A central principle within UN and EU policy is environmental policyintegration (EPI), aiming at integrating environmental aspirations, targetsand requirements into sector policy in order to promote sustainabledevelopment. The focus of this study is EPI in bioenergy policy. Bioenergy isa renewable energy source of increasing importance in the EU and Swedishenergy mix. At the same time, it is debated how environmentally friendlybioenergy really is. Furthermore, bioenergy can be considered both a multisectorand a multi-level case, since bioenergy is produced in many differentsectors and bioenergy policy is formulated and implemented on differentlevels. Therefore, EPI in bioenergy policy is here analysed over time in twosectors (energy and agriculture) and on three levels (EU, national, subnational).A cognitive, policy learning perspective on EPI is adopted, tracingEPI through looking for reframing of policy towards incorporatingenvironmental objectives in policy rhetoric and practice. Furthermore,institutional and political explanations for the development are discussed.Paper I analyses EPI in Swedish bioenergy policy within energy andagriculture. Paper II analyses institutional conditions for multi-sector EPI inSwedish bioenergy policy. Paper III analyses EPI in EU bioenergy policywithin energy and agriculture. Paper IV analyses sub-national EPI in thecase of the Biofuel Region in north Sweden. The material examined consistsof policy documents complemented by semi-structured interviews. Together, the four papers provide a more complex and holistic picture ofthe EPI process than in previous research, which mainly has focused onstudying EPI in single sectors and on single levels. The study shows thatpriorities are different on different levels; that EPI has varied over time; butthat EPI today is detectable within bioenergy policy in both studied sectorsand on all levels. Policy learning in bioenergy is found to be mainly a topdownprocess. Furthermore, policy coherence between sectors and levels;long-term goals; and concrete policy instruments are found to be importantboth for the EPI process as such and for the outcomes from this process.However, when attempting to marry different goals, such as growth, securityand sustainability, in line with the three-tiered (economic, social, ecologic)sustainable development concept, environmental aspects risks not to beprioritised when goal conflicts arise. The study proposes that future researchboth continues the analysis of multi-sector and multi-level EPI, and furtherexplores to what extent ecological sustainability is improved by EPI.

The purpose of this thesis is to map and assess the organisational and ideological development of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform party, the ELDR. More specifically, it seeks to analyse the degree of integration between the members of the ELDR over time, to identify factors that may or may not generate integration, to relate the development of the ELDR to earlier research about European parties, and finally to contribute to the ongoing debate about whether or not the traditional national party families are about to establish parties at the European level. The thesis is based on the assumption that parties adapt to their environment, in this case, the system of multi-level governance that characterises the European Union. As the European parties are composed of national parties, they are also dependent on the member parties' opportunities and motives for cooperation. If there is integration, we can, however, not only expect the European parties to adapt to their environment. As they become independent actors, they may also influence their environment. In other words, we can anticipate interaction between the European and national levels that leads to mutual adaptation, or Europeanisation. To be able to capture the interaction between the two levels, theories from international relations and comparative politics are combined. Based on interviews, participant observation, documentary research and content analysis of European election manifestos, the analyses shows that the members of the ELDR have over time reached a rather advanced level of integration, both organisationally and ideologically. Although it is possible to identify constraining factors to this development, the ELDR has, at least from what is known from literature, reached about the same level of development as the two other European parties, the Christian democratic EPP and the Social democratic PES. The internal integration of the ELDR is the outcome of a successive transfer of power from the member parties to the ELDR. By now, the ELDR can therefore be defined as a rather independent actor and as a type of party at the European level. This type of party is, however, not comparable to national parties. It is instead adapted to the institutional structure of the European Union, with, at least partly, a different organisation and different functions from those of national parties. / digitalisering@umu

International climate change agreements and the European Union legislation have an influence on different levels of governance, including national legal systems and administrative schemes. The following research question is addressed in the doctoral dissertation: “How does Lithuania, specifically the industrial sector, implement GHG reduction requirements under the Kyoto Protocol and the European Union regulations?” Implementation of GHG emission reductions is analyzed from a perspective of multi-level governance and sociology of law. The research is carried out on four levels – supra-state; state; sub-state and societal. These are described as international; national; administrative and industrial arenas in the dissertation. Hence the implementation of climate change legal rules is based on authoritative decision-making across multiple territorial levels. In the dissertation, legal frameworks regarding reductions of GHG emissions are described - and the institutions along with their mandates are identified. There is a hierarchical top-down regulated implementation of legal rules and actors involved at different levels. A perspective based upon Sociology of Law makes it possible to relate the top-down implementation of legal rules to society. In the dissertation the most dominant driving forces and norms affecting actors on each level of implementation are evaluated, by interviewing respondents from state and administrative institutions and industrial companies... [to full text] / Tarptautiniai klimato kaitos susitarimai ir Europos Sąjungos teisės aktai veikia skirtingus valdymo lygmenis, įskaitant nacionalines teisės sistemas ir administravimo modelius. Disertacijoje iškeltas tyrimo klausimas – kaip Lietuva, konkrečiai pramonės sektorius, įgyvendina šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių dujų (toliau – ŠESD) emisijų mažinimo reikalavimus, nustatytus Kioto protokolu ir Europos Sąjungos teisės aktais. Reikalavimų mažinti ŠESD emisijas įgyvendinimas yra analizuojamas daugiapakopio valdymo perspektyvoje. Analizuojami keturi lygmenys – viršvalstybinis, valstybinis, subvalstybinis ir visuomeninis, kurie disertacijoje gretinami su tarptautine, nacionaline, administracine ir pramonės plotmėmis. Taigi klimato kaitos teisės aktų įgyvendinimas paremtas valdžios sprendimų priėmimo dispersija skirtinguose lygmenyse. Disertacijoje apibūdintos teisės sistemos, susijusios su ŠESD mažinimu, identifikuojant institucijas ir jų įgaliojimus. Remiantis teisės sociologijos perspektyva, hierarchinis teisės normų įgyvendinimo principas siejamas su teisės poveikiu (ir atsaku) pramonės sektoriuje. Atlikus kokybinį tyrimą imant interviu iš tyrimo dalyvių, kurie dirba valstybės ir administracinėse institucijose ir pramonės įmonėse, išnagrinėti ir įvertinti skatinantys veiksniai ir normos, veikiančios dalyvių elgseną kiekviename tiriamajame lygmenyje. Ištirtas pramonės sektoriaus atsakas politikos įgyvendinimo procese bei pateikti pasiūlymai dėl Kioto protokolo ir Europos Sąjungos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Many sustainability concerns have led to a push for more sustainable electricity systems. Governments and utilities have responded to these pressures by making changes ranging from minor incremental adjustments to sweeping transformations. This dissertation is focused on determining how we can best understand such transitions of electricity systems and what possibilities exist for First Nations to participate in them. This dissertation involves case studies of three Canadian provinces – Nova Scotia, Ontario and Saskatchewan – based on a review of relevant documents and semi-structured interviews. The theoretical basis of this dissertation is derived from the sustainability transitions field and discourse coalition theory. The conclusion of this research is a helpful and robust integrated sustainability transition framework, which is developed by combining elements of the multi-level perspective (MLP) and technological innovation system (TIS) frameworks from the sustainability transitions field, and supplementing those elements with features from discourse coalition theory. This integrated sustainability transition framework can usefully explain the complex dynamics involved in transitions of electricity systems. The typology of transition pathways – distinguishing between the possibilities of reproduction, transformation, technological substitution, reconfiguration, and de-alignment/re-alignment – provides insights into the direction of the transition. The various TIS functions add a needed element of agency and provide insights into the rate of progress along the particular transition pathway. Discourse coalition theory adds a greater degree of agency by uncovering the political dynamics involved. By considering factors for successful First Nations participation as important TIS functions, the integrated sustainability transition framework presented in this dissertation helps explain the possibilities for First Nations participation. Successful First Nations participation is more likely to occur where governments are proudly engaging in reconciliation efforts and resurgence support and where they embrace distributed, clean energy projects and deliberately open up space for new actors to participate in the electricity sector. In order to achieve the momentum needed to take advantage of a window of opportunity to participate, First Nations need a project champion, stable governance, access to cash, partnerships with the private sector, and must ensure that the focus remains on sustainable development and delivery of benefits to the entire community.

This research examines a multi-level language ability ESL secondary school classroom in relation to Lave and Wenger’s (1991) community of practice and Dörnyei and Ottó’s (1998) L2 motivation conceptual frameworks. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were employed. Case study data were collected through monthly interviews, semi-monthly observations, and monthly written journals over 3 months in Toronto from 6 participants (5 students and 1 teacher). Also, students who had been in Canada 5 years or less, and ESL teachers were invited to complete an on-line questionnaire. Results indicate that the multi-level classroom positively and negatively impacts participation and motivation. Participants define the most striking factor to impact participation and motivation as themselves; this links the two conceptual frameworks because “self-regulation” in the Actional Phase (Dörnyei & Ottó, 1998) can be better understood by legitimate peripheral participation or the ability to “imagine” and “align” oneself (Lave & Wenger, 1991). In this multi-level classroom, self-regulation is when students actively imagine possible selves who are aligned with their family or peer goals, or when faced with disengagement, students envision new roles for themselves in the classroom to overcome barriers and realign themselves with shared family or peer goals. In these cases, alignment drives imagination; however, students also use imagination to create alignment. When lower level learners see advanced students as possible selves, they feel hope for their future. Similarly, advanced learners recall their past selves when seeing their lower level peers and feel empathy for them. This interaction cements student alignment and sets a context conducive to cooperative learning which enhances students’ abilities to remain aligned with their families. Overall, this research highlights the interplay of imagination and alignment which impacts student identity. Moreover, it reveals that one aspect of the Post-actional Phase in Dörnyei and Ottó’s (1998) model, “self-concept beliefs,” can be enhanced by the notion of identity in Lave and Wenger’s (1991) framework. Finally, these findings could serve to change policy and improve programming and serve as an archive for future research.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de la programmation par contraintes quantifiées, un formalisme étendantla programmation par contraintes classique en ajoutant aux variables des quantificateurs existentiels ouuniversels, ce qui apporte en théorie une expressivité suffisante pour modéliser des problèmes avec adversaireou incertitude sur certains paramètres sous forme de problèmes appelés QCSP (Quantified Constraintsatisfaction Problem).Nous commençons par apporter une réponse aux difficultés de modélisation de problèmes réels dont estfrappée la programmation par contraintes quantifiées en introduisant une extension aux QCSP permettantd’expliciter les actions possibles de l’agent principal et de son adversaire. Puis, nous décrivons différentproblèmes grâce à ce formalisme, et discutons de la place de cette extension parmi les formalismes voisins créésen réponse à cette même difficulté de modélisation. Enfin, nous nous intéressons à la notion d’optimisationdans le cas des contraintes quantifiées, et apportons un formalisme d’optimisation de contraintes quantifiéespermettant d’exprimer des problèmes multi-niveaux non linéaires. / This thesis presents works in the research area of quantified constraint programming, which extends theconstraint programming framework by setting (existential and universal) quantifiers to the problem’s variables.This framework is theoretically expressive enough to model problems where an opponent or uncertainparameters are involved, under the form of Quantified Constraint Safisfaction Problems (QCSP).QCSPs suffer from a modeling difficulty that we solve by presenting an extension to this framework, in whichpossible moves for the principal agent and its opponent may be explicitely declared. Then, we describe realproblems using this extention, and discuss of its pros and cons against neighbour framework thar were createdto solve the same difficulty. Finally, we focus on quantifies optimization problems, and present a quantifiedoptimization framework thet allows the modeling of nonlinear multi-level problems.

The aim of this thesis is to find and describe the relationship between ethics and economics in terms of their separation and return in the history of economic thought. For a comprehensive entry at first basic terms and the most important milestones of economic thought throughout history are explained. The diploma work shows, within the historical framework, the most important trends of thinking of particular economic schools and through proven propositions it either affirms or denies them.

O uso de ferramentas de simulação para validar projetos de sistemas digitais é uma prática comum, devido às vantagens que estas trazem ao desenvolvimento destes sistemas, tais como: custo, segurança, velocidade e acuracidade. Porém, a simulação seqüencial de alguns sistemas pode levar várias horas ou até mesmo dias, fazendo desta maneira surgir a necessidade de técnicas para acelerar tal procedimento. Uma solução encontrada para aumentar a velocidade de simulação pode estar no uso de técnicas de sistemas distribuídos, já que muitas vezes o próprio sistema real tem embutido em si um certo paralelismo, o que facilita os procedimentos de distribuição. Ao se tratar da simulação de sistemas distribuídos logo surge um dos grandes problemas inerentes a estes, o controle global do tempo, fazendo com que a sincronização entre os processos seja bastante complicada. Neste trabalho são estudados dois paradigmas de sincronização, o otimista e o conservativo. Tendo como base estes paradigmas, formularam-se duas técnicas para solucionar o problema de sincronização, no contexto da simulação multinível de sistemas digitais. Nos estudos realizados, utilizou-se como plataforma a API WinSock para Windows a fim de proporcionar a comunicação entre processos. Ao final é feita uma análise comparativa das versões desenvolvidas, as quais fizeram uso das técnicas de sincronização acima mencionadas. / The use of simulation tools to validate the design of digital systems is a common practice, due to the benefits these tools bring to the development of those systems: cost, security, velocity, and accuracy. However, the sequential simulation of some systems may take hours or even days, thus creating the need of techniques for speeding up this procedure. A solution for increasing the simulation speed may be the use of techniques based on distributed systems, since very often the real system has an implicit parallelism, which makes easier the aplication of distribution procedures. When dealing with the simulation of distributed systems, one of the big problems that arise is the global control of simulation time, which makes the synchronization among processes very complex. In this work two synchronization paradigms are studied: the optimist and the conservative ones. Based on these paradigms, two techniques for solving the problem of synchronization in the context of multi-level simulation of digital systems have been developed. In these studies, the API WinSock for Windows has been used for supporting the communication between processes. A comparative analysis of the versions we developed, that use the above mentioned synchronization techniques, is also presented.

Submitted by Laura Rezende Fuser (laurafuser@gmail.com) on 2016-03-28T09:59:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura Fuser - Dissertação 2016 - Territórios da Cidadania.pdf: 2458682 bytes, checksum: bac5da8da31ec0ab98ce47149feccd24 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2016-03-28T19:43:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura Fuser - Dissertação 2016 - Territórios da Cidadania.pdf: 2458682 bytes, checksum: bac5da8da31ec0ab98ce47149feccd24 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-28T19:47:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura Fuser - Dissertação 2016 - Territórios da Cidadania.pdf: 2458682 bytes, checksum: bac5da8da31ec0ab98ce47149feccd24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Poverty in Brazil has been gradually reduced. Among the main reasons, there are public policies for universalization of rights. On the other hand, the municipalities' Human Development Index indicates scenarios of growing inequality. In other words, some regions, basically of rural character, were left behind in that process of development. In 2008, the “Territórios da Cidadania” (Territories of Citizenship) Program was launched by the federal government, under high expectations. It was proposed to develop those regions and to prioritize the arrival of ongoing federal public policies where they were most demanded. The program has shown an innovative arrangement which included dozens of ministries and other federal agencies, state governments, municipalities and collegialities to the palliative management and control of the territory. In this structure, both new and existing jurisdictions came to support the program coordination. This arrangement was classified as an example of multi-level governance, whose theory has been an efficient instrument to understand the intra- and intergovernmental relations under which the program took place. The program lasted only three years. In Vale do Ribeira Territory – SP, few community leaderships acknowledge it, although not having further information about its actions and effects. Against this background, the approach of this research aims to study the program coordination and governance structure (from Vale Territory, considered as the most local level, until the federal government), based on the hypothesis that, beyond the local contingencies in Vale do Ribeira, the layout and implementation of the Territories of Citizenship Program as they were formulated possess fundamental structural issues that hinder its goals of reducing poverty and inequality through promoting the development of the territory. Complementing the research, its specific goal was to raise the program layout and background in order to understand how the relations, predicted or not in its structure, were formulated and how they were developed, with special attention to Vale do Ribeira-SP. Generally speaking, it was concluded that the coordination and governance arrangement of the Territories of Citizenship Program failed for not having developed qualified solutions to deal with the challenges of the federalist Brazilian structure, party politics, sectorized public actions, or even the territory contingencies and specificities. The complexity of the program, the poverty problem proposed to be faced, and the territorial strategy of development charged a high cost of coordination, which was not accomplished by the proposal of centralization in the federal government with internal decentralization of the coordination. As the presidency changed in 2011, the program could not present results that were able to justify the arguments for its continuation, therefore it was paralyzed, lost its priority status, and the resources previously invested were redirected. / A pobreza no Brasil vem paulatinamente sendo reduzida. Dentre os principais motivos estão políticas públicas de universalização de direitos. No entanto, cenários baseados nos índices de Desenvolvimento Humano, calculados nos municípios, apontam que, por outro lado, a desigualdade vem crescendo no país. Ou seja, algumas regiões, basicamente de caráter rural, ficaram para trás nesse processo de desenvolvimento. Em 2008, foi lançado pelo governo federal o Programa Territórios da Cidadania, que sob grandes expectativas se propôs a desenvolver essas regiões ao focalizar e priorizar a chegada de políticas públicas federais em curso onde eram mais demandadas. O programa apresentou um arranjo inovador onde foram incluídos dezenas de ministérios e outros órgãos federais, governos estaduais, municípios e colegiados criados para a gestão e controle territorial participativos. Nessa estrutura, instâncias existentes e novas surgiram para apoiar a coordenação do programa. Esse arranjo foi classificado como um exemplo de multi-level governance, ou governança de multinível, cuja teoria mostrou-se um instrumento interessante para entender as relações intra e intergovernamentais sob as quais o programa aconteceu. O programa durou apenas três anos. No Território Vale do Ribeira-SP, são poucas as lideranças comunitárias que o reconhecem, não tendo informações sobre suas ações e efeitos. Frente a esse cenário, a abordagem dessa pesquisa objetiva estudar a estrutura de coordenação e governança do programa (tendo o território do Vale como o nível mais local, até o governo federal), a partir da hipótese que, para além das contingências locais no Vale do Ribeira, o desenho e a implantação do Programa Territórios da Cidadania como formulados possuem questões estruturais fundamentais que dificultam atingir seu objetivo de reduzir a pobreza e a desigualdade a partir da promoção do desenvolvimento territorial. Complementando a pesquisa, seu objetivo específico foi levantar o desenho e o histórico do programa para entender como as relações, previstas ou não em sua estrutura, foram formuladas e como se desenvolveram, com atenção especial ao Vale do Ribeira-SP. De forma geral, concluiu-se que o arranjo de coordenação e governança do Programa Territórios da Cidadania fracassou por não ter elaborado soluções qualificadas frente aos desafios da estrutura federalista brasileira, da política partidária, da setorialização das ações públicas, e mesmo frente às contingências e especificidades do território. A complexidade do programa, do problema da pobreza que se propôs enfrentar, e a estratégia territorial de desenvolvimento cobraram um alto custo de coordenação, que não se realizou na proposta de centralização no governo federal com descentralização interna de coordenação. Com a mudança na presidência em 2011, o programa não pôde apresentar resultados que justificassem argumentos por sua continuação, de modo que foi paralisado, perdeu seu status de prioridade e os recursos antes nele investidos foram redirecionados.

O uso de ferramentas de simulação para validar projetos de sistemas digitais é uma prática comum, devido às vantagens que estas trazem ao desenvolvimento destes sistemas, tais como: custo, segurança, velocidade e acuracidade. Porém, a simulação seqüencial de alguns sistemas pode levar várias horas ou até mesmo dias, fazendo desta maneira surgir a necessidade de técnicas para acelerar tal procedimento. Uma solução encontrada para aumentar a velocidade de simulação pode estar no uso de técnicas de sistemas distribuídos, já que muitas vezes o próprio sistema real tem embutido em si um certo paralelismo, o que facilita os procedimentos de distribuição. Ao se tratar da simulação de sistemas distribuídos logo surge um dos grandes problemas inerentes a estes, o controle global do tempo, fazendo com que a sincronização entre os processos seja bastante complicada. Neste trabalho são estudados dois paradigmas de sincronização, o otimista e o conservativo. Tendo como base estes paradigmas, formularam-se duas técnicas para solucionar o problema de sincronização, no contexto da simulação multinível de sistemas digitais. Nos estudos realizados, utilizou-se como plataforma a API WinSock para Windows a fim de proporcionar a comunicação entre processos. Ao final é feita uma análise comparativa das versões desenvolvidas, as quais fizeram uso das técnicas de sincronização acima mencionadas. / The use of simulation tools to validate the design of digital systems is a common practice, due to the benefits these tools bring to the development of those systems: cost, security, velocity, and accuracy. However, the sequential simulation of some systems may take hours or even days, thus creating the need of techniques for speeding up this procedure. A solution for increasing the simulation speed may be the use of techniques based on distributed systems, since very often the real system has an implicit parallelism, which makes easier the aplication of distribution procedures. When dealing with the simulation of distributed systems, one of the big problems that arise is the global control of simulation time, which makes the synchronization among processes very complex. In this work two synchronization paradigms are studied: the optimist and the conservative ones. Based on these paradigms, two techniques for solving the problem of synchronization in the context of multi-level simulation of digital systems have been developed. In these studies, the API WinSock for Windows has been used for supporting the communication between processes. A comparative analysis of the versions we developed, that use the above mentioned synchronization techniques, is also presented.