Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-12-21T15:41:03Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-21T15:41:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Compostos fenólicos vêm despertando preocupação nos últimos anos e incitando grande atenção em todo o mundo ao desenvolvimento de métodos de determinação e monitoramento contínuo no ambiente devido a sua elevada toxicidade e persistência no meio ambiente, principalmente no sedimento, que devido sua característica em acumular compostos faz desse um dos compartimentos mais importantes na avaliação do nível de contaminação de ecossistemas aquáticos continentais. Neste estudo foi desenvolvido um método analítico utilizando cromatografia a gás acoplada ao detector de espectrometria de massas (GC/MS) para a determinação de seis compostos fenólicos e foi avaliada a presença dos mesmos em amostras de sedimento do Reservatório Guarapiranga, um reservatório de usos múltiplos da água, destinado principalmente para abastecimento público de água potável da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Para garantir a reprodutibilidade do método de forma confiável atendendo aos objetivos e qualidade propostos, a metodologia desenvolvida foi submetida ao processo de validação, em que os parâmetros seletividade, linearidade, faixa de trabalho, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, tendência/recuperação, precisão (repetitividade, precisão intermediária e reprodutibilidade) e robustez foram avaliados. A metodologia aqui proposta mostrou ser adequada para alcançar o objetivo de avaliar os compostos em estudo, e pela sua aplicação foi constatada a presença dos compostos fenol e 3-metilfenol no sedimento do reservatório. Nas amostras de sedimento coletadas em 2011, o fenol foi o composto encontrado com maior frequência, com alguns resultados acima do LQ, principalmente em pontos com maior influência urbana, em concentrações de 0,09 a 0,19 μg g-1. Também foi encontrado o 3-metilfenol com resultados acima do LQ em dois pontos de coleta, G-11 e G-13, nas concentrações de 0,10 e 0,19 μg g-1 respectivamente. Já na coleta realizada em outubro de 2014, o composto 3-metilfenol foi quantificado em dois pontos de coleta, G-02 e G-07, nas concentrações de 0,07 e 0,08 μg g-1 respectivamente, sendo detectado abaixo do LQ em diversos pontos ao longo do reservatório. A presença destes compostos mesmo em baixas concentrações pode indicar uma contaminação decorrente de atividades industriais nas margens do reservatório e considerando-se que os compostos em sedimento com o tempo podem ser liberados na coluna dágua e causar contaminação na água de abastecimento este estudo fornece subsídios para revisão da legislação vigente que não estabelece limites para os compostos fenólicos na matriz de estudo. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2017-10-27T12:25:12Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-27T12:25:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Nas ultimas décadas o processo de biossorção tem alcançado grande relevância no tratamento de efluentes contendo metais potencialmente tóxicos. O uso de bactérias nesse processo tem obtido destaque, uma vez que possuem inúmeras vantagens. O presente estudo pretendeu avaliar o mecanismo envolvido no processo de biossorção dos íons Pb(II) e Hg(II) por meio das linhagens Cupriavidus metallidurans (CH34) e Cupriavidus metallidurans (CH34/pCM3). Dentre os modelos estudados a isoterma de Langmuir foi a que melhor se ajusta ao processo de adsorção, apresentando uma capacidade máxima de adsorção (qmax) de 0,98 mg.g-1 para o Hg(II) e 86,2 mg.g-1 para o Pb(II), para a linhagem selvagem. Já para a linhagem recombinante o qmax obtido foi 3,4 mg.g-1 para o mercúrio e 172,4mg g-1 para o chumbo. Baseado nos valores referentes à energia livre de Gibbs (ΔG) o processo de retenção ocorreu de forma química e espontânea. A influencia do pH foi avaliada por meio de estudo competitivo entre os íons metálicos, em níveis equimolares. O valor que melhor contemplou a adsorção para ambos os íons foi o pH 7,0, tendo o Pb(II) demonstrado maior capacidade de retenção. Em pH 2,0 houve maior retenção do Hg (II), já em pH 10,0 o Pb(II) obteve maior retenção. Indicando que o meio influencia diretamente na competição dos íons metálicos pelos sítios ativos. Constatou-se que a retenção do metal é robusta e estável ao longo de 6 meses. Os resultados indicam que a Cupriavidus metallidurans (CH34/pCM3) pode ser uma boa opção para biossorção de íons metálicos por meio de biorreator. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: José Luiz Tatagiba Lamas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T22:31:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gothardo_AnaCarolinaLopesOttoni_M.pdf: 3169615 bytes, checksum: da99c78d906df92371167a9e0c7c0502 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A medição da pressão arterial em setores de emergência e cuidados intensivos é um procedimento utilizado para avaliar com rapidez a condição do paciente e direcionar a conduta terapêutica. Devido aos cuidados peculiares existentes na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, a monitorização hemodinâmica desses pacientes é realizada por monitores automáticos multiparamétricos o que torna esse procedimento mais fácil e rápido. Esse tipo de monitorização consiste no controle de parâmetros como eletrocardiograma, pressão arterial (direta ou indireta), saturação de oxigênio, frequência cardíaca, temperatura, frequência respiratória, capnografia e débito cardíaco. Para garantir a precisão e o desempenho desses aparelhos automáticos, estes devem passar por testes rigorosos a fim de validá-los para seu uso clinico. Assim torna-se necessário aferir sua confiabilidade usando protocolos adequados, reconhecidos por sociedades cientificas. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a confiabilidade do monitor multiparamétrico Dixtal® DX 2020 na medida da pressão arterial em adultos de acordo com o Protocolo Internacional, proposto pela European Society of Hypertension (ESH). Para o desenvolvimento desse estudo foram realizadas medidas de pressão arterial em 33 sujeitos, com uso do esfigmomanômetro de coluna de mercúrio, da marca Unitec e o aparelho automático Dixtal® DX 2020 com número de série 81303876. Nove medidas sequenciais foram realizadas no braço, alternando entre o esfigmomanômetro de mercúrio e o automático em teste, conforme Protocolo Internacional, além da obtenção do eletrocardiograma. O protocolo estabelece a necessidade de atender duas exigências. Na primeira exigência o aparelho foi reprovado na PAS em todas as faixas. Das 99 diferenças obtidas, apenas 43 se situaram na faixa de 0 a 5 mmHg (de 73 exigidas), 69 medidas na faixa de 0 a 10 mmHg (de 87 exigidas) e 81 entre 0 e 15 mmHg (de 96 exigidas). Na PAD também foi reprovado em todas as faixas, obtendo 29 diferenças entre 0 e 5 mmHg, 56 entre 0 e 10 mmHg e 71 entre 0 e 15 mmHg, sendo exigidas 65, 81 e 93, respectivamente. Na segunda exigência pelo menos 24 sujeitos deveriam ter duas de suas três comparações na faixa de 0 a 5 mmHg, o que aconteceu somente com 16 sujeitos na sistólica e 9 na diastólica. Além disso, no máximo três poderiam ter todas suas comparações acima de 5 mmHg e isso aconteceu com 10 sujeitos na sistólica e 17 na diastólica. O aparelho não atendeu os critérios estabelecidos para a pressão sistólica (PAS) e pressão diastólica (PAD) em nenhuma das duas exigências, não sendo recomendado para o uso clínico de acordo com este protocolo. Cuidados com a validação dos aparelhos deveriam ocorrer com maior frequência no sentido de garantir às pessoas em cuidados intensivos valores fidedignos. É importante ressaltar que este estudo refere-se especificamente ao módulo de verificação da PA do monitor em estudo, não sendo possível tirar a mesma conclusão para suas outras funções / Abstract: The measurement of blood pressure in emergency departments and intensive care is a procedure used to quickly assess the patient's condition and direct the therapeutic approach. Due to the peculiar care existing in the intensive care unit, hemodynamic monitoring of patients is performed by automated multiparameter monitors which makes this procedure easier and faster. This type of monitoring controls parameters such as electrocardiogram, blood pressure (direct or indirect), oxygen saturation, heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate, capnography and cardiac output. To ensure accuracy and performance of these automated devices, they must undergo rigorous testing to validate them for clinical use. So it becomes necessary to assess its reliability using appropriate protocols, recognized by scientific societies. This study aims to evaluate the reliability of the multiparameter monitor Dixtal® DX 2020 on blood pressure determination in adults according to the International Protocol, proposed by the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). For the development of this study blood pressure was measured in 33 subjects, using a Unitec® mercury sphygmomanometer, and the automatic drive Dixtal® DX 2020, serial number 81303876. Nine sequential measurements were performed in the arm, alternating between the mercury sphygmomanometer and the automatic unit in test, as determined by the International Protocol, and the electrocardiogram. The protocol establishes the need to meet two requirements. In the first requirement, the device failed SBP measurements in all ranges. Among the 99 obtained differences, only 43 were located in the range 0-5 mm Hg (73 required), 69 in the range 0-10 mm Hg (87 required) and 81 between 0 and 15 mmHg (96 required). Regarding DBP, the device also failed in all ranges, obtaining 29 differences between 0 and 5 mmHg, 56 from 0 to 10 and 71 between 0 and 15 mmHg( 65, 81 and 93 required respectively). To pass in the second requirement at least 24 subjects should have two of their three comparisons in the range 0-5 mmHg, which happened with only 16 subjects in systolic and 9 in diastolic. Furthermore, at most three could have all their comparisons over 5 mmHg and this happened to 10 subjects in the systolic and 17 diastolic. The unit did not meet the criteria for systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in any of the two requirements and it is not recommended for clinical use in accordance with this protocol. Importantly, this study specifically refers to the BP scanning module of the monitor in study, it is not possible to draw the same conclusion for its other functions / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestra em Ciências da Saúde

More than half a decade of X-ray astronomy with various balloon borne and space orbiting X-ray instruments, have led to discoveries and detailed studies of X-ray binaries. An important property of X-ray binaries is intensity variations of different magnitudes in a wide range of timescales from milliseconds (quasi-periodic oscillations, millisecond pulsations), to a few weeks (orbital and super-orbital modulations) or longer (outbursts etc). In this thesis, different types of variabilities of X-ray binaries are considered in X-ray binary population studies and to investigate certain aspects of some individual systems. In Chapter 1, we provide an introduction to various types of variabilities seen in different classes of X-ray binaries. We mention in detail the various periodic and aperiodic variabilities seen in X-ray binaries. In Chapter 2, we describe, in some detail, the various X-ray all sky monitors and X-ray observatories, data from which has been utilized in the work carried out in this thesis. We also describe the various data analysis techniques that we have used. The rest of the thesis is divided into two major sections: Variability studies of indi-vidual systems and X-ray binary population studies Variability studies of individual systems In Chapter 3, we report results from an investigation of energy resolved orbital in-tensity pro les and from exhaustive orbital phase resolved spectroscopic measurements of GX 301{2 with MAXI{GSC . The orbital variation of the spectral parameters, es-pecially the relation between the equivalent width of Fe line and the column density of absorbing matter are then utilized to examine the models for the mode of accretion onto the neutron star in GX 301{2: circumstellar disk model by Pravdo & Ghosh (2001), and the accretion stream model by Leahy & Kostka (2008). A very large equivalent width of the iron line along with a small value of the column density in the orbital phase range 0.10-0.30 after the periastron passage indicates an asymmetry in the distribution of the matter around the neutron star, strongly favoring the accretion stream model by Leahy & Kostka (2008). Presence of an eclipse in an X-ray binary can be useful in determining orbital param-eters like inclination and in estimating the orbital evolution by eclipse timing method, which is reported in Chapter 4. For the HMXB system IGR J16393{4643, we found a short eclipse in the Swift{BAT light-curve and utilized it to constrain the orbital in-clination of the system. We have also studied, for the rst time, broad-band pulsation and spectral characteristic of the system with a Suzaku observation, showing sub-orbital intensity variations. For another eclipsing and non-pulsing HMXB 4U 1700{37, the orbital evolution is studied using mid-eclipse times from observations with narrow eld instruments as well as from long term light-curves of X-ray all sky monitors. The orbital period decay rate is estimated to be 5 10 7 /yr, an order slower than a previous measurement by Rubin et al.(1996). Since no pulsations are detected in this system, it is difficult to estimate its orbital parameters, especially its eccentricity. Using mid-eclipse times from 10 years of Swift{BAT data, we have independently constrained the eccentricity of the binary system. X-ray binary population studies In Chapter 5, we report results from an analysis of the 16 years light-curves of X-ray binaries in 2-10 keV energy band of RXTE{ASM , used to construct the differential and integral probability distributions of count-rates. These distributions are then employed to construct multiple snapshots of X-ray binary luminosity functions of the Milky Way instead of averaging the luminosities, an improvement over previous analysis by Grimm et al. (2002). We found that the averaged luminosities of highly variable X-ray binaries do not represent their true positions in XLFs and the variability of X-ray binaries do indeed signi cantly affect the luminosity functions. In Chapter 6, the measurements of the averaged spectra of X-ray binaries using MAXI{GSC data are reported and are used for constructing the composite X-ray spec-trum. These composite X-ray binary spectra are useful in estimating the contribution of X-ray binaries in extra-galactic SEDs constructed from the simultaneous Chandra / XMM{Newton and NuSTAR observations of these galaxies. These SEDs will also serve as a useful input in estimating the contribution of X-ray binary heating at high redshift IGM during the Epoch of Re-ionization. In Chapter 7, we summarize the main conclusions of the work carried out in this thesis and discuss some future prospects related to this thesis.

L’Artériopathie Oblitérante des Membres Inférieurs (AOMI) est une maladie chronique grave, associée au processus d’athérosclérose, et qui se traduit chez la plupart des patients par une ischémie (apports sanguins insuffisants) à l’exercice.L’ischémie d’exercice peut causer l’apparition de douleurs au niveau des membres inférieurs lors de la marche, limitant de fait la capacité de marche des patients. L’évaluation de la capacité de marche occupe une place importante dans la prise en charge des patients. Grâce au développement de moniteurs d’activité tels que le géo-positionnement par satellites (GPS), cette évaluation peut être conduite en situation écologique de marche via des mesures réalisées en extérieur. Ces mesures GPS ont notamment permis de mettre en évidence une variabilité de la capacité de marche avec une influence probable de la durée de récupération entre deux marches symptômes-limitées. Ceci reste cependant à démontrer expérimentalement. Par ailleurs, méthodologiquement, il est nécessaire de pouvoir standardiser et exprimer de façon plusadéquate les données GPS obtenues afin de juger de la capacité de marche des patients. L’objet du présent travail de thèse était par conséquent double : i) valider une méthodologie pour estimer la dépense énergétique (DE) associée à la marche en extérieur chez le sujet sain et qui serait à terme applicable chez les patients avec AOMI pour pouvoir comparer les résultats de capacité de marche obtenus par mesure GPS ; ii) déterminer dans quelle mesure la durée de récupération suite à une marche symptômes-limitée influence la capacité de marche des patients lors de la marche subséquente. Les résultats des travaux de recherche qui ont été menés dans le cadre de cette thèse montrent que le GPS permet une estimation relativement précise de la DE en extérieur chez le sujet sain en conditions de vitesse et de pente variées. De plus, nos résultats mettent en évidence que la durée de récupération faisant suite à une marche symptômes-limitée influence clairement la capacité de marche des patients. La nature logarithmique de la relation permet d’envisager àmoyen terme l’identification d’une durée minimale de récupération à partir de laquelle les patients pourraient maximiser leur capacité de marche. Des perspectives intéressantes pourraient alors être envisagées dans le réentraînement à l’effort des patients et/ou pour les aider à mieux gérer leurs douleurs au quotidien. / Lower-extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a non-communicable disease that is associated with atherosclerosis and that leads, in most patients, to ischemia (mismatch between blood demand and blood supply) during exercise. Exercise-induced ischemia may lead to the occurrence of pain in the lower extremities during walking, thus limitingwalking capacity. Assessing walking capacity is an important step in the management of PAD patients. Thanks to the development of activity monitors such as global positioning system (GPS), it is possible to assess walking capacity under real-life conditions with measurements performed in outdoor settings. These GPS measurements have highlighted thefact that walking capacity seems variable and is likely to be influenced by the recovery duration between two symptoms-limited walks. However, this remains to be demonstrated in standardized conditions. Moreover, methodological advances are needed to standardize and express more adequately GPS data in order to better interpret walking capacity measurements. Therefore, the aim of the present thesis was two-fold: i) to validate a method for estimating walking energy expenditure (EE) in healthy subjects in outdoor setting, and that could be used in the future in PAD patients in order to compare walking capacity results obtained in outdoor setting; ii) to determine to which extent the duration of the recovery period that follows a first symptom-limited walk influences walking capacity measured during the subsequent walk in PADpatients. Our results show that GPS allows accurate estimations of walking EE in healthy subjects in outdoor setting and with various conditions of speed and grade. Moreover, our results clearly show that recovery duration influences walking capacity in PAD patients. The logarithmic shape of the relationship supports further analyses to determine a minimum recovery duration that could maximize patients walking capacity. This could have interesting implications for the development of new exercise walking programs in PAD and/or to help patients to better manage their pain during daily life.

Dans la chaine de développement des circuits, une attention particulière doit être portée sur le comportement en fiabilité des dispositifs MOS comme briques de base des circuits avancés CMOS lors du développement d’une technologie. Au niveau du dispositif, les comportements des différents mécanismes de dégradation sont caractérisés. A l’opposé dans le prototype final, le produit est caractérisé dans des conditions accélérées de vieillissement, mais seuls des paramètres macroscopiques peuvent être extraits. Un des objectifs de cette thèse a été de faire le lien entre le comportement en fiabilité d’un circuit ou système et ses briques élémentaires. Le second point important a consisté à développer des solutions de tests dites ‘intelligentes’ afin d’améliorer la testabilité et le gain de place des structures, pour mettre en évidence le suivi du vieillissement des circuits et la compensation des dégradations. Une autre famille de solutions a consisté à reproduire directement dans la structure l’excitation ou la configuration réelle vue par les dispositifs ou circuits élémentaires lors de leur vie d’utilisation (lab in situ). / In the circuit development, specific attention must be paid to the MOS device reliability as a building block as well as a prototype reference circuit (CMOS) during the technology development. At device level, the different degradation mechanisms are characterized. In the final prototype, the product is characterized in accelerated aging conditions, but only the macroscopic parameters can be extracted. One objective of this thesis has been to link the circuit or system reliability and its building blocks. Also, the second important point has consisted in the development of 'smart' test solutions to improve testability and gain up structures so as to highlight the circuits aging monitoring and degradation compensation. Another family of ‘smart’ solutions has involved reproducing directly in the structure the excitement or the actual configuration as it is seen by elementary circuits or devices during their usage life (lab in situ).

Esta dissertação apresenta uma metodologia baseada em Algoritmos Genéticos e Teoria dos Conjuntos Fuzzy que determina o número ótimo de medidores de Qualidade de Energia, bem como os pontos onde os mesmos devem ser instalados para monitorar Afundamentos e Elevações de Tensão em redes de transmissão de energia elétrica. A metodologia desenvolvida representa uma ferramenta para diversas áreas de uma empresa de energia elétrica, porque ela indica a melhor maneira para se alocar medidores de Qualidade de Energia, considerando as restrições econômicas a que as empresas estão sujeitas. Além disto, a metodologia também determina a melhor configuração para um sistema de medição para um sistema de potência, quando há barras que devem ser monitoradas e/ou o número de medidores disponíveis é menor que o mínimo necessário para atingir a completa Observabilidade. O trabalho desenvolvido também representa uma importante aplicação dos Algoritmos Genéticos em conjunto com a Teoria dos Conjuntos Fuzzy. Ele define aspectos a serem considerados no problema de monitoração de Qualidade de Energia Elétrica e sugere rapidamente a melhor forma de atender diferentes objetivos e restrições operacionais. A fim de validar o modelo proposto, nesta dissertação, três redes elétricas são avaliadas para determinar o número mínimo de medidores de Qualidade de Energia, bem como a localização onde esses equipamentos deveriam ser instalados. Os níveis de Redundância e de Observabilidade são apresentados, bem como as formulações usadas para atingir os resultados apresentados. / This dissertation presents a methodology based on Genetic Algorithms and Fuzzy Mathematical Programming to determine the optimum number of power quality monitors and the locations they should be installed to measure Voltage Sags and Swells in transmission power networks. The methodology developed represents a tool for planning power networks, because it indicates the best way to allocate the power quality monitors, considering economical constraints. Similar to this, the methodology also determines the best configuration for a monitoring system when there are important busses to monitor and the number of monitors available is lower than the minimal needed to accomplish completely Observability. The work presented here also represents an important Genetic Algorithms application. With fuzzy mathematical programming it easily allows the definition of aspects to be considered in the monitoring problem and quickly suggests the best way to attend different objectives and operational restrictions. In order to validate the developed model proposed in this dissertation three electric power networks are assessed to determine the minimum number of power quality monitors as well as the locations where these devices should be installed. The levels of Redundancy and Observability are presented as well as the formulations used to achieve the results.

Der Reaktordruckbehälter (RDB) zählt zu den nicht auswechselbaren Komponenten eines Kernkraftwerkes (KKW). Durch die hohen Neutronen- und Gammaflüsse ist er beschleunigten Alterungsprozessen unterworfen, welche die Lebensdauer eines KKW bestimmen könnten. So haben neben der chemischen Zusammensetzung des RDB-Stahls vor allem die Strahlungsparameter (Neutronen- und Gammafluenzen und deren Spektren) Auswirkungen auf die Versprödungseigenschaften des RDB. Für einen sicheren Betrieb eines KKW ist es daher sehr wichtig, die mögliche Änderung des Materialzustandes vom RDB im Voraus bewerten zu können. Die sogenannten Voreilprobenprogramme gehören deshalb zu den wichtigsten Überwachungsmaßnahmen im KKW. Mit ihnen kann die Restlebensdauer des RDB realistisch und zuverlässig beurteilt werden. In dieser Arbeit werden, neben der Bestimmung der Fluenzen an sich, auch Auswirkungen auf den Teilchenfluss in den Voreilproben, wie zum Beispiel die verschiedenen geometrischen Positionen, untersucht. Damit können mögliche Unsicherheiten bei der Bestimmung der realen Fluenzwerte abgeschätzt werden. Die Berechnungen wurden sowohl mit dem Code TRAMO als auch mit dem Code DORT durchgeführt. Die berechneten Ergebnisse wurden an Aktivierungsmonitoren, die an der RDBAußenoberfläche des KKW Kola, Unit 3 (WWER-440/213), bestrahlt wurden, überprüft. Hauptsächlich kamen Aktivierungsmonitore mit den Reaktionen 54Fe(n,p)54Mn und 58Ni(n,p)58Co zum Einsatz. Die Aktivitätsmessungen wurden vom russischen Partner, dem „Scientific and Engineering Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Safety“ (SEC NRS) durchgeführt. Es konnte gute Übereinstimmung sowohl zwischen den deterministischen und den stochastischen Berechnungsergebnissen als auch zwischen den berechneten und gemessenen Ergebnissen erzielt werden. Die durchschnittliche Differenz zwischen gemessenen und berechneten Werten betrug nur 5%. Ein Einfluss der Bestrahlungskanäle und der Versteifungsrippen der Kernumfassung auf die Monitoraktivität konnte festgestellt werden. Für die Voreilproben im Bereich des Flussmaximums wurden für den Neutronenfluss E> 0.5 MeV ein Mittelwert von rund 2.45*1012 Neutronen/cm2 berechnet. Dabei können die Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit von der Ausrichtung der Proben zum Reaktorkern bis zu 20% betragen. Abweichungen bis zu 10% können durch die Änderung der Position der Bestrahlungskapseln im Kanal entstehen. Auf Basis dieser Rechnungen wurden die Voreilfaktoren der Bestrahlungsproben bestimmt. Bei mittleren Zykluslängen würde die „End of Life“-Fluenz in den Bestrahlungsproben bereits nach 2 Jahren erreicht werden. Der berechnete maximale Gammafluss beträgt rund 3.4*1012 g/cm2s für E > 1.0 MeV und rund 8.4*1012 g/cm2s für E > 0.5 MeV, wobei der größte Anteil des Flusses (rund 97%) aus Neutronenreaktionen stammt. Damit sind die Gammaflüsse in den Proben zwei bis drei Mal so groß wie die der Neutronen. Trotzdem spielt die Materialschädigung durch die Gammastrahlung eine untergeordnete Rolle, da die DPAQuerschnitte (displacement per atom) von Gammas um etwa zwei bis drei Größenordnungen kleiner sind. Des Weiteren wurde untersucht, ob mögliche Ausheilprozesse durch zu hohe Temperaturen in den Bestrahlungsproben stattfinden könnten. Zu diesem Zweck wurde der Energieeintrag in den Bestrahlungsproben basierend auf den berechneten Teilchenflüssen bestimmt und mit einfachen thermohydraulischen Modellen die mögliche Aufheizung ermittelt. Eine Temperaturerhöhung von rund 20 K wurde mit einem konservativen Ansatz berechnet. Unter vergleichsweise realistischen Bedingungen reduzierte sich die Aufheizung auf unter 5 K. / Reactor pressure vessels (RPV) are non-restorable equipment and their lifetime may restrict the nuclear power plant-life as a whole. Surveillance specimen programs for RPV materials are among the most important measures of in-service inspection pro-grams that are necessary for realistic and reliable assessment of the RPV residual lifetime. In addition to the chemical composition of the RPV steel, the radiation pa-rameters (neutron and gamma fluences and spectra) have the most important impact on the RPV embrittlement characteristics. In this work, different geometric positions which have influence on the radiation conditions of the samples are investigated. Thus, the uncertainties can be determined in the fluence values of surveillance specimens. The fluence calculations were carried out by the codes TRAMO and DORT. This study was accompanied by ex-vessel neutron dosimetry experiments at Kola NPP, Unit 3 (VVER-440/213), which provide the basis for validation of calculated neutron fluences. The main neutron-activation monitoring reactions were 54Fe(n,p)54Mn and 58Ni(n,p)58Co. The activity measurements were carried out by “Scientific and Engineering Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Safety (SEC NRS). Good agreement between the deterministic and stochastic calculation results as well as between the calculations and the ex-vessel measurements was found. The aver-age difference between measured and calculated values is 5%. The influence of the channels for surveillance specimens and the shielding effect of a baffle rib on the monitors and on the Monte-Carlo calculated results was studied. For the surveillance specimens in the maximum of the flux, an average flux of around 2.45 * 1012 neutrons/cm2 was calculated for the neutron flux E> 0.5 MeV. The differences in the surveillance specimens could be up to 20% depending on the direction to the core. Discrepancies up to 10% can be caused by the change of the position of the capsules in the irradiation channel. Based on these calculations the lead factor of specimens was determined. The maximum fluence of RPV may be achieved after two cycles. The calculated maximum gamma flux is around 3.4 * 1012 g/cm2s for E> 1.0 MeV and around 8.4 * 1012 g/cm2s for E> 0.5 MeV, with the largest part of the flux (around 97%) from the neutron reactions. The gamma fluxes in the surveillance specimens are two to three times bigger than the neutron fluxes. Nevertheless, the material damage by the gamma radiation is very small, because the dpa (displacement per atom) cross sections of gamma rays are about two to three orders of magnitude smaller. In order to exclude the possibility of healing effects of the samples due to excessive temperatures, the heat release in the surveillance specimens was determined based on the calculated gamma fluences. The analytic treatment of the heat conduction equation and simplified SS geometries were adopted to calculate the range of tem-peratures to be expected. The temperature increase of 20 K above the inlet coolant temperature was estimated using a conservative approach. Under comparatively re-alistic conditions, the heating was reduced to less than 5 K.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The aging infrastructure of a wastewater collection system can leak, capture ground water, and capture precipitation runoff. These are some of the most common problems in many of today’s US collection systems and are often collectively referred to as Rain Derived Inflow and Infiltration (RDII or I/I). The goal of this study is to investigate such optimized methods and their potential to improve flow monitor placement, especially for RDII studies, and to improve upon Stevens (2005) methodology. This project adopts a methodology from the “facility location problem”, a branch of operations research and graph theory. Solutions to a facility location problem will be adapted and utilized within a transportation GIS application to determine optimal placement.

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