obligation, necessity, ability, permission, and degrees of certainty. For native speakers of English, determining the appropriate contexts and form of a specific modal verb is second nature. However, grasping the contextual complexity of the English modal system can be difficult for English language learners. Deontic modals such as must, have to, have (got) to and should are often presented to English language learners as relatively equal in meaning and contextual appropriateness, which makes gaining a native-like command of these modals even more difficult. This study, on a small scale, describes contemporary usage through a comparison of similar studies and data from a series of sociolinguistic interviews with native speakers of American English. The participants range from the ages of 25-50. They were chosen from the local population of Manhattan, KS and have lived in Kansas for a minimum of 10 years. Through a quantitative analysis of the tokens, patterns of dialogic use will be extrapolated from the linguistic data. The research questions will seek to find established patterns of deontic modal use that in order to identify practical applications of usage-based research for textbook publishers, curriculum designers, and educators.

<p>X-ray mammography has been the gold standard for breast imaging for decades, despite the significant limitations posed by the two dimensional (2D) image acquisitions. Difficulty in diagnosing lesions close to the chest wall and axilla, high amount of structural overlap and patient discomfort due to compression are only some of these limitations. To overcome these drawbacks, three dimensional (3D) breast imaging modalities have been developed including dual modality single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT) systems. This thesis focuses on the development and integration of the next generation of such a device for dedicated breast imaging. The goals of this dissertation work are to: [1] understand and characterize any effects of fully 3-D trajectories on reconstructed image scatter correction, absorbed dose and Hounsifeld Unit accuracy, and [2] design, develop and implement the fully flexible, third generation hybrid SPECT-CT system capable of traversing complex 3D orbits about a pendant breast volume, without interference from the other. Such a system would overcome artifacts resulting from incompletely sampled divergent cone beam imaging schemes and allow imaging closer to the chest wall, which other systems currently under research and development elsewhere cannot achieve. </p><p>The dependence of x-ray scatter radiation on object shape, size, material composition and the CT acquisition trajectory, was investigated with a well-established beam stop array (BSA) scatter correction method. While the 2D scatter to primary ratio (SPR) was the main metric used to characterize total system scatter, a new metric called ‘normalized scatter contribution’ was developed to compare the results of scatter correction on 3D reconstructed volumes. Scatter estimation studies were undertaken with a sinusoidal saddle (±15° polar tilt) orbit and a traditional circular (AZOR) orbit. Clinical studies to acquire data for scatter correction were used to evaluate the 2D SPR on a small set of patients scanned with the AZOR orbit. Clinical SPR results showed clear dependence of scatter on breast composition and glandular tissue distribution, otherwise consistent with the overall phantom-based size and density measurements. Additionally, SPR dependence was also observed on the acquisition trajectory where 2D scatter increased with an increase in the polar tilt angle of the system. </p><p>The dose delivered by any imaging system is of primary importance from the patient’s point of view, and therefore trajectory related differences in the dose distribution in a target volume were evaluated. Monte Carlo simulations as well as physical measurements using radiochromic film were undertaken using saddle and AZOR orbits. Results illustrated that both orbits deliver comparable dose to the target volume, and only slightly differ in distribution within the volume. Simulations and measurements showed similar results, and all measured dose values were within the standard screening mammography-specific, 6 mGy dose limit, which is used as a benchmark for dose comparisons.</p><p>Hounsfield Units (HU) are used clinically in differentiating tissue types in a reconstructed CT image, and therefore the HU accuracy of a system is very important, especially when using non-traditional trajectories. Uniform phantoms filled with various uniform density fluids were used to investigate differences in HU accuracy between saddle and AZOR orbits. Results illustrate the considerably better performance of the saddle orbit, especially close to the chest and nipple region of what would clinically be a pedant breast volume. The AZOR orbit causes shading artifacts near the nipple, due to insufficient sampling, rendering a major portion of the scanned phantom unusable, whereas the saddle orbit performs exceptionally well and provides a tighter distribution of HU values in reconstructed volumes. </p><p>Finally, the third generation, fully-suspended SPECT-CT system was designed in and developed in our lab. A novel mechanical method using a linear motor was developed for tilting the CT system. A new x-ray source and a custom made 40 x 30 cm2 detector were integrated on to this system. The SPECT system was nested, in the center of the gantry, orthogonal to the CT source-detector pair. The SPECT system tilts on a goniometer, and the newly developed CT tilting mechanism allows ±15° maximum polar tilting of the CT system. The entire gantry is mounted on a rotation stage, allowing complex arbitrary trajectories for each system, without interference from the other, while having a common field of view. This hybrid system shows potential to be used clinically as a diagnostic tool for dedicated breast imaging.</p> / Dissertation

Le raisonnement contrefactuel est un procès cognitif universel par lequel la réalité est comparée avec ce qui aurait pu se passer autrement (Kahneman & Tversky 1982). L'expression de la contrefactualité repose traditionnellement sur l'analyse des constructions conditionnelles si A (alors) B (Grevisse 1986, Chevalier et al. 1964, Riegel et al. 1994). Le but de notre étude est de décrire l’ensemble des constructions et des moyens grammaticaux par lesquels des locuteurs natifs expriment la contrefactualité en français, en espagnol, en italien et en français langue étrangère (FLE).Notre étude est fondée sur des données conversationnelles auprès de deux groupes d'apprenants FLE – trente hispanophones et trente italophones – et de trois groupes de contrôle : français, espagnol et italien. Pour l'enquête, nous avons utilisé comme stimulus un récit présentant une chaîne causale menant à un aboutissement malheureux (Wells & Gavanski 1989). Suite à la lecture du stimulus, nous avons demandé aux participants de proposer plusieurs alternatives afin d’éviter le dénouement malheureux (tâche mutationnelle).Nos résultats mettent en évidence que les noyaux mutationnels produits par le groupe de contrôle français combinent, le plus fréquemment, un marqueur du passé et un verbe modal (i.e., elle aurait pu choisir toute seule son plat). Les implications sémantiques de ce type de construction rendent difficile son acquisition en FLE, puisque l'apprenant doit produire un scenario alternatif lequel signifie sa propre subjectivité. L'emploi natif de ce conditionnel modalisé n'émerge que dans les variétés d'apprenant les plus avancées en termes d'immersion dans le milieu de la langue cible et d'études FLE. Nos résultats montrent que les constructions en si- ne constituent pas le moyen le plus fréquent pour parler de ce qui aurait pu se passer autrement ni en français, ni en espagnol, ni en italien. La non-prééminence des constructions conditionnelles dans l’expression de la contrefactualité devrait amener à une réflexion sur les limites de la conditionnalité en tant que procès de conceptualisation de l’irréel. / Counterfactual thinking is a universal cognitive process in which reality is compared to an imagined view of what might have been (Kahneman & Tversky 1982). The expression of counterfactuality has been traditionally analyzed from conditional sentences if P (then) Q (Grevisse 1986, Chevalier et al. 1991, Riegel et al. 1994). The present study aims to describe the whole constructions and grammatical devices used when speaking about counterfactual worlds by native-French, Spanish and Italian speakers and by Spanish-speakers learners and Italian learners of French.The study analyzes how 30 Spanish-instructed learners and 30 Italian-instructed learners express counterfactuality in spoken French as an L2 and by what grammatical devices counterfactuality is encoded by one native-French control group, one native Spanish-speakers control group and one native-Italian control group. Guided interviews were conducted in both L2 and L1, in random order. Participants were presented with a story that led to a particular outcome and were asked to provide alternative scenarios that prevented such an outcome to happen (mutation task). The same method was used with the control groups.The more frequent construction in the mutation cores in French is a combination of a past marker and a modal verb (i.e., elle aurait pu choisir toute seule son plat; she could have chosen her own dish). The semantic implications of this type of construction make difficult its acquisition in French L2, since the learner must construct alternative scenarios which denote, in addition, his own subjectivity. The native use of this modalized conditional merges in the most experimented Learners Varieties in terms of immersion and time of studies in French L2.Conditional constructions are not the most frequent way of encoding counterfactuality, neither for the native-French speakers nor for the Spanish and Italian speakers. The non-predominance of the if- clauses to speak about what might have been should hence a delimitation of conditionality as a conceptualization process within irreality. / El razonamiento contrafactual es un proceso cognitivo en el que la realidad es comparada con lo que podría haber pasado (Kahneman & Tversky 1982). La expresión de la contrafactualidad se basa tradicionalmente en un análisis de las proposiciones condicionales si A (entonces) B (Grevisse 1986, Chevalier et al. 1991, Riegel et al. 1994). El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la totalidad de construcciones y elementos gramaticales mediante los que los locutores nativos expresan la contrafactualidad en francés, español e italiano y en francés lengua extranjera (FLE).El presente estudio se basa en datos conversacionales obtenidos de dos grupos de aprendices FLE -30 hablantes de español y 30 hablantes de italiano- y de tres grupos de control: francés, español e italiano. Como estímulo hemos utilizado un texto que presenta una cadena causal que desemboca en un final desafortunado (Wells & Gavanski 1989). Tras la lectura del estímulo, hemos pedido a los participantes que propongan varias alternativas para evitar el desenlace desafortunado (tarea mutacional).Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto la tendencia del francés de marcar los núcleos mutacionales mediante la combinación de una marca de pasado y de un verbo modal (i.e., elle aurait pu choisir toute seule son plat; habría podido elegir su plato ella misma). Las implicaciones semánticas de este tipo de construcción dificultan su adquisición en FLE, ya que el aprendiz debe producir un escenario alternativo que signifique su propia subjetividad. El uso de este condicional modalizado emerge en las variedades de aprendiz más experimentadas en términos de inmersión y de estudios FLE.Nuestros resultados prueban que las proposiciones condicionales no son la construcción más frecuente para hablar de lo que podría haber pasado ni en francés, ni en italiano ni en español. La no preeminencia de las condicionales introducidas por si- en la construcción de escenarios alternativos debería acarrear una reflexión sobre los límites de la condicionalidad en tanto que proceso de conceptualización de la irrealidad.

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF A DEGREE OF MASTER IN EDUCATION Wits School of Education, Curriculum Studies University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa 2015 / This study presents an exploration of the pedagogic modalities displayed by SiSwati and English teachers during teaching and learning in two Swaziland government schools. The study further seeks to explore the links between the pedagogic choices teachers make in the classroom and the socio-cultural context of Swaziland. The idea of pedagogic modalities being classified as either learner-centred or teacher-centred is used as a starting point for the study but the dichotomy set up between these two modes is challenged. The study uses a phenomenological qualitative methodology. It uses semi-structured interviews and lesson observations of two teachers who teach both SiSwati and English in two different government high schools located in the Lubombo region of Swaziland. A major finding of the study was that both teachers’ understandings of learner-centred pedagogy only partially engaged with descriptions of learner-centred pedagogy as outlined in the literature reviewed for this research. This finding highlights the possibility that teachers are not empowered to confidently describe their own practice in teacher-centred terms. It was also found that the teachers’ perceptions of knowledge, their view of their own role and the learners’ role in the classroom influenced the pedagogic approaches selected by each teacher during teaching and learning. Additionally, some pedagogic moves could be linked to the socio-cultural context of Swaziland. The study also revealed that learner- and teacher-centred modalities are not mutually exclusive. It was found that despite being predominantly teacher-centred in their practice, teachers were able to draw on techniques classified in both modes. This means teachers displayed variety in their practice, exhibiting what Brodie, Lelliot and Davis (2002) describe as “hybrid practice” (p. 545), as they used a range of approaches that fit with local views about knowledge, learner participation and the teachers’ role in the classroom. Finally the study calls for further empirical research that documents teachers’ practices in order to generate a theory which would describe pedagogy from the perspective of teachers and their context. This would place sub-Saharan African teachers at the centre of the debate, rather than keeping them on the periphery, silenced as their practice is spoken over and interpreted by the dominant and hegemonic culture of those who would promote LCE in developing country contexts. Key words: pedagogy, pedagogic modality, learner-centred, teacher-centred, pedagogic choices, binary, socio-cultural context, Swaziland.

Nesta pesquisa, realizamos um estudo sobre gênero discursivo em perspectiva diacrônica, atentando para a organização e para as estratégias linguísticas que nele se manifestam. Analisamos uma prática social da esfera jornalística, a carta de editor, com o objetivo de verificar os elementos constitutivos e as possíveis transformações do gênero em foco ao longo de seu percurso histórico. Particularmente, observamos estruturas linguísticas que concretizam regularidades discursivas nesse gênero da imprensa escrita, no período relativo ao século XIX até o início do século XX. Para tanto, fundamentamos o trabalho em estudos sobre mídia impressa, a fim de focalizar o contexto de estabelecimento do jornalismo, bem como em estudos a respeito dos gêneros discursivos e das tradições discursivas, com o intuito de ancorar a análise dos traços textuais que garantem a continuidade e contribuem para a identificação do gênero como típico da instituição jornalística. Dessa prática social, emergem recursos linguísticos orientadores da produção de sentido, por meio dos quais os sujeitos, situados em determinado contexto social e histórico, buscam, de alguma forma, influenciar seus interlocutores para atingir seus propósitos interacionais. Entre esses recursos, destacamos a modalidade adverbial. Tomamos por base pesquisas de cunho pragmático-discursivo a respeito dessa categoria, a fim de relacioná-la à produção das cartas de editor. Para a análise pretendida, selecionamos exemplares de três jornais paulistas, a saber: O Farol Paulistano, Correio Paulistano e A Província de S. Paulo/O Estado de S. Paulo, e procedemos a um levantamento das ocorrências linguísticas atuantes na construção textual, para a verificação de possíveis elementos que permaneceram ou se modificaram, ao traçar um paralelo com textos da atualidade. Os resultados revelaram que, no curso histórico da carta de editor, podemos encontrar regularidades temáticas, composicionais e funcionais de séculos passados ainda presentes nessa produção da mídia impressa. Os resultados obtidos pela análise da modalidade também salientam tal categoria linguística como elemento presente na configuração do gênero em destaque, que revela o modo de construção de avaliações sociais e de manifestações ideológicas pela instância enunciativa, bem como os efeitos de sentido que podem ser constituídos por meio dessa estratégia discursiva. / In this research, we carried out a study of discursive genre in a diachronic perspective, looking for the organization and linguistic strategies which are shown on it. We analyzed a social practice of journalistic sphere, the letter to the editor, with the objective of verifying constitutive elements and possible transformations of the genre throughout the history. Especially, we observed linguistic structures which maintain discursive regularities in this genre of the written press, in the period of nineteenth-century to earlier twentieth-century. To illustrate it, we supported the study on written media works, focusing not only on the establishment of journalism context but also on discursive genre and discursive traditions works with the aim of anchoring the analysis of textual features that ensure the continuity and contribute to the identification of the genre as typical of journalistic institution. Through this situated social practice emerges linguistic resources which orient the meaning production and help participants to look for, in some way, influencing their interlocutors to achieve their interactional purposes. Among these resources, we pointed out the adverbial modality. We formed basis on pragmatic and discourse analysis about this category to link it to the production of letters to the editor. To the intended analysis, we selected three São Paulos newspaper copies: O Farol Paulistano, Correio Paulistano e A Provínca de S. Paulo/ O Estado de S. Paulo, and conducted a survey of linguistic occurrences in the textual construction to verify possible elements which remain or modify, drawing a parallel with topical texts. The results indicated that, in the historical course of the letter to the editor, we could found thematic, compositional and functional regularities of latest centuries still present in this written media production. The results, demonstrated by the modality analysis, also pointed out this linguistic category as an element present in the configuration of the genre, revealing the way of construction of social assessments and ideological expressions through the instantiation and the meaning effects which could be built up through this discursive strategy.

Este trabalho discute a denotação dos sintagmas indefinidos contendo \'um\' e \'algum\' na posição pré-nominal no português do Brasil e argumenta em favor de uma distinção entre ambos. O objetivo é delimitar as propriedades semânticas desses dois indefinidos e as contribuições de cada um para as sentenças em que aparecem. Tendo como ponto de partida os trabalhos de Kratzer & Shimoyama (2002) para o indefinido \'irgendein\' do alemão, Alonso-Ovalle & Menéndez-Benito (2003) para o \'algún\' do espanhol e para o \'some\' do inglês e Pires de Oliveira (2005) para o indefinido \'qualquer\', esta dissertação defende que \'algum\' é um indefinido que marca a falta de conhecimento do falante em relação ao referente, ao passo que \'um\' pode ser usado para referir-se a um indivíduo específico e não apresenta tal efeito. Por meio da análise da intuição dos falantes do PB e da análise dos dados a partir das propostas dos autores citados acima, foi possível constatar que \'um NP\', quanto ao comportamento quantificacional, (i) apresenta variabilidade de força quantificacional; (ii) pode ser antecedente de pronome anafórico; (iii) não tem seu escopo restringido por sentenças-se, (iv) pode combinar-se com sentenças relativas não-restritivas. Não é um indefinido epistêmico e devido a isso (i) pode ser lido como fazendo referência a um indivíduo em especial; (ii) não induz a alargamento de domínio; (iii) não está associado à livre escolha dentro de um conjunto de alternativas e (iv) não induz a um efeito epistêmico. Por sua vez, \'algum NP\' quanto ao comportamento quantificacional, (i) não apresenta variabilidade de força quantificacional; (ii) pode ser antecedente de pronome anafórico; (iii) tem seu escopo restringido por sentenças-se, (iv) não pode combinar-se com sentenças relativas não-restritivas. \'Algum NP\' é um indefinido epistêmico e devido a isso (i) não pode ser lido como fazendo referência a um indivíduo em especial; (ii) induz a alargamento de domínio; (iii) está associado à livre escolha dentro de um conjunto de alternativas e (iv) induz a um efeito epistêmico. A análise proposta nesse trabalho é feita sob a perspectiva teórica da Semântica Formal e é relevante na medida em que contribui para uma tipologia translingüística. / This work studies the denotation of indefinite phrases with \'um\' and \'algum\' in the pre-verbal position in Brazilian Portuguese and it argues in favor of a distinction between them. The goal of this dissertation is to discuss the properties that distinguish these two indefinites and the semantic contributions they provide to sentences where they appear. The works of Kratzer and Shimoyama (2002), Alonso-Ovalle and Menéndez-Benito (2003) and Pires de Oliveira (2005) are the background to the analysis proposed here. This dissertation argues that \'algum\' is an epistemic indefinite that marks speakers\' lack of knowledge about who (or what) satisfies her existential claims. However \'um\' does not induce to this epistemic effect and can be appropriate when the speaker intends to refer to a specific individual. The analysis of the speaker\'s intuition and the analysis of data (departing of works of the mentioned authors) permitted to conclud, in the respect to quantification: \'um NP\' (i) presents variability of quantificational force; (ii) it can be antecedent of an anaphoric pronoun; (iii) it does not have its scope constrained by if-sentences; (iv) it can be combined with nonrestrictive clauses. \'Um NP\' is not an epistemic indefinite and, due to this, (i) it can be read as an \"referential\"; (ii) it does not induce to the domain widening; (iii) it is not associated with free choice effect; (iv) it does not induce an epistemic indefinite. On the other hand, \'algum NP\' (i) presents variability of quantificational force; (ii) it can not be antecedent of an anaphoric pronoun; (iii) it has its scope constrained by ifsentences; (iv) it can not be combined with non-restrictive clauses. \'Algum NP\' is an epistemic indefinite and, due to this, (i) it can be read as an \"referential\"; (ii) it induces to the domain widening; (iii) it is associated with free choice effect; (iv) it induces an epistemic indefinite.The proposals of this work are made under the theoretical point of view of Formal Semantics and are relevant because they contribute to studies concerned with a general theory of indefinites.

Esta pesquisa investiga o comportamento temporal de sentenças com os verbos modais poder, dever e ter que no português brasileiro (PB). Tomamos como ponto de partida as noções de perspectiva e orientação temporal, de Condoravdi (2002), que podem ser definidas, grosso modo, como o momento de avaliação modal de uma sentença e o momento de realização da proposição sob o escopo do modal. Os dois objetivos principais deste trabalho são (i) identificar as fontes da perspectiva e orientação temporal de sentenças modais e (ii) identificar e explorar a natureza de potenciais restrições à interpretação temporal dessas sentenças. Em relação à fixação da perspectiva temporal, os dados do PB corroboram a proposta amplamente aceita na literatura de que modais epistêmicos são interpretados acima de TP e de AspP, ao passo que modais raiz são interpretados abaixo dessas duas projeções funcionais. Devido a essa diferença de altura, modais epistêmicos sempre ancoram sua perspectiva temporal no momento de fala, enquanto modais raiz fixam sua perspectiva a partir do Tempo e aspecto da oração. Quanto à orientação temporal, mostramos que as propriedades de cada classe de modais também podem ser facilmente derivadas dessa diferença sintática. Modais epistêmicos podem ter orientações verdadeiramente passadas, que surgem quando o núcleo temporal sob seu escopo é pretérito. Modais raiz, por outro lado, utilizam apenas operadores aspectuais alojados em seus prejacentes para definir sua orientação temporal, o que explica por que esses modais só podem ter orientações presentes, futuras ou perfeitas. Com respeito às restrições à interpretação temporal de sentenças modais, propomos que elas são muito mais circunscritas do que sugerem trabalhos anteriores (Werner (2006), Klecha (2016), entre outros). Assumimos que tendência de modais raiz terem orientação futura é de natureza extralinguística: as noções normalmente transmitidas por esses modais são naturalmente orientadas ao futuro, mas em contextos adequados, orientações presentes e perfeitas podem ser obtidas. A única restrição realmente atestada é a impossibilidade de modais epistêmicos universais serem orientados ao futuro. Seguindo Giannakidou e Mari (2018), explicamos essa restrição como sendo um efeito de bloqueio causado pela competição com o auxiliar do futuro perifrástico ir, que seria a forma especializada de expressão de necessidade epistêmica futura. / This research investigates the temporal behavior of modal sentences with the verbs poder, dever and ter que in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). We take as a starting point the notions of temporal perspective and temporal orientation (Condoravdi (2002)), which can be roughly defined as the moment of modal evaluation of a sentence and the moment of realization of the proposition under the scope of the modal. The two main objectives of this work are (i) to identify the sources of temporal perspective and orientation of modal sentences and (ii) to identify and explore the nature of potential constraints to the temporal interpretation of these sentences. When it comes to the source of temporal perspective, the data from BP corroborates the widely-accepted assumption that epistemic modals are interpreted above TP and AspP, while root modals are interpreted below these two functional projections. Because of this difference in height, epistemic modals always anchor their temporal perspective in the speech time, whereas root modals use tense and aspect to define theirs. As for temporal orientation, we have shown that the properties of each class of modals can also be easily derived from this syntactic difference. Epistemic modals can have truly past orientations, which arise when the tense head under their scope is past. Root modals, on the other hand, use only the aspectual operadors hosted in their prejacents to define their temporal orientation, which explains why these modals can only have present, future or perfect orientations. With respect to constraints to the temporal orientation of modal sentences, we propose that they are far more circunscribed than what previous works have suggested (Werner (2006), Klecha (2016), among others). We assumed that the tendency of root modals to be future-oriented is extralinguistic: the notions normally conveyed by these modals are naturally oriented to the future, but, given an appropriate context, present and perfect orientations can be obtained. The only constraint we actually identified is the impossibility of universal epistemic modals being oriented to the future. Following Giannakidou e Mari (2018), we explained this constraint as a blocking effect caused by competition with the perifrastic future auxiliary ir, which would be the specialized form for the expression of future epistemic necessity

A reforma psiquiátrica possibilitou transformações na assistência à saúde mental e o acompanhamento terapêutico (AT), como modalidade de assistência e reabilitação psicossocial do portador de transtorno mental, faz parte dessas transformações. Desde então, o acompanhante terapêutico vem ampliando seus conceitos e fundamentando suas bases teóricas, sendo sua prática cada vez mais aceita por diferentes profissionais e valorizada por preencher as lacunas deixadas pelos tratamentos psiquiátricos tradicionais, principalmente depois que as portas dos manicômios, que enclausuravam o referido portador de transtorno mental e as maneiras adequadas de assisti-lo e reabilitá-lo, foram definitivamente abertas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a contribuição do AT no processo de assistência e reabilitação psicossocial de um portador de transtorno mental assistido em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial e escolhido com a ajuda de sua equipe multiprofissional. Para isso, foram estabelecidos 16 encontros de AT, os quais foram desenvolvidos em diferentes locais, observados, e seus conteúdos registrados após cada encontro, sintetizados e analisados, segundo o método qualitativo. Os resultados mostraram contribuição muito positiva do AT na assistência e reabilitação psicossocial do portador de transtorno mental, tais como: resgate de sua autoestima; retomada de realização de atividades que fazia anteriormente ao início dos sintomas de seu transtorno mental; motivação para novamente buscar o lazer e conviver de forma mais saudável no seu meio familiar e social; criação de momentos de confronto de seu estado mental com a realidade, possibilitando modificações no comportamento e melhoria da qualidade de vida. Assim sendo, foi possível considerar que o AT constitui-se em mais uma modalidade terapêutica contribuindo para a assistência e reabilitação psicossocial do portador de transtorno mental e pode ser incluído nos planos terapêuticos dos serviços de assistência à saúde mental, pois se trata de modalidade terapêutica não tradicional, totalmente inserida no contexto da reforma psiquiátrica, que tem como princípio básico a mudança no foco da assistência aos portadores de transtornos mentais. / The psychiatric reform made it possible for transformations to take place in mental health care and therapeutic continuity (TC), as a health care modality and psychosocial rehabilitation of individuals with mental disorders. Since then, therapeutic continuity has broadened its concepts and founded its theoretical bases. Hence, its practice has become increasingly acknowledged by different professionals and valued for the fact it fills the gaps that were left from traditional psychiatric treatments, mainly after the doors to asylums, which used to keep mentally ill individuals cloistered, were completely open and appropriate forms of looking after these patients and rehabilitate them were implemented. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the contribution of TC over the health care process and psychosocial rehabilitation of an individual with mental disorders seen at a Psychosocial Care Center, and chosen with the help of its multiprofessional team. To do this, 16 TC appointments were scheduled, which were carried out at different locations. These meetings were observed and their contents were recorded, summarized, and analyzed according to the qualitative method. The results showed that TC has a very positive contribution in the health care and psychosocial rehabilitation of mental disorder patients, with actions such as: recovering selfesteem, going back to activities the patient did before his mental disorder symptoms appeared, motivation to once again become involved in leisure activities and lead a healthier life among his family and social environment, creating moments of confrontation between his mental condition and reality, which made it possible to change his behavior and improve his quality of life. Thus, it is understood that TC is another therapeutic modality that contributes with the psychosocial rehabilitation of patients with mental disorders. Furthermore, it can be included in the therapeutic plans of mental health care services, since it is a untraditional therapeutic modality totally inserted in the context of psychiatric reform, whose main principle is to change the focus of health care services to individuals with mental disorders.