The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has defined operational risk, legal risk and compliance risk. However, the definitions might not be adequate for countries with a hybrid legal system, such as South Africa. This study aims to provide a practical solution to the problems faced by countries with a hybrid legal system wishing to comply with the Basel Committee’s standards. It is argued that compliance, compliance risk and regulatory risk should all be viewed as constituent components of legal risk, and in turn necessarily also of operational risk in a hybrid legal system. Legal risk is a wide concept which includes all aspects of a legal system, while compliance risk is a narrower concept which only includes the codified aspects of a legal system. Legal risk therefore includes compliance risk. However, the opposite is not true as compliance risk does not include legal risk, and the two concepts are decidedly shown not to be synonymous in a mixed legal system. / Thesis (PhD (Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has defined operational risk, legal risk and compliance risk. However, the definitions might not be adequate for countries with a hybrid legal system, such as South Africa. This study aims to provide a practical solution to the problems faced by countries with a hybrid legal system wishing to comply with the Basel Committee’s standards. It is argued that compliance, compliance risk and regulatory risk should all be viewed as constituent components of legal risk, and in turn necessarily also of operational risk in a hybrid legal system. Legal risk is a wide concept which includes all aspects of a legal system, while compliance risk is a narrower concept which only includes the codified aspects of a legal system. Legal risk therefore includes compliance risk. However, the opposite is not true as compliance risk does not include legal risk, and the two concepts are decidedly shown not to be synonymous in a mixed legal system. / Thesis (PhD (Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Angela Sayuri Cristofoli Ueno.pdf.jpg: 3172 bytes, checksum: cee83d936530b3fbd5bbd2e1e33630f0 (MD5) Angela Sayuri Cristofoli Ueno.pdf.txt: 101059 bytes, checksum: 8aed03cbd2b118345bf95e9de842bd8b (MD5) license.txt: 4712 bytes, checksum: 4dea6f7333914d9740702a2deb2db217 (MD5) Angela Sayuri Cristofoli Ueno.pdf: 1282852 bytes, checksum: f569242d1dee8eb86948ddc7774f30c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-08T00:00:00Z / The operational risk management and measurement is an increasing concern throughout the community of financial institutions. The adequate choice of the operational risk capital calculation model can become a competitive differential. This study presents the advantages of adopting causal models for operational risk management and measuring. The investigation of the Artificial Neural Networks application for this purpose shows that the causal model results in capital amounts more aligned to the financial institution’s risk exposure. Furthermore, there is the advantage that, as more risk sensible the capital calculation methodology is, higher will be the incentive for an appropriate risk management in the day-today institution’s business. This not only reduces the needs for capital allocation, but also decreases the expected losses. Therefore, the results are positive and encourage future researches about this subject. / A gestão e a mensuração do risco operacional é uma preocupação crescente da comunidade bancária, de modo que a escolha adequada do modelo de alocação de capital para risco operacional pode tornar-se um diferencial competitivo. Este trabalho apresenta as vantagens da adoção de modelos causais para a gestão e mensuração do risco operacional e, ao investigar a aplicação de Redes Neurais Artificiais para tal propósito, comprova que o modelo causal chega a valores de capital mais alinhados à exposição ao risco da instituição financeira. Além disso, há a vantagem de que, quanto mais sensível a risco a metodologia de cálculo de capital for, maior será o incentivo para uma gestão apropriada dos riscos no dia-a-dia da instituição financeira, o que não apenas reduz sua necessidade de alocação de capital, quanto diminui suas perdas esperadas. Os resultados, portanto, são positivos e motivam estudos futuros sobre o tema.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of Operational Risk Management (ORM) in the successes of Small Medium Enterprise (SME’s) and to establish whether ORM has a direct correlation to the survival rate of SME’s, which have been operational for a minimum period of five years. The study was limited geographically to Gauteng South Africa, in particular the Kya Sands Industrial area. The South African Government is focusing on promoting small business to reduce the high unemployment rate and to increase the growth of the economy through developing SME’s. Statistics states that South Africa currently has an unemployment rate of 25.5 per cent, in the third quarter of 2015 (Statistic South Africa, 2015), which is the worst rate since the first Labor Forces Survey in 2008. It is well known that SME’s contribute significantly to the world’s economy. After conducting a significant literature review, it was found that no applicable research has been done globally or locally regarding ORM in SME’s as per NG & Kee (2012). Most research in ORM is focused on large organisations, specifically the banking industry. The need for this study arose as literature reviews reveals a high rate of SME failures, regardless of various financial assistance programs from Government for starting and assisting SME’s. In determining the impact of ORM by addressing the high probability of failure of SME’s in emerging markets this research will be the first step in determining the value and trajectory of additional insights for SME sustainability . Thus ORM could indirectly provide assistance in undertaking and addressing the unemployment and economic freedom challenges in South Africa. This is unique and new knowledge generating ground breaking finding s as ORM was not regarded nor researched, as a critical contributing success factor for smaller companies. This research had a positive approach and was of a quantitative and exploratory nature to investigate the research question and problem statements. The research instrument was a self-designed semi-structured enumerated questionnaire. Personal ii interviews were conducted with willing participants in order to obtain first hand data. This was an avant-garde study. The results based on the facts and perception of the owners and managers indicated the extent of implementation of ORM in the various business departments of the SME’s. It was found that ORM is a contributing factor regarding the success of SME’s. As a result, the main research problem and sub- problems were answered. Therefore ORM definitely plays a vital role in the survival rate of a SME and can be regarded as a critical success factor for SME’s if implemented and managed. Through identifying the facts and perceptions of the owners and managers of SME’s regarding ORM, further research can be conducted to identify the extent that ORM can have on the SME’s successes. / Graduate School of Business Leadership (SBL) / M.Tech. (Business Administration)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:06:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5715.pdf: 2528313 bytes, checksum: 746d913fa84ee6f5f9d8b191ad1d8cce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-16 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / In this paper we propose a new method for the calculation of regulatory capital required for operational risk. This method is based on some important assumptions for calculation of this capital, for instance, expert opinion, dependence between loss variables considering the joint probability associated to two loss events. The copula theory is applied to determine this joint probability. Furthermore, we present two more methods, sum method proposed by Basel II Accord (2004) and non-perfect correlation method proposed by Frachot et al. (2004). Finally, we perform a simulation studies in order to compare all the methods presented in this dissertation. / Neste trabalho propomos um novo método para o cálculo do capital regulatório para o risco operacional. O método proposto é utilizado para calcular o capital regulatório para duas classes de risco e é baseado em alguns pressupostos considerados importantes no cálculo deste capital. Entre esses pressupostos se destacam a opinião de especialistas e a captação de dependência entre as variáveis perdas considerando a probabilidade dos eventos de perdas ocorrerem conjuntamente. Essa probabilidade é captada via cópula. Além disso, apresentamos mais dois métodos, o do somatório, proposto pelo Acordo de Basileia II (2004), e o da correlação não-perfeita, proposto por Frachot et al. (2004). Finalmente, realizamos um estudo de simulação com o objetivo de comparar os capitais regulatórios totais calculados em cada método.

O Acordo de Basiléia, divulgado pelo Comitê de Basiléia em 1988, tornou mais seguros os sistemas financeiros dos países que o adotaram. Porém, juntamente com isso, ocorreram outros impactos em função da implementação do Acordo. A partir da publicação do Acordo de Basiléia II, que tem o objetivo de dar ainda maior solidez ao mercado financeiro, novas implicações são esperadas. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar os possíveis impactos sobre o Sistema Financeiro Brasileiro com a implantação de Basiléia II. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo exploratório do Acordo e uma pesquisa quantitativa do impacto sobre os bancos brasileiros com a criação da exigência de capital para risco operacional proposta por Basiléia II. Através do estudo, percebeu-se que a exigência de capital para risco operacional não trará grandes impactos aos bancos brasileiros, visto que as instituições bancárias do país já atuam com índices acima dos que virão a ser exigidos. Verificou-se ainda que até o presente momento não ocorreu variação estatisticamente significativa dos indicadores de Índice de Basiléia e endividamento das instituições financeiras analisadas. Já o indicador de rentabilidade apresentou uma variação positiva. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-22T19:40:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rodrigo E Bampi.pdf: 499039 bytes, checksum: 686ab27b7f91e30890928db8d513e94b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-22T19:40:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rodrigo E Bampi.pdf: 499039 bytes, checksum: 686ab27b7f91e30890928db8d513e94b (MD5) / The Basel Accord, published by the Basel Committee in 1988, made more secure the financial systems of the countries that adopted it occurred; and along with this, other impacts recurrent to the implementation of the Accord. From the publication of the Second Basel Accord (Basel II), which aims to give more strength to the financial market, new implications are expected. The present research has the objective to evaluate the possible impacts of the implementation of the Basel II on the Brazilian Financial System. Consequently, were realized an exploratory study on the second Accord and a quantitative research of its impact on the Brazilian banks with the creation of the exigency of capital for operational risk proposed by Basel II. Through this study, it was perceived that the capital requirement for operational risk will not have a big impact on the major Brazilian banks, considering that Brazilian banks already operate with rates above the ones that will be required by the Accord. It was also found that, at the moment, the indicators of indebtedness and Basel´s Index have not presented statistically significant variation on the financial institutions analyzed. The indicator of profitability has kept a positive variation.

O Acordo de Basiléia, divulgado pelo Comitê de Basiléia em 1988, tornou mais seguros os sistemas financeiros dos países que o adotaram. Porém, juntamente com isso, ocorreram outros impactos em função da implementação do Acordo. A partir da publicação do Acordo de Basiléia II, que tem o objetivo de dar ainda maior solidez ao mercado financeiro, novas implicações são esperadas. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar os possíveis impactos sobre o Sistema Financeiro Brasileiro com a implantação de Basiléia II. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo exploratório do Acordo e uma pesquisa quantitativa do impacto sobre os bancos brasileiros com a criação da exigência de capital para risco operacional proposta por Basiléia II. Através do estudo, percebeu-se que a exigência de capital para risco operacional não trará grandes impactos aos bancos brasileiros, visto que as instituições bancárias do país já atuam com índices acima dos que virão a ser exigidos. Verificou-se ainda que até o presente momento não ocorreu variação estatisticamente significativa dos indicadores de Índice de Basiléia e endividamento das instituições financeiras analisadas. Já o indicador de rentabilidade apresentou uma variação positiva. / The Basel Accord, published by the Basel Committee in 1988, made more secure the financial systems of the countries that adopted it occurred; and along with this, other impacts recurrent to the implementation of the Accord. From the publication of the Second Basel Accord (Basel II), which aims to give more strength to the financial market, new implications are expected. The present research has the objective to evaluate the possible impacts of the implementation of the Basel II on the Brazilian Financial System. Consequently, were realized an exploratory study on the second Accord and a quantitative research of its impact on the Brazilian banks with the creation of the exigency of capital for operational risk proposed by Basel II. Through this study, it was perceived that the capital requirement for operational risk will not have a big impact on the major Brazilian banks, considering that Brazilian banks already operate with rates above the ones that will be required by the Accord. It was also found that, at the moment, the indicators of indebtedness and Basel´s Index have not presented statistically significant variation on the financial institutions analyzed. The indicator of profitability has kept a positive variation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edmilson Casagrande Ricca_NAO AUTORIZADO PARA DIVULGACAO (2).pdf: 1604795 bytes, checksum: f06462c7036409e7701977bb66df9910 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-04 / In a global scenario, where transparency and trustworthiness have become more and more mandatory for financial institutions, the proper operational risk management has been the main concern of the financial sector due to the huge loss potential, the reputational risk and the consequences of financial scandals, with special mention to the financial crisis in 2008. Under these circumstances, this study s goal was to identify operational risks in a financial institution by setting a model of self-assessment for risks and controls - RCSA. The model was based on the concepts of ERM framework of COSO and was made feasible through the use of an interventionist approach. The research sought to diagnose the operational risks of the investigated company, providing data to the senior managers about each department, in order to enable them to do the proper mitigating actions in relation to those risks. As a consequence, an important supporting grind has been built for the corporation to strengthen its operational risks management before its headquarters and regulating offices. It is believed that the proposed stages applied during this study have contributed to the theoretical and practical model, making it a valuable tool for identifying the potential operational risks in the segment of the financial market. / Num cenário global, onde a demanda por transparência e confiabilidade em relação às instituições financeiras atinge proporções nunca antes alcançadas, o adequado gerenciamento de riscos operacionais tornou-se a maior preocupação deste segmento em razão do potencial de perdas elevado, risco de imagem e consequências de desastres financeiros recentes, com destaque para a crise de 2008. É nesse contexto que o presente estudo teve como objetivo principal fazer um diagnóstico de riscos operacionais em uma instituição financeira, através da construção de um modelo de autoavaliação de riscos e controles RCSA. O modelo foi fundamentado nos conceitos do framework ERM do COSO e viabilizado com a utilização da abordagem intervencionista. A pesquisa buscou identificar os riscos operacionais da empresa investigada, dando visibilidade à alta gerência sobre a exposição de cada departamento, permitindo que ações mitigadoras pudessem ser tomadas em relação àqueles. Consequentemente, foi construído um importante pilar de suporte para a instituição fortalecer seu gerenciamento de riscos operacionais perante sua matriz e regulador. Acredita-se que as etapas propostas aplicadas no decorrer do trabalho agregaram contribuição teórica e prática ao modelo, tornando esta uma valiosa ferramenta para identificar potenciais riscos operacionais no segmento do mercado financeiro.

Currently, financial institutions are supposed to analyze and quantify a new type of banking risk, known as operational risk. Financial institutions are exposed to this risk in their everyday activities. The main objective of this work is to construct an acceptable statistical model of capital requirement computation. Such a model must respect specificity of losses arising from operational risk events. The fundamental task is represented by searching for a suitable distribution, which describes the probabilistic behavior of losses arising from this type of risk. There is a strong utilization of the Pickands-Balkema-de Haan theorem used in extreme value theory. Roughly speaking, distribution of a random variable exceeding a given high threshold, converges in distribution to generalized Pareto distribution. The theorem is subsequently used in estimating the high percentile from a simulated distribution. The simulated distribution is considered to be a compound model for the aggregate loss random variable. It is constructed as a combination of frequency distribution for the number of losses random variable and the so-called severity distribution for individual loss random variable. The proposed model is then used to estimate a fi -nal quantile, which represents a searched amount of capital requirement. This capital requirement is constituted as the amount of funds the bank is supposed to retain, in order to make up for the projected lack of funds. There is a given probability the capital charge will be exceeded, which is commonly quite small. Although a combination of some frequency distribution and some severity distribution is the common way to deal with the described problem, the final application is often considered to be problematic. Generally, there are some combinations for severity distribution of two or three, for instance, lognormal distributions with different location and scale parameters. Models like these usually do not have any theoretical background and in particular, the connecting of distribution functions has not been conducted in the proper way. In this work, we will deal with both problems. In addition, there is a derivation of maximum likelihood estimates of lognormal distribution for which hold F_LN(u) = p, where u and p is given. The results achieved can be used in the everyday practices of financial institutions for operational risks quantification. In addition, they can be used for the analysis of a variety of sample data with so-called heavy tails, where standard distributions do not offer any help. As an integral part of this work, a CD with source code of each function used in the model is included. All of these functions were created in statistical programming language, in S-PLUS software. In the fourth annex, there is the complete description of each function and its purpose and general syntax for a possible usage in solving different kinds of problems.

Operational risk has become an increasingly important topic within financial institutions of late, resulting in an increased spend by financial service organisations on operational risk management solutions. While this move is positive, evidence has shown that information technology implementations have tended to have low rates of success. Research highlighted that a series of defined critical success factors could reduce the risk of implementation failure. Investigations into the literature revealed that no critical success factors had been defined for the implementation of an operational risk management system. Through a literature study, a list of 29 critical success factors was identified. To confirm these factors, a questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire was distributed to an identified target audience within the South African financial services community. Reponses to the questionnaire revealed that 27 of the 29 critical success factors were deemed important and critical to the implementation of an operational risk management system. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)