Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-19T14:31:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseACMO.pdf: 3842026 bytes, checksum: 7081c677ee2f15ff2fd1eb1c4a5281da (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-27T14:02:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseACMO.pdf: 3842026 bytes, checksum: 7081c677ee2f15ff2fd1eb1c4a5281da (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-27T14:02:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseACMO.pdf: 3842026 bytes, checksum: 7081c677ee2f15ff2fd1eb1c4a5281da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T18:11:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseACMO.pdf: 3842026 bytes, checksum: 7081c677ee2f15ff2fd1eb1c4a5281da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-13 / Não recebi financiamento / Situation Awareness (SAW) is a cognitive process defined as the perception of elements and events within a time frame, the understanding of their situation and the projection of their status. SAW is a prerequisite for decision-making in dynamic and complex systems and errors in SAW are an acknowledged source of human errors and accidents. Its study is pivotal in many industries, such as aviation, military, oil, gas and rails, and it is being increasingly considered for maintenance, since this activity is deemed critical for every industry. New technologies to support maintenance, such as E-Maintenance, will provide easier access to the desired information to technicians, but the way new technologies lead to improved SAW is influenced by how information is presented in the User Interface (UI), and many UIs for maintenance technicians support their decision-making regarding procedural and technical criteria, but not economical, legal, ethical and political. Therefore, they only allow a partial development of the user SAW, but not the complete comprehension and projection of a situation. These UIs ignore information requirements such as: risks and conditions of the environment; automations; actions and decisions of team members; rules, regulations and policies of enterprises. Therefore, the design and development of UIs to improve SAW in maintenance is compromised by the few solutions in the state of the art for SAW supportive UI design, for model-based design process and for frameworks and reference architectures. Cognizant to this gap, this thesis proposes a solution for the design and development of Situation Awareness support User Interfaces (SASUI) for maintenance work. For that three contributions are proposed: a conceptual framework of Situation Awareness Aspects (FSA) that assists developers in structuring heterogeneous sources of data into a knowledge representation model, to obtain a state oriented view of SAW; a multiagent architecture that instantiates and controls UIs to improve their support of SAW, by using a blend of SAW and UI agents to express the situation (and its projection) of real world entities in the UI; a methodology to create Model-based SAW User Interfaces (MBSAW-UI), in which designers model agents that will assist users in acquiring the SAW necessary for their decision-making process. These contributions follow a Cognitive Engineering approach to guide software developers in the UI design process and also empower domain experts to model their UIs, enabling an End-User Development (EUD) paradigm that facilitate future updates to the system. A study case of a maintenance activity was developed to evaluate these solutions, with two interfaces: a UI designed using MBSAW-UI; a UI designed using solely a Hierarchical Task Analysis. An experiment was performed and showed a 78% increase in SAW with the UI designed to support SAW, which lead to enhanced efficacy (3,85x less errors) and safety (3,87x less errors regarding unsafe behavior). / Consciência Situacional (SAW) é um processo cognitivo definido como a percepção de elementos e eventos em um volume de tempo e espaço, o entendimento da situação atual e a projeção do seu estado futuro. SAW é um pré-requisito para a tomada de decisão em sistemas complexos e dinâmicos, e os problemas em SAW são uma fonte reconhecida de erros humanos e acidentes. O estudo de SAW não só é fundamental em muitos setores (como, por exemplo, aviação, forças armadas, óleo, gás e ferrovias), como vem sendo considerado, de forma crescente, em áreas como a manutenção, que é uma atividade crítica para todas as indústrias. Novas tecnologias para apoio a manutenção, como a E-Manutenção, vão prover melhor acesso a informações desejadas, porém a SAW de um trabalhador que lida com tecnologia está correlacionada a Interface do Usuário (IU) do sistema, e diversas IUs para manutenção apoiam a tomada de decisão considerando critérios procedurais e técnicos, mas não econômicos, legais, éticos e políticos. Portanto elas somente apoiam um desenvolvimento parcial da SAW de seu usuário, mas não a completa compreensão e projeção da situação. Estas interfaces ignoram requisitos de informação como: riscos e condições do ambiente; automações; ações e decisões de colegas de equipe; regras, regulamentos e políticas das empresas. Dessa forma, o design e desenvolvimento de IUs para aprimorar a SAW na manutenção são comprometidos pelas poucas soluções no estado da arte de design de IU para apoio a SAW, de processos de design baseado em modelos e de frameworks e arquiteturas de referência. Ciente desta lacuna, esta tese propõe uma solução para design e desenvolvimento de Interfaces do Usuário que apoiam o estabelecimento de SAW (SASUI) em trabalhos de manutenção. Três contribuições foram geradas: um framework conceitual de aspectos de SAW (FSA) que auxilia desenvolvedores a estruturar fontes de dados heterogêneas em um modelo de representação do conhecimento, para obter uma visão de SAW orientada a estado; uma arquitetura multiagente que instancia e controla IUs para aprimorar o apoio a SAW, usando uma combinação de agentes de SAW e IU que expressam a situação (e projeção) de entidades do mundo real; e, finalmente, uma metodologia para criar IUs para SAW baseada em modelos (MBSAW-UI), na qual designers modelam agentes que irão auxiliar usuários a adquirir a SAW necessária para seu processo de tomada de decisão. Estas contribuições seguem uma abordagem de Engenharia Cognitiva para guiar desenvolvedores de software no processo de design de IU e para permitir especialistas de domínio a modelar suas IUs, habilitando um paradigma de End-User Development (EUD) que facilita futuras atualizações ao sistema. Foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso de uma atividade de manutenção para avaliar as soluções propostas, usando duas interfaces: uma projetada usando a metodologia MBSAWUI; e outra usando somente análise hierárquica de tarefas. Experimentos realizados mostram que as interfaces geradas com a metodologia proposta neste trabalho proporcionaram um aumento de 78% na SAW, o que levou a uma melhor eficácia (3,85x menos erros) e segurança (3,87x menos erros relacionados a comportamentos arriscados).

The dissertation thesis with the topic „Simulation Modelling of Electrical Drives for Selected Critical Applications“ focuses on the area of given applications in civil aviation. The selected application that the thesis deals with is an electrically driven and electronically controlled fuel pump supplying fuel to an aviation motor of the APU type. The thesis gives a comprehensive description of the design cycle of the unit and demonstrates implementing all the required critical functions. In the course of the design of the unit modern techniques in mathematical modelling, simulation, verification, monitoring and prediction of the operation status of airborne equipment were uses to the utmost extent. The purpose of these was to show the suitability of their application with regard to decreasing design time and cost, increasing lifetime and servicing intervals, as well as increasing user comfort and decreasing price. At the same time the required reliability was to be kept. The thesis also aims to prove and verify the suitability of using electronically commutated dc motors in critical applications in civil aviation. To reach this goal, it is necessary to design a robust drive control which would meet the given reliability requirements.

The dissertation thesis with the topic „Simulation Modelling of Electrical Drives for Selected Critical Applications“ focuses on the area of given applications in civil aviation. The selected application that the thesis deals with is an electrically driven and electronically controlled fuel pump supplying fuel to an aviation motor of the APU type. The thesis gives a comprehensive description of the design cycle of the unit and demonstrates implementing all the required critical functions. In the course of the design of the unit modern techniques in mathematical modelling, simulation, verification, monitoring and prediction of the operation status of airborne equipment were uses to the utmost extent. The purpose of these was to show the suitability of their application with regard to decreasing design time and cost, increasing lifetime and servicing intervals, as well as increasing user comfort and decreasing price. At the same time the required reliability was to be kept. The thesis also aims to prove and verify the suitability of using electronically commutated dc motors in critical applications in civil aviation. To reach this goal, it is necessary to design a robust drive control which would meet the given reliability requirements.

This thesis deals with the topic of  model-based design and application of simulation in system design. In the introduction, the thesis discusses the history of software development process and outlines the current status. The aim is to demonstrate a model-driven design on a case study of conference system. There will be presented formalisms of DEVS and OOPN  together with experimental tools PNtalk and SmallDEVS that allow to work with these formalisms. The resulting model of conference system will be deployed as part of a web application using a framework Seaside in the Squeak environment.

No description available.

As technological advancements and manufacturing techniques continues to bring us more complex and powerful hardware, software engineers struggle to keep up with this rapid progress and reap the benefits brought by this hardware. In the field of safety-critical system development, where a thorough understanding and deterministic nature of the hardware often is required, the cost of development closely relates to the complexity of the hardware used. For software developers to be able to reap the benefits of the technological advancement in hardware design, a Correct-by-Construction with a model- based design flow seem promising. Even though there seem to be significant benefits in using a Correct-by-Construction workflow for developing safety- critical systems, it is far from exclusively used within the industry. Therefore, this thesis illustrates how a model-based design flow should be applied when developing safety-critical systems for usage in the rail transport sector. This thesis also explores the benefits Correct-by-Construction can bring to the development process of safety-critical systems. Within this thesis, two different modeling tools, ForSyDe and Simulink, were used to achieve a model-based design flow. The functionality of these tools is investigated to see how they can be used for developing safety-critical systems, meeting the EN 50128 standard. The result presented is an example of how these tools can be used within a model-based design flow which meets the EN 50128 standard for developing Safety Integrity Level (SIL) 4 systems. The thesis also compares the tools investigated and highlights their differences. Finally, future work required to create a complete Correct-by-Construction workflow that complies with the EN 50128 standard requirements for system development is identified. / Allt eftersom teknologiska framsteg och tillverkningstekniker fortsätter att ge oss tillgång till mer komplex och kraftfull hårdvara så kämpar mjukvaruingenjörer fibrilit med att kunna hänga med i denna utvecklingstakt och kunna utnyttja de nya möjligheterna som denna nya hårdvara ger. Inom fältet för säkerhetskritiska system, där en genomgående förståelse av och deterministiska egenskaper för hårdvara ofta krävs, så är kostnaden för utveckling nära relaterat till komplexiteten för hårdvaran som används. För att kunna ta till vara på de fördelar som dessa nya teknologiska framsteg för med sig så föreslås ofta användningen av utvecklingsprocessen Korrektvid- Konstruktion. Även fast det verkar finnas stora fördelar med att använda Korrekt-vid-Konstruktion som utvecklingsprocess så har det inte sett en bred användning inom industrin. På grund av detta så försöker denna avhandling svara på hur ett modelleringsbaserat utvecklingsflöde kan användas vid utveckling av säkerhetskritiska system för tågtransportsektorn. Arbetet undersöker även fördelarna med användningen av Korrekt-vid-Konstruktion vid utveckling av säkerhetskritiska system. Arbetet i denna avhandling undersöker hur två olika modeleringsverktyg, ForSyDe och Simulink, kan användas i ett modeleringsbasert utvecklingsflöde. Funktionaliteten för dessa modeleringsverktyg undersöks för att se hur dem kan användas för utveckling av säkerhetskritiska system på ett sätt som klarar av kraven i EN 50128 standarden. Resultaten som presenteras är ett exempel på hur dessa verktyg kan användas i ett modeleringsbaserat utvecklingsflöde som möter kraven i EN 50128 standarden för utveckling av SIL 4 system. Arbetet jämför även de undersökta modeleringsverktygen för att påvisa deras skillnader. Till sist så beskrivs det framtida arbete som krävs för att få till en komplett utvecklingsprocess som är Korrekt-vid-Konstruktion och även möter systemutvecklingskraven i EN 50128 standarden.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) as a Model-based design facilitates to investigate multiple solutions in the infrastructure planning process. The most important reason for implementing model-based design is to help designers and to increase communication between different design parties. It decentralizes and coordinates team collaboration and facilitates faster and lossless project data exchange and management across extended teams and external partners in project lifecycle. Infrastructure are fundamental facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation, roads, communication systems, water and power networks, as well as power plants. Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) as the digital representation of the world are systems for maintaining, managing, modelling, analyzing, and visualizing of the world data including infrastructure. High level infrastructure suits mostly facilitate to analyze the infrastructure design based on the international or user defined standards. Called regulation1-based design, this minimizes errors, reduces costly design conflicts, increases time savings and provides consistent project quality, yet mostly in standalone solutions. Tasks of infrastructure usually require both model based and regulation based design packages. Infrastructure tasks deal with cross-domain information. However, the corresponding data is split in several domain models. Besides infrastructure projects demand a lot of decision makings on governmental as well as on private level considering different data models. Therefore lossless flow of project data as well as documents like regulations across project team, stakeholders, governmental and private level is highly important. Yet infrastructure projects have largely been absent from product modelling discourses for a long time. Thus, as will be explained in chapter 2 interoperability is needed in infrastructure processes. Multimodel (MM) is one of the interoperability methods which enable heterogeneous data models from various domains get bundled together into a container keeping their original format. Existing interoperability methods including existing MM solutions can’t satisfactorily fulfill the typical demands of infrastructure information processes like dynamic data resources and a huge amount of inter model relations. Therefore chapter 3 concept of infrastructure information modelling investigates a method for loose and rule based coupling of exchangeable heterogeneous information spaces. This hypothesis is an extension for the existing MM to a rule-based Multimodel named extended Multimodel (eMM) with semantic rules – instead of static links. The semantic rules will be used to describe relations between data elements of various models dynamically in a link-database. Most of the confusion about geospatial data models arises from their diversity. In some of these data models spatial IDs are the basic identities of entities and in some other data models there are no IDs. That is why in the geospatial data, data structure is more important than data models. There are always spatial indexes that enable accessing to the geodata. The most important unification of data models involved in infrastructure projects is the spatiality. Explained in chapter 4 the method of infrastructure information modelling for interoperation in spatial domains generate interlinks through spatial identity of entities. Match finding through spatial links enables any kind of data models sharing spatial property get interlinked. Through such spatial links each entity receives the spatial information from other data models which is related to the target entity due to sharing equivalent spatial index. This information will be the virtual properties for the object. The thesis uses Nearest Neighborhood algorithm for spatial match finding and performs filtering and refining approaches. For the abstraction of the spatial matching results hierarchical filtering techniques are used for refining the virtual properties. These approaches focus on two main application areas which are product model and Level of Detail (LoD). For the eMM suggested in this thesis a rule based interoperability method between arbitrary data models of spatial domain has been developed. The implementation of this method enables transaction of data in spatial domains run loss less. The system architecture and the implementation which has been applied on the case study of this thesis namely infrastructure and geospatial data models are described in chapter 5. Achieving afore mentioned aims results in reducing the whole project lifecycle costs, increasing reliability of the comprehensive fundamental information, and consequently in independent, cost-effective, aesthetically pleasing, and environmentally sensitive infrastructure design.:ABSTRACT 4 KEYWORDS 7 TABLE OF CONTENT 8 LIST OF FIGURES 9 LIST OF TABLES 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATION 12 INTRODUCTION 13 1.1. A GENERAL VIEW 14 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT 15 1.3. OBJECTIVES 17 1.4. APPROACH 18 1.5. STRUCTURE OF THESIS 18 INTEROPERABILITY IN INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING 20 2.1. STATE OF INTEROPERABILITY 21 2.1.1. Interoperability of GIS and BIM 23 2.1.2. Interoperability of GIS and Infrastructure 25 2.2. MAIN CHALLENGES AND RELATED WORK 27 2.3. INFRASTRUCTURE MODELING IN GEOSPATIAL CONTEXT 29 2.3.1. LamdXML: Infrastructure Data Standards 32 2.3.2. CityGML: Geospatial Data Standards 33 2.3.3. LandXML and CityGML 36 2.4. INTEROPERABILITY AND MULTIMODEL TECHNOLOGY 39 2.5. LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING APPROACHES 41 INFRASTRUCTURE INFORMATION MODELLING 44 3.1. MULTI MODEL FOR GEOSPATIAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE DATA MODELS 45 3.2. LINKING APPROACH, QUERYING AND FILTERING 48 3.2.1. Virtual Properties via Link Model 49 3.3. MULTI MODEL AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY METHOD 52 3.4. USING LEVEL OF DETAIL (LOD) FOR FILTERING 53 SPATIAL MODELLING AND PROCESSING 58 4.1. SPATIAL IDENTIFIERS 59 4.1.1. Spatial Indexes 60 4.1.2. Tree-Based Spatial Indexes 61 4.2. NEAREST NEIGHBORHOOD AS A BASIC LINK METHOD 63 4.3. HIERARCHICAL FILTERING 70 4.4. OTHER FUNCTIONAL LINK METHODS 75 4.5. ADVANCES AND LIMITATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL LINK METHODS 76 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED IIM METHOD 77 5.1. IMPLEMENTATION 78 5.2. CASE STUDY 83 CONCLUSION 89 6.1. SUMMERY 90 6.2. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 92 6.3. FUTURE WORK 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY 94 7.1. BOOKS AND PAPERS 95 7.2. WEBSITES 101

This research introduces a high-performance electric taxiing system (ETS) as a modern solution to improve the on-ground operations of today’s aircraft, which are conventionally powered through the main engines. The presented ETS is propelled by electric motors, integrated into the main landing gear of a state-of-the-art midsize commercial aircraft, and powered by an additional not quantified electrical energy storage system. The proposed system can therefore operate autonomously from any aircraft-internal power source, i.e. Auxiliary Power Unit or equivalent. The main objective of this work is to assess the energy consumption of the introduced ETS while considering energy recuperation due to regenerative braking. The ETS powertrain is sized to match modern conventional taxi performances that were seen in 36 self-recorded takeoff- and landing taxi driving profiles. A custom ETS simulation model was developed and simulated across all available driving profiles to confirm the desired powertrain performance and to predict the system’s energy consumption. For the purpose of enhancing the validity of these energy consumption predictions, a suitable motor controller is then designed by the use of MATLAB Simulink. An easy-to-implement switch loss model was created to predict the ETS motor controller efficiency map. Finally, the former energy consumption predictions were revised for the implementation of the motor controller and an estimated traction motor efficiency map. The results exhibit that the revised ETS simulation model was capable of refining the energy consumption. It was found that the ETS will consume up to 9.89 kWh on average if the full potential of the traction motors energy recuperation capabilities are being used. The simulation outcomes further demonstrate that regenerative braking offers great potential in ETS applications since more than 14 % of required traction energy could be regenerated to yield the above mentioned average energy consumption. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

When developing three-phase drives for Electric Vehicles (EVs), it is essential to verify the controller design. This will help in understanding how fast and accurately the torque of the motor can be controlled. In order to do this, it is always better to test the controller using the software version of the motor or vehicle drivetrain than using actual hardware as it could lead to component damage when replicating extreme physical behavior. In this thesis, plant modelling of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) and vehicle drivetrain in MATLAB/Simulink for Model Based Design (MBD) is presented. MBD is an effective method for controller design that, if adopted can lead to cost savings of 25%-30% and time savings of 35%-40% (according to a global study by Altran Technologies, the chair of software and systems engineering and the chair of Information Management of the University of Technology in Munich) [1]. The PMSM plant models take effects like magnetic saturation, cross- coupling, spatial harmonics and temperature into account. Two PMSM models in d-q frame based on flux and inductance principles were implemented. Flux, torque maps from Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and apparent inductance from datasheets were used as inputs to the flux- and inductance-based models, respectively. The FEA of PMSM was done using COMSOL Multiphysics. The PMSM model results were compared with corresponding FEA simulated results for verification. A comparison of these PMSM models with conventional low fidelity models has also been done to highlight the impact of inclusion of temperature and spatial harmonics. These motor models can be combined with an inverter plant model and a controller can be developed for the complete model. Low frequency oscillations of drivetrain in EVs lead to vibrations which can cause discomfort and torsional stresses. In order to control these oscillations, an active oscillation damping controller can be implemented. For implementation of this control, a three-mass mechanical plant model of drivetrain with an ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) wheel speed sensor has been developed in this thesis. Analysis of the model transfer function to obtain the pole zero maps was performed. This was used to observe and verify presence of low frequency oscillations in the drivetrain. In order to include the effects of ABS wheel speed sensor and CAN communication, a model was developed for the sensor. / Testning av regulatorernas inställningar med hänsyn till snabbhet och noggrannhet i momentreglering är avgörande i trefasiga drivsystem för elektriska fordon. Oftast är det bättre att simulera i stället för att utföra experimentella tester där komponenter kan skadas på grund av fysisk stress. Detta kallas för Model Based Design (MBD). MBD är an effektiv metod för utformningen av styrningen som kan leda till kostnadsbesparingar på 25%-30% och tidsbesparingar på 35%-40% enligt en studie från Altran Technologies i samarbete med Tekniska universitet i München, TUM. Detta examensarbete behandlar en modell för en synkronmaskin med permanentmagneter (PMSM) samt en modell för drivlinan utvecklad i Matlab/Simulink för MBD. PMSMs modellen inkluderar magnetisk mättnad och tvärkoppling, MMF övervågor och temperatur. Två PMSM modeller har utvecklats. Den första baseras på magnetiskt flöde som erhålls från finita element beräkningar i COMSOL Multiphysics medan den andra bygger på induktanser givna från datablad. En jämförelse av dessa PMSM-modeller med konventionella low fidelity-modeller har också gjorts för att illustrera påverkan temperaturberoende och MMF övervågor. Modellerna kan kombineras med en växelriktarmodell för att utveckla en hel styrenhet. Lågfrekventa oscillationer i drivlinan leder till vibrationer som kan orsaka vridspänningar och försämra komforten i elfordonet. En aktiv dämpningsregulator kan implementeras för att kontrollera spänningarna men en mekanisk drivlinemodell med tre massor och en ABS (anti-lock braking system) hastighetssensor behövs. Den mekaniska modellen har implementerats och analyserats även beaktande en modell för en CAN kommunikationskanal. Oscillationer med låg frekvens kunde observeras i modellen.