Este é um estudo sobre a dimensão cognitiva do discurso, como definida pela semiótica de linha francesa, que parte da teoria já produzida no âmbito dessa disciplina sobre o tema e busca articulá-la e atualizá-la para melhor compreender o modo como o conhecimento é construído discursivamente. Inicialmente definida por Greimas (1983) como o espaço em que o sujeito aciona as modalidades crer e saber, agenciando-as com vistas à criação do sentido, essa dimensão é posteriormente reformulada dentro da própria teoria, notadamente por Zilberberg (1988), que a concebe como um espaço fiduciário centrado na noção de valor onde o sujeito exerce uma atividade de reconhecimento de natureza avaliativa. Para além dos limites da própria semiótica enquanto disciplina, o crer, o saber e a atividade de cunho cognitivo recobrem, enquanto tópicos de pesquisa, um amplo e intrincado campo transdisciplinar para a reflexão, que abarca, por exemplo, o milenar debate conduzido pela filosofia sobre os problemas da verdade e da crença. Desse modo, devido à natureza vasta de nosso tema assim delimitado, a fim de poder refletir e debater sobre essa ampla e multifacetada questão com alguma objetividade, adotamos primeiramente um ponto de vista epistemológico discursivo e imanente, que busca identificar, descrever e explicar como os objetos cognitivos têm seu sentido estruturado, e também como se dão alguns problemas a partir do momento em que eles são discursivizados, ou seja, postos em circulação por meio do discurso. Além disso, selecionamos quatro objetos de análise, em relação aos quais defendemos, respectivamente, as quatro hipóteses desta tese: (i) a partir da observação e exame de alguns modelos semióticos que, ao se voltarem à descrição da dimensão cognitiva do discurso, procuraram captar e representar graficamente aí uma dinâmica necessária e conexa, postulamos a existência de um princípio de movimento ligado à atividade cognitiva; (ii) por meio da análise do conto A Cartomante, de Machado de Assis, defendemos a incidência decisiva do querer nas avaliações e escolhas de ordem cognitiva; (iii) valendo-nos do estudo de dois dois erros de interpretação de sujeitos em relação aos seus objetos cognitivos (leitores que enviaram cartas aos autores de romances Umberto Eco e Virginia Woolf para corrigir o conteúdo de textos ficcionais porque eles não condiziam com a realidade e o episódio de disseminação massiva de uma notícia falsa de internet ocorrido em 2015 no Brasil), apontamos o papel fundamental da confiança na construção do conhecimento humano; (iv) e, finalmente, com base em trechos do romance Em busca do tempo perdido, de Marcel Proust, postulamos a ação da memória como uma instância produtora de sentido ela mesma junto ao que a semiótica entende como dimensão cognitiva do discurso. / This is a study about the cognitive dimension of discourse as defined by french semiotics which stems from the theoretical approaches to the theme already produced within the field and intends to articulate and update them in order to better understand how knowledge is built discursively. Initially defined by Greimas (1983) as the space in which the subject triggers the modalities of believing and knowing, actuating them with the purpose of meaning making, this dimension is later reformulated within the theory itself, notably by Zilberberg (1988), who conceives it as the fiduciary space centered in the notion of value where the subject exerts a recognition activity of evaluative nature. Beyond the limits of semiotics as a discipline, believing, knowing and the cognitive activity cover, as research subjects, a broad and intricate transdisciplinary field of inquiry, which encompasses, for instance, the ancient debate in philosophy about truth and belief. Thereby, due to the vast nature of our subject thusly circumscribed, in order to be able to reflect upon and debate this wide and multifaceted issue with some objectivity, we primarily adopted the point of view of a discursive and immanent epistemology, which intends to identify, describe and explain how cognitive objects have their meaning structured and also how some issues arise when they are discursivized, in other words, circulate by means of discourse. Furthermore, weve chosen four study cases, in relation to which we defend the four hypotheses of this dissertation: (i) from the observation and examination of some semiotic models which, when used to describe the cognitive dimension of discourse, intended to capture and represent graphically a necessary and connected dynamics therein, we postulate the existence of a movement principle tied to o the cognitive activity; (ii) from the analysis of the short story A Cartomante, by Machado de Assis, we defend the decisive incidence of wanting in cognitive evaluations and choices; (iii) studying two interpretive mistakes made by subjects in relation to their cognitive objects (readers who sent letters to the novelists Umberto Eco and Virginia Woolf to correct the content of fictional texts since they didnt match reality, and the episode of the massive spreading of fake internet news in 2015 in Brazil), we point to the central role of trust in the process of building human knowledge; (iv) and, finally, from excerpts of the novel In Search of Lost Time, by Marcel Proust, we postulate the activity of memory as an instance that produces meaning in itself, in what semiotics understands as the cognitive dimension of discourse.

No presente estudo buscamos analisar tempo, aspecto e modalidade (COMRIE, 1976, 1985; GIVÓN, 1995; MIRANDA, 2005), no dialeto Timbira conhecido como Pykobjê-Gavião (Tronco Macro-Jê, Família Jê). Inicialmente, discutimos as questões referentes aos pólos da linguística, focando em: (i) pólo formalista, (ii) pólo funcionalista e (iii) cognitivistas. Trouxemos, então, a temática da comunidade de fala, língua e uso(s). Abordamos a perspectiva da educação (FILHO, 2006; PATTO, 1996), refletindo sobre as políticas públicas, que envolvem alfabetização (OLIVEIRA, 2001) e letramento (TFOUNI, 2006), a partir de uma proposta crítica acerca da noção de identidade (RIBEIRO, 2006; RODRIGUES, 2006). Discutimos também o papel da sociocognição e empreendemos um exercício a partir do referencial teórico de Myers-Scotton (2002). / In this thesis, we have analised tense, aspect and modality (COMRIE, 1976, 1985; GIVÓN, 1995; MIRANDA, 2005), in one Timbiras dialect, known as Pykobjê-Gavião (Macro-Jê Branch, Jê Family). Initially, we have discussed the issues about the points of linguistics, focusing on: (i) formalists, (ii) functionalists and (iii) cognitive linguistics. We assumed then the theme of the speech community, language and its use(s). We approach the perspective of education (FILHO, 2006; PATTO, 1996), thinking about the public policy involving literacy (OLIVEIRA, 2001; TFOUNI, 2006), from a critical proposal about the critical perspective of identity (RIBEIRO , 2006; Rodrigues, 2006). We also have discussed about the role of sociocognition and made efforts for the theoretical framework of Myers-Scotton (2002).

[pt] Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos uma análise da flutuação existente no emprego do subjuntivo em contextos orais do Português do Brasil, com ênfase na variação subjuntivo/indicativo. Tomando por base a perspectiva de linguagem e gramática oferecida nos desenvolvimentos teóricos da Lingüística Cognitiva, notadamente as proposições de G. Lakoff acerca dos efeitos de prototipia nas categorias gramaticais e as de E. Sweetser sobre a precedência cognitiva da modalidade deôntica em relação à epistêmica, examinamos situações de flutuação, apresentando um mapeamento dos casos e levantando diferentes fatores motivantes envolvidos. O trabalho fornece elementos para uma caracterização semântico-pragmática e morfossintática do que seriam os usos mais prototípicos do subjuntivo em Português, argumentando em favor da tese de que a flutuação não é aleatória, incidindo com maior freqüência em empregos menos prototípicos dessa categoria gramatical. / [en] This study analyses the existing fluctuation in the use of the subjunctive mood in oral contexts of Brazilian Portuguese, with emphasis on the subjunctive/indicative alternation. Based on the theoretical perspective on language and grammar that is offered in Cognitive Linguistics, notably G. Lakoff`s propositions concerning prototype effects in grammatical categories and E. Sweetser`s propositions on the cognitive precedence of the deontic modality in relation to the epistemic, the study investigates the situations of fluctuation, mapping out the cases and showing different motivating factors involved. Elements for a semantic-pragmatic and morphosyntactic characterization of prototypical uses of the subjunctive mood in Portuguese are supplied, and the case is made for the thesis that the fluctuation is not random, occurring more often in less prototypical uses of this grammatical category.

La modalité est un phénomène linguistique qui ne peut pas être défini à partir de critères uniquement sémantiques. Une définition complète de la modalité doit prendre en compte ses propriétés sémantiques, fonctionnelles et structurelles. Dans la présente étude, nous bâtissons d’abord un cadre théorique en nous servant d’une approche onomasiologique, pour ensuite analyser les différentes manières dont les sens modaux peuvent être exprimés en français de façon sémasiologique. Cette analyse s’attarde aussi sur des porteurs de modalité moins étudiés comme les particules modales, les verbes et les connecteurs impliquant le statut factuel ou assertif de la proposition qu’ils introduisent et le rapport entre la structure informationnelle et la modalité. Notre analyse s’appuie sur les corpus Frantext, WebCorp, Wortschatz Leipzig et la collection French Web 2012 de Sketch Engine et comprend plus de douze milliards de mots. Certaines caractéristiques des éléments modaux du français ne peuvent être relevées que lorsqu’ils interagissent avec d’autres éléments modalisant la même proposition. L’étude de ces manifestations complexes de la modalité complète ce portrait de la catégorie sémantico-fonctionnelle de la modalité en français. / Modality is a linguistic phenomenon that cannot be defined in purely semantic terms. A complete definition of modality has to take into account all of its semantic, functional, and structural properties. In the present work, we first build up a theoretic framework based on an onomasiological approach, and then analyze the different ways modal meanings can be expressed in French from a semasiological point of view. This analysis includes the elements most prototypical for the category of modality, such as modal verbs, modal adverbs and mood. Furthermore, it also takes into account less prototypical modal elements, such as modal particles, verbs and connectors implying the factual or assertive status of the proposition they introduce, as well as the relation between information structure and modality. The analysis is based upon the corpora Frantext, WebCorp, Wortschatz Leipzig and the text collection French Web 2012 in Sketch Engine. Certain properties of modal elements in French can only be detected when they interact with other elements modalizing the same proposition. The study of these complex manifestations of modality completes this portrait of the functional-semantic category of modality in contemporary French.

Les nouvelles versions de produits optroniques de Safran Electronic & Defense comme les jumelles multifonctions ou les lunettes de visée disposent de plus en plus de fonctionnalités, ce qui rend nécessaire une amélioration des dispositifs d’interaction mis à disposition des utilisateurs. L’intégration du regard comme modalité d’interaction semble notamment intéressante en raison de son caractère rapide, naturel et disponible. Si pour des utilisateurs handicapés, l'interaction au regard est déjà bien développée, elle n'est pas encore une technologie mature pour des personnes valides. Lors d'interactions actives au regard, expressions explicites de l'intention d'agir d'un utilisateur, un problème appelé Midas Touch apparait : il s'agit de l'incapacité pour un utilisateur de dissocier les phases d'analyse et les phases d'action, parce que l’œil est avant tout un organe senseur. Plusieurs modalités d'interaction au regard cherchent à outrepasser ce problème : on peut par exemple utiliser un temps de fixation minimum sur un item pour l'activer (DwellTime) ou un temps de fixation minimum sur un item spécifique disposé à côté de l'item d'intérêt (DwellTime délocalisé) ou encore associer une autre modalité d'interaction pour spécifier l'intention d'activation (multimodalité oeil-bouton). Chacune de ces modalités dispose d'avantages et d'inconvénients spécifiques, et déterminer la modalité d'interaction la plus adaptée n'est pas une question triviale. C'est d'autant plus difficile que les performances des modalités semblent dépendre de facteurs extérieurs variables, c'est-à-dire du contexte d'utilisation de la modalité. Afin de mieux intégrer le suivi du regard dans des systèmes et de choisir quelle modalité utiliser, il est nécessaire de bien comprendre quels sont les éléments du contexte de l'interaction et comment ils agissent sur les modalités. Le but de cette thèse est de modéliser le contexte de la modalité d'interaction, c'est-à-dire de déterminer l'ensemble de éléments extérieurs à la modalité pouvant en influencer les performances. A partir d'un état de l'art et d'une étude de l'interaction au regard, nous proposons une séparation de ce contexte en quatre axes : l'utilisateur, la tâche, le système et l'environnement. Chacun de ces axes correspond à un ensemble de caractéristiques dont l'influence est justifiée par des travaux antérieurs ou par des raisonnements théoriques. Malgré une préférence des utilisateurs novices pour la multimodalité, en étudiant le contexte des modalités d'interaction, nous montrons qu'une interaction à base de temps de fixation est surement plus adaptée pour une intégration dans des systèmes optroniques. L'étude d'autres caractéristiques du contexte permettra d'affiner ces résultats et d'identifier la modalité d'interaction adéquate à une situation donnée. / New versions of Safran Electronics & Defense optronic products such as infrared binoculars or firearm sights are endowed with more and more functionalities. This leads to a need in the improvement of the user interface of those systems. The integration of eye-gaze bases interaction modalities seems interesting because of the speed, the naturalness and the availability of the eye. The eye-gaze based interaction is already well developed for impaired people but is not a mature technology for healthy people yet. During active eye-based interactions, which are explicit input from the user, a problem named Midas Touch arises. It consists in the in the incapacity of the system to differentiate scene analysis and voluntary user input. This is because the eye is a sensory organ over all. To overcome this problem, several interaction modalities have been designed: Dwell Time uses for example a minimum gaze dwell duration to trigger input, but the fixation area may also be located near the item to activate (relocated Dwell Time). It is also possible to associate the eye with another input modality such as a press button to indicate the intent from the user (multimodality eye-button). Each of these modalities has pros and cons and cherry-picking the most suitable to a given situation is not trivial. Moreover, the performances of the interaction modalities seem dependent from external variables, which represents the context of an interaction modality. To integrate eye-based interaction in systems and to choose which modality to use, it is necessary to identify what are the context characteristics and how they affect the modalities. Our goal is to propose an interaction modality context model,; that is to define all the external characteristics affecting the modality performances. From a state of the art of the eye-based interaction, we propose a description of the context following four axes: the user, the task, the system and the environment. Each of these axes decomposed in characteristics whose influence is justified by previous works or theoretical reasonings. Then we studied three characteristics which appeared to us as critical for the integration in optronic products, and we compared the performances of precited modalities against these characteristics. The first one is the type of menu (linear or circular). Contrary to the mouse, the tested interaction modalities present no significative differences depending on the type of menu they are used on. The second characteristic is linked to the user task. The aim is to evaluate the adequacy of interaction modalities with one’s ability to split his/her visual attention, that is, to fixate an area while being visually focused elsewhere. This skill is necessary during target following tasks. The fixation-based modalities seemed more permissive concerning this ability. The third characteristic is about peripheral visual alert detection in order to ensure that the user can be warned at all time. Fixation based modalities seemed to less reduce the visual field than others. Despite novice user preferences for the use of multimodality, we showed that fixation-based modalities may be more adequate for use in optronic systems. The further study of other characteristics of the context will allow to highlight the modality to use for each situation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nagamura_gh_me_sjrp.pdf: 270601 bytes, checksum: 84fd31cd99d962fe4a2f91092ea6b1d0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar o funcionamento dos evidenciais e modalizadores no discurso da autoajuda, comparando o uso dessas categorias em dois tipos temáticos desse discurso. O primeiro tipo, o qual denominamos autoajuda genérica, refere a obras em que não há uma especificação dos tipos de objetivos que se pretende alcançar com a aplicação dos métodos propostos pela autoajuda. O segundo tipo, denominado autoajuda da saúde, se refere a obras em que o objetivo é a cura e prevenção de doenças. A hipótese de que partimos é a de que a escolha temática irá influenciar na manifestação da modalidade e da evidencialidade, uma vez que essa escolha implica em relações interdiscursivas específicas. Para a análise dessas categorias, utilizamos a abordagem da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), por se tratar de uma abordagem estratificada do enunciado, possibilitando, dessa forma, melhor compreensão dos diversos efeitos de sentido gerados por cada tipo de modalizador e evidencial. Como resultado de nossa análise, vimos que a relação interdiscursiva da autoajuda da saúde com o discurso médico influenciou a escolha dos modalizadores epistêmicos, com a preferência do enunciador da autoajuda da saúde por modalizadores objetivos, manifestando baixo comprometimento com relação à avaliação realizada. A relação com o discurso médico, influenciou também a escolha dos evidenciais, havendo a preferência do enunciador da autoajuda da saúde por evidenciais reportativos, buscando, assim, aparentar maior cientificidade do que o enunciador da autoajuda genérica. Outra diferença no comportamento dos modalizadores se deu nos domínios deôntico e dinâmico, para os quais constatamos uma maior imposição por parte do enunciador da autoajuda genérica / The objective of the present work is to analyze the functioning of evidentials and modalizers in the discourse of Self-help, comparing how these categories are used in two different theme-specified types of the afore mentioned discourse. The first type, denominated Generic Self-help, refers to books in which the type of goals to be attained through self-help is not specified, ranging from financial success to happiness, love, or any other type of goal. The second type, denominated Health Self-help, refers to books in which the sole objective is to cure and prevent diseases. The working hypothesis is that by choosing a certain theme, the interdiscoursive relationships will also be different, resulting in different choices in the use of evidentials and modalizers. In order to analyze these categories, we have adopted the approach of Discoursive Funcional Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), for its stratified view of the utterance allows to capture effectively the various effect senses produced by the different types of modalizers and evidentials. As a result of the analysis, we observed that the relationship with the medical discourse in the Health Self-Help discourse influenced in the use of epistemic modality, with the preference for objective modalizers. Moreover, the medical discourse influenced in the use of evidentials, noticed by the preference in the Health Self-help discourse for reportative evidentials. Also it was noticed the difference in the use of deontic and dynamic modalities, with the preference for more imposing forms in the Generic Self-help. Since the two theme-specified types are from the same discourse, we found also similarities in the use of evidentials and modalizers, the most important one being the compromise with certainty evaluations in opposition to the lack of commitment to uncertainty evaluations

S’inscrivant dans la philosophie de la connaissance et des sciences, notre étude traite des objets théoriques, selon une perspective modale inédite. Les connaissances théoriques ont pour finalité de porter sur des vérités factuelles,et traditionnellement, on considère par conséquent que ces connaissances peuvent être formulées dans un cadre extensionnel : en termes d’adéquation ou tout au moins de relations avec des objets de notre monde actuel. Mais nous appuyant sur les avancées récentes de la philosophie de la logique modale,nous soutenons que l’entreprise scientifique conçoit des modèles théoriques qui portent sur tout un ensemble de situations, car ils postulent des objets qui sont à considérer dans une perspective modale : les objets théoriques sont intrinsèquement modaux, existant ou pouvant être reconnus dans une pluralité de situations actuelles ou possibles. Cet aspect modal des modèles scientifiques nécessite donc d’examiner l’identification des objets théoriques à travers diverses circonstances alternatives éventuelles. En effet, la question de l’application d’un modèle scientifique, liée au débat fondamental entre réalisme et instrumentalisme, prend selon nous racine dans le problème modal de la reconnaissance d’un objet théorique idéal en un objet actuel ou possible. La notion de modalité nous sera donc utile dans l’analyse fondamentale de l’argumentation scientifique. / In the field of the philosophy of knowledge and science, my study deals with theoretical objects in a new modal perspective. Theoretical knowledge is intended to cover factual truths and therefore one traditionally considers that this knowledge can be formulated in an extensional framework: in terms of adequacy, or, at least, of relationships with objects of our actual world. But basing my work on recent advances in the philosophy of modal logic, I will argue that scientific enterprise develops theoretical models about a variety of situations because they postulate objects that have to be considered in a modal perspective: theoretical objects are intrinsically modal, existing or recognizable in a plurality of actual or possible situations. Therefore, this modal aspect of scientific models requires that the identification of theoretical objects across various possible alternative circumstances should be examined. Indeed, the issue of the application of a scientific model, linked to the fundamental debate between realism and instrumentalism, lies with recognizing an ideal theoretical object in an actual or possible object. The concept of modality will also be useful in the fundamental analysis of scientific argumentation.

This diploma thesis deals with modality in German and highlights possible problems which can arise when modal formulations are translated from German into Czech. It focuses on modal verbs, which are presented as a special verb group. Knowledge of modal verbs is the basic prerequisite for accurate translation as far as semantics, grammar and stylistics are concerned. Since the correct identification of modality in a sentence essentially influences the accuracy of a translation, modality is considered exhaustively. Data was gathered from the parallel corpus Intercorp (project of parallel corpuses of The Faculty of Arts of Charles University in Prague), the Coocurrency Database (CCDB) IDS Mannheim which competes with the parallel corpus InterCorp, and original German fiction texts and their Czech translations and was the subject of comparative critical analysis. These analyses demonstrate the problematic phenomena encountered when German modal formulations are translated into Czech.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Esta dissertaÃÃo apresenta um estudo variacionista dos atos de comando, codificados pelo imperativo, pela perÃfrase ir mais infinitivo, pelo infinitivo e pelo gerÃndio, na fala de professores de Fortaleza/CE. Para tal anÃlise, adotamos os pressupostos teÃricometodolÃgicos da SociolinguÃstica Variacionista e do Funcionalismo LinguÃstico. O objetivo geral da pesquisa à investigar fatores linguÃsticos e extralinguÃsticos que condicionam a variaÃÃo das formas de codificaÃÃo dos atos de comando. Os dados foram submetidos ao tratamento estatÃstico do programa GOLDVARB. Foram analisados 410 dados, obtidos atravÃs de gravaÃÃes de aulas de 18 professores do Ensino Fundamental e MÃdio da rede Municipal e Estadual de ensino em Fortaleza. Os professores foram agrupados em trÃs faixas etÃrias (20 a 30 anos; 35 a 45 anos; mais de 50 anos) e nas trÃs Ãreas em que a disciplina ministrada està inserida (Linguagens, CÃdigos e suas Tecnologias; CiÃncias da Natureza, MatemÃticas e suas Tecnologias; CiÃncias Humanas e suas Tecnologias). A anÃlise dos dados indica que o fenÃmeno em estudo à condicionado por fatores linguÃsticos, menÃÃo explÃcita do manipulado, marcas de polidez e forÃa do comando, e pelo fator extralinguÃstico faixa etÃria. Palavras-Chave: Atos de comando. Imperativo. Modalidade. SociolinguÃstica. Funcionalismo. / This dissertation presents a variationist study of acts of command in Portuguese, codified by the Imperativo, by the periphrasis ir may infinitivo, by the infinitivo, and by the gerÃndio, in the speech of teachers from the city of Fortaleza, in the Brazilian state of CearÃ. In order to conduct the analysis, we adopted the theoretical and metodological presuppositions of Variationist Sociolinguistics and Linguistic Functionalism. The general aim of this study is to investigate linguistic and extralinguistic elements that condition the variation of forms of codification of the acts of command. The data was submitted to statistical treatment on the program GOLDVARB. An analysis of 410 data obtained through the recordings of teaching sessions of 18 Elementary and High School teachers of state and town schools was conducted. These teachers were grouped into three age groups (20 to 30, 30 to 45, may 50), and into the three areas in which the subject is inserted (Languages; Codes and Technologies; Natural Sciences; Mathematics and Technologies; Humanities and Technologies). The data analysis indicated that the considered phenomenon might be conditioned by linguistic elements, explicit mention of the manipulated, politeness markers, and force of command, and by the extralinguistic element age group.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / O objetivo central desta pesquisa à avaliar como as categorias Tempo, Aspecto e Modalidade sÃo abordadas, no estudo do verbo e dos advÃrbios de tempo e de modo, pelos autores de livros didÃticos de LÃngua Portuguesa, nas sÃries do Ensino Fundamental e nas sÃries do Ensino MÃdio. Compararam-se livros didÃticos de quatro dÃcadas, 1970, 1980, 1990 e 2000, a fim de se verificar o estudo dessas categorias ao longo do tempo. Ao todo, foram analisados 28 livros didÃticos. Sob o aparato do Funcionalismo e da SociolinguÃstica, elaborou-se um roteiro com questÃes referentes a Tempo, Aspecto e Modalidade. Alguns documentos oficiais foram tomados, tambÃm, como base: ParÃmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs), Programa Nacional do Livro DidÃtico (PNLD) e Programa Nacional do Livro do Ensino MÃdio (PNLEM). De modo geral, os resultados mostram que, nos livros analisados, prevalece o estruturalismo e o objetivo maior à fazer o aluno memorizar a conjugaÃÃo dos verbos, sem refletir sobre seus usos e/ou funÃÃes, alÃm de estudÃ-los de forma descontextualizada, o mesmo ocorrendo com os advÃrbios. Nas quatro dÃcadas, os autores dos livros didÃticos apresentaram, algumas vezes, integral ou parcialmente as categorias e, outras vezes, nÃo trabalharam com a marcaÃÃo de Tempo, Aspecto e Modalidade. Esta pesquisa à relevante para a reflexÃo sobre as mudanÃas que ocorreram ou nÃo ocorreram, no tocante ao estudo dos verbos e advÃrbios, e para a elaboraÃÃo de livros didÃticos de LÃngua Portuguesa. / The main purpose of this research study is to evaluate how the categories Tense, Aspect and Modality are approached, in the analysis of the verb and adverbs of tense and mood, by authors of textbooks of Portuguese language in the Elementary school and in the High School. Textbooks from four decades, 1970, 1980, 1990 e 2000 were compared in order to analyze the study of these categories throughout the time. As a whole, 28 textbooks were analyzed. Under the apparatus of the Functionalism and the Sociolinguistics, a report was elaborated with questions referring to Tense, Aspect and Modality. Some official documents were taken, also, as a basis: National Curriculum Parameters (in Portuguese, PCNs), National Textbook Program (in Portuguese, PNLD) and National High School Textbook Program (in Portuguese, PNLEM). The general results show that the Estruturalism remains in the analyzed books, and the major aim is to make the student memorize the verb inflections without reflecting about their uses and/or their functions, besides studying them as well as adverbs in a decontextualized way. In the four decades, at times, the authors of the textbooks fully or partially presented the categories, and, some other times, they did not work with Tense, Aspect and Modality. This research is relevant to reflect about changes, which either have occurred or did not occur regarding to the analysis of verbs and adverbs, as well as to the development of textbooks of Portuguese Language.