本研究之目的是以個人與環境契合理論探討青少年的能力與外在要求是否契合，以及其需求與外在資源問的契合，由契合狀態顯示青少年的適應。而父母教養態度又與青少年的適應有關聯，因此，研究目的又欲呈現在青少年與外在環境的互動中，其所知覺之父母教養態度對其個人與環境之契合有何影響，如何影響，而此一影響結果是否會改變孩子對父母教養態度的知覺，父母教養態度在孩子的適應上扮演什麼角色。 　　首先根據父母管教態度問卷將受訪者區分為正向父母管教態度組以及負向父母管教態度組，再利用深度訪談收集資料。從十個個案分析結果發現，父母教養態度係經由孩子的主觀知覺影響孩子的契合狀態，亦即，當孩子面對一環境事件，他對此事件的知覺與對自己的知覺決定其個人與環境是否契合，契合狀態以及對事件、對自己的知覺影響孩子選擇之因應或防衛方式，因應或防衛的結果，可能會改變孩子的契合狀態；而父母親對於此事的態度，孩子對父母親態度的知覺，亦如同一環境事件，形成外在要求或外在資源，影響孩子在此事件上的契合。其中孩子知覺之父母教養態度、孩子對事件與對個人的知覺以及因應與防衛均會相互影響，又共同作用於孩子的契合。 　　父母教養態度經由上述歷程影響孩子的適應，而不同的父母教養態度也會對孩子的適應造成不同影響。研究結果顯示，當孩子知覺父母的教養態度是關懷、寬嚴適中、適中限制、民主、協助、建議、愛護、誘導、獎勵、一致、親子認同等積極性教養態度，會促使孩子之個人與環境契合，有利於孩子的適應；當孩子知覺父母的教養態度是嚴格、控制、忽視、矛盾、獎懲無常、期待、紛歧等消極性教養態度時，會擴大孩子的不契合，不利於孩子的適應。正向父母管教態度組之個案知覺到較多積極性父母教養態度，負向父母教養態度組知覺到較多消極性父母教養態度。 　　整體而言，本研究累積十位個案的資料，藉以呈現父母教養態度對青少年期孩子生活適應影響之面貌，其中以正向與負向父母管教態度組相對照，有助於了解那種父母教養態度有利於孩子的適應，那些父母教養態度不利於孩子的適應，同時顯現其作用歷程。

本研究以TEPS資料庫第二、三波追蹤樣本為資料來源，使用多元迴歸分析中的OLS（ordinal least squares）最小平方法，分析不同管教方式之父母比較行為如何影響子女之綜合能力。刪除作答不全的缺失值後，共計取得有效樣本為2,595人。 研究結果顯示：父母管教方式若以雙向度作為分類，以高反應（74.6％）與高要求（69.2％）者居多，綜合兩大面向後，有52.40％的父母採取開明權威型的管教方式，有22.20％的父母為專制權威型，有16.90％的父母為寬鬆放任型，有8.50％的父母是忽視冷漠型。此外，父母最常把子女與其同班同學（45.5％）進行比較，其次依序為鄰居小孩、同事或朋友小孩（42.0％）、同年齡的親戚（37.0％）、兄弟姊妹（26.9％），父母最少拿自己小時候（18.8％）與子女相比。 經由多元迴歸分析之後得知，無論是開明權威、專制權威、寬鬆放任或忽視冷漠型的父母，凡拿子女與其「同班同學」比較者，子女的綜合能力越高，達到統計顯著水準；但是當父母持專制權威的管教方式時，無論有無加入控制變項（子女性別、父母教育程度和家庭月收入），有與「同班同學」和「父母小時候」比較者，其綜合能力顯著越高，但與「同年齡親戚」比較者，其綜合能力顯著越低。 / The research was to explore the effects of parenting style, parental comparison, and the interaction of them on children’s general ability. Data were collected from Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS), the core panel in the second and the third wave. Total number of the students from high school reduced to 2,595 people after listwise deletion. We explored the effects by using ordinal least squares in the multiple regression analysis. The results showed that there were 74.6% high-respective parents, and 69.2% high-demanding ones. Mixed with the two dimensions, demanding and responsive, there were 52.40% authoritative parents, 22.20% authoritarian ones, 16.90% indulgent ones, and 8.50% neglectful ones. Besides, parents compared their children with their classmates (45.5%), neighbors (42.0%), cousins (37.0%), siblings (26.9%), and parents’ childhood (18.8%). After regression, the results showed in the following ways. First, no matter what the parenting style was, children who were compared with classmates had significantly higher ability. Whether adding the control variables like children’ gender, parents’ education level and family monthly income or not, when parents were authoritarian, children compared with classmates and parents’ childhood had significantly higher ability. Meanwhile, if they were compared with cousins, then they had significantly lower ability. Keywords: Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS), multiple regression analysis, parenting style, social comparison, general ability

本研究使用「臺灣青少年成長歷程研究」2000年國三樣本第一波學生和家長問卷的資料，探討親子知覺教養方式的差異性，同時了解親子知覺的教養方式與國中生偏差行為之關係，並以子女知覺的教養方式為中介變項。 　　本研究之分析方法為描述性統計、相依樣本變異數分析、結構方程模式等，研究結果顯示：一、最常出現的教養方式為監督教養，最少出現的教養方式則為嚴厲教養；而國中生偏差行為的發生情形不高；二、親子雙方的教養知覺有顯著差異；三、本研究提出親子知覺的教養方式與偏差行為之結構關係模式皆獲得支持，(一)親子知覺監督教養的程度愈高，子女發生偏差行為的情形愈低，而子女知覺的監督教養也具有中介效果；(二)子女知覺嚴厲教養的程度愈高，其發生偏差行為的情形也愈高，而父母知覺的嚴厲教養則完全透過子女知覺的嚴厲教養之中介效果，而影響子女的偏差行為；(三)母子知覺引導式教養的程度愈高，子女發生偏差行為的情形愈低，同時子女知覺的引導式教養也具有中介效果，然而父子部分則皆無顯著影響；(四)親子知覺的一致性教養皆對偏差行為沒有顯著的預測力。據此，本研究提出相關討論與建議。 / This study explored the differences between parental and adolescent perceptions of parenting styles, and examined the relationships between these perceptions and adolescent deviant behaviors. Adolescent perception of parenting styles also played a role of mediated variable. The data come from questionnaires filled out by ninth-grade students and their parents from the Taiwan Youth Project in 2000. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA of paired samples, and structural equation modeling. The results showed that : 1. The frequency of deviant behavior of junior high school students was low. 2. The frequency of monitoring was the highest, and the frequency of harsh disciplines was the lowest. 3. The differences between parental and adolescent perceptions of parenting styles were significant. 4. The results of confirmatory factor analysis supported the theoretical model of parental and adolescent perceptions of parenting styles and adolescent deviant behaviors. (1) When parents and adolescents perceived more monitoring, the adolescents had less opportunity to engage in deviant behavior. Adolescent perception of monitoring also played an important mediating role. (2) When adolescents perceived more harsh disciplines, they had more opportunity to engage in deviant behavior. Through the mediating effect of adolescent perception of harsh disciplines, parental perception of harsh disciplines had significant effects on adolescent deviant behaviors. (3) When mothers and adolescents perceived more inductive reasoning, the adolescents had less opportunity to engage in deviant behavior. Adolescent perception of inductive reasoning also played an important mediating role. However, paternal and adolescent perceptions of inductive reasoning had no significant effects on adolescent deviant behaviors. (4) Parental and adolescent perceptions of consistency had no significant effects on adolescent deviant behaviors. This study also proposed some relevant suggestions.

Le surpoids (embonpoint et obésité) chez l’enfant est un problème préoccupant qui prend de plus en plus d’ampleur. Le rôle du parent dans cette problématique est prédominant, puisqu’il assure la disponibilité des aliments, choisit les mets présentés, joue le rôle de modèle dans l’acte alimentaire et interagit avec l’enfant durant les prises alimentaires pour guider son comportement alimentaire. Le parent offre et façonne l’environnement dans lequel évolue l’enfant. Cette thèse explore le rôle de la mère dans cet environnement. Le parent utilise diverses pratiques alimentaires pour guider l’alimentation de l’enfant. Certaines sont douces, comme encourager positivement l’enfant à essayer un aliment (ex. Goûtes-y, moi je trouve ça très bon!) et d’autres plus coercitives (ex. Tu ne sors pas de table sans avoir terminé ton assiette). Les interactions parent-enfant lors de la prise alimentaire sont susceptibles d’avoir différentes conséquences sur l’alimentation de l’enfant, modifiant possiblement les apports alimentaires, les préférences, la néophobie et le statut pondéral. Les interactions parent-enfant en général, donc hors du contexte précis de l’alimentation, peuvent aussi influencer les comportements alimentaires de l’enfant. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’explorer les relations entre les interactions parent-enfant en général, aussi nommées « styles parentaux » (SP), les interactions parent-enfant dans le contexte alimentaire, portant le nom de «styles parentaux alimentaires» (SPA), les stratégies alimentaires utilisées par les parents pour guider l’alimentation de l’enfant, nommées « pratiques alimentaires parentales » (PAP), les comportements alimentaires de l’enfant et le statut pondéral de ce dernier. Cette thèse comprend 4 objectifs spécifiques. D’abord, d’examiner les relations entre les SP, les SPA et les PAP. Dans un deuxième temps, les relations entre les SPA, le comportement alimentaire de l’enfant (préférence et fréquence de consommation) et le statut pondéral de l’enfant seront explorées. Puis, l’existence de relations entre l’usage de PAP et le comportement alimentaire de l’enfant sera évaluée. Finalement, les relations entre les attitudes de la mère à l’égard de son poids et de celui de son enfant et du comportement néophobique de l’enfant seront explorées. Cent vingt-deux mères d’enfants d’âge préscolaire, de 3 à 5 ans, ont été recrutées par des milieux de garde de l’île de Montréal et ont complété et retourné un questionnaire auto-administré portant sur le style parental, style parental alimentaire, les PAP, les fréquences de consommation de l’enfant, les préférences de l’enfant pour certains aliments et groupe d’aliments, la néophobie de l’enfant, le poids et la taille de l’enfant, le régime actuel de la mère, la perception du poids de l’enfant, la préoccupation face au poids de l’enfant ainsi que la description du profil familial. Les SP, les SPA et les PAP montrent des corrélations. Les SPA, plus particulièrement les deux échelles qui les composent (exigence et sensibilité) montrent des corrélations avec la consommation et la préférence pour certains aliments. Des différences sont aussi notées entre les différents SPA et le statut pondéral de l’enfant et certains comportements alimentaires. La présente thèse suggère une implication de trois concepts, soient les SP, les SPA et les PAP, dans la dynamique alimentaire de la dyade mère-enfant. Des relations importantes entre les SPA et les préférences alimentaires sont suggérées. Les futures recherches dans ce domaine devront évaluer l’impact relatif des PAP, des SP et des SPA sur le comportement alimentaire (consommation et préférence) et le poids de l’enfant. Une intervention efficace visant des changements de comportements alimentaires auprès des familles devra adresser à la fois les PAP, mais aussi les SP et les SPA. / Childhood overweight is a fast growing and worrisome problem. The role of parents in this situation is of great importance as they ensure food availability, chose the presented meals, act as role models in the feeding act and interact with children during feeding to guide their eating behavior. The parent offers and molds the environment in which the child will evolve. This thesis explores the mother's role within this environment. The parent uses various feeding practices to guide the child's food choices. Some are kind, such as positively encouraging the child to taste new foods, (e.g., give this a taste, I think it's delicious!) while others are coercive (e.g., you are not leaving from this table until you finish your plate). Parent-child interactions during mealtime are likely to have different consequences on the child's eating habits, possibly modifying his food intake, food preferences, neophobia and weight status. Parent-child interactions can also influence a child's eating behavior without necessarily being within a food setting. The main objective of this thesis is to explore the relationship between the general parent-child interactions, also known as the parenting style, the parent-child interactions in a food setting, known as the feeding style, the feeding strategies used by the parents to guide the child's food choices, known as the feeding practices, the child's eating behavior and his weight status. This thesis has 4 specific objectives. First, to examine the relationship between the parenting style, the feeding style and the feeding practices. Second, to study the relationship between the feeding style, the child's eating behavior (food preferences and consumption frequency) and his weight status. Thirdly, to evaluate the existence of a relationship between the feeding practices and the child's eating behavior. Finally, to explore relations between mother’s attitudes toward her weight and her child’s weight and neophobic behavior. One hundred twenty-two mothers of preschoolers aged 3 to 5, were recruited by daycare centers on the island of Montreal and completed and auto-administered questionnaire on parenting style, feeding style, feeding practices, child consumption frequency, child preference for certain foods and food groups, child neophobia, child weight and height, the mother's diet, the mother's perception of the child's weight, the mother's concern regarding the child's weight and a description of the family profile. Parenting styles, feeding style and feeding practices display correlations among themselves. The feeding styles, more precisely the two scales that describe them (demandingness and sensibility), show correlations with the consumption and preference for certain foods. Differences were also noted between various feeding styles and child weight status and certain eating behaviors. The following thesis suggests that three concepts are implicated in the feeding dynamic of the mother-child dyad; the parenting style, the feeding style and the feeding practices. It is suggested that the feeding style and food prerefences are correlated. Future research in this field will need to evaluate the relative impact of feeding practices, parenting styles and feeding styles on eating behavior (consumption and preferences) and child weight. An effective intervention seeking to change eating behavior among families will need to address parent feeding practices as well as parenting style and feeding style.

En utökad förståelse för vad brottsbenägenhet är och vilka faktorer som påverkar den är ett viktigt första steg för att kunna förebygga hög brottsbenägenhet i befolkningen samt för att hantera aktuell brottsproblematik. Inom Situationell handlingsteori (SAT) definieras individens brottsbenägenhet som hennes lagrelevanta moral och förmåga att utöva självkontroll. Brottsbenägenhet påverkas av en mängd olika faktorer och den moraliska kontext som individen befinner sig i förefaller vara en av de mest centrala. Familjen och kamratgruppen är båda inflytelserika moraliska kontexter som kan påverka individens handlande och forskning visar att de har olika mycket inflytande i olika skeden i livet. Utifrån MINDS materialet undersöks förhållandet mellan familjens och kamratgruppens samband med brottsbenägenheten i 14–15 års ålder. Därutöver testas huruvida föräldrarnas uppfostringsstil samt graden av socialt kapital spelar en viktig roll för respektive kontexts inflytande på brottsbenägenheten.För att besvara forskningsfrågorna formulerades fem hypoteser som testas med en multipel linjär regressionsanalys.Resultaten visar att både föräldrarnas utövande av kontroll och umgänge med kriminella kamrater har ett signifikant samband med brottsbenägenhet i 14–15 år ålder. Dock visar sig umgänge med kriminella kamrater ha ett betydligt starkare samband med brottsbenägenhet än föräldrakontroll. Därav framträder kamratgruppen som en mer inflytelserik moralisk kontext än föräldrarna beträffande brottsbenägenhet i 14–15 års ålder. Socialt kapital visar sig ha ett signifikant samband med brottsbenägenhet, även när modellerna kontrollerar för föräldrakontroll, umgänge med kriminella kamrater och uppfostringsstil. Detsamma gäller inte för föräldrarnas uppfostringsstil vars samband med brottsbenägenheten varken är signifikant enskilt eller när modellen kontrollerar för övriga variabler. Uppsatsens resultat tydliggör flera intressanta möjligheter till vidare forskning om brottsbenägenhet samt har en rad implikationer för långsiktigt brottsförebyggande arbete. / A more comprehensive understanding of what crime propensity is, and which factors influence it, is an important step towards improving prevention of high crime propensity in the population as well as dealing with contemporary crime problems. In Situational action theory (SAT) an individual’s crime propensity is defined as his or her law-relevant morality and ability to exercise self-control. Although many factors can influence crime propensity, the moral context of situations seem to be one of the most crucial. Both family and peers constitute influential moral contexts in adolescents lives and their respective influence may vary in different stages of development. Based on the MINDS material, this paper tests the relationship between family and peers in influencing adolescents’ crime propensity at 14-15 years of age. The influence of social capital and parenting style on crime propensity is also tested in relation to family and peers. In order to answer the research questions five hypothesis were tested with multiple OLS regressions. The results show that both parental control and deviant peers correlate significantly with crime propensity at age 14-15 although the relation between peers and crime propensity is significantly stronger. This leads us to the conclusion that the peer group constitutes a more influential moral context than the parents in influencing crime propensity at age 14-15. Social capital correlates significantly with crime propensity, even when models control for parental control, deviant peers, and parenting style. This is not the case with parenting style which show no significant association with crime propensity. The results highlight several interesting avenues for future research into crime propensity and have several implications for crime prevention in practice.

The relevance of the topic is due to the crisis state of the modern family, an increase in the number of problem families, multiplied by the number of manifestations of deviant behavior among children. The topic is socially significant and insufficiently studied. Object of study: the moral sphere of senior preschoolers. Subject of research: cognitive and emotional components of the moral sphere of older preschoolers, depending on the relationship with parents. Objective: to identify the relationship between the characteristics of relationships with parents and indicators of the moral sphere of senior preschoolers. The master's thesis consists of introduction, 2 chapters, conclusion, list of references (59 sources) and applications. The work consists of 71 pages, 6 tables and 9 figures. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, sets goals and objectives, defines the object and subject of research, formulates hypotheses, research methods and an empirical basis. The first chapter includes a review and analysis of the literature on the research problem, a description of the basic concepts. Psychological constructs are examined in detail: the moral sphere of older preschoolers, the style of parent-child interaction. The conclusions in the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It provides a description of the progress of the study and interpretation of the results. Based on the data obtained, conclusions on the relationship between the characteristics of the moral sphere and the characteristics of relationships with parents of older preschoolers are demonstrated. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, are summarized in general form, the practical significance of the study is substantiated. The study made it possible to verify that the characteristics of the moral sphere of the personality of older preschoolers are determined by the characteristics of the relationships in their families: rejection of the child, hypoprotection, and lack of responsibilities negatively affect the development of the moral sphere of older preschoolers, especially the characteristics of the cognitive and emotional components. Based on the materials of the master's thesis, an article was published in the collection of the 3rd Youth Convention: Multidimensionality of society: a digital turn in humanitarian knowledge: materials of the international student conference March 14–16, 2019. / Актуальность темы обусловлена кризисным состояние современной семьи, увеличением числа проблемных семей, умножающимся количеством проявлений девиантного поведения среди детей. Тема социально значима и недостаточно изучена. Объект исследования: нравственная сфера старших дошкольников. Предмет исследования: когнитивный и эмоциональный компоненты нравственной сферы старших дошкольников в зависимости от взаимоотношений с родителями. Цель исследования: выявление связи между особенностями взаимоотношений с родителями и показателями нравственной сферы старших дошкольников. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, 2 глав, заключения, списка литературы (59 источников) и приложений. Работа состоит из 71 страницы, 6 таблиц и 9 рисунков. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, ставятся цель и задачи, определяются объект и предмет исследования, сформулированы гипотезы, методы исследования и эмпирическая база. Первая глава включает в себя обзор и анализ литературы по проблеме исследования, описание основных понятий. Подробно рассматриваются психологические конструкты: нравственная сфера старших дошкольников, стиль детско-родительского взаимодействия. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание хода исследования и интерпретация результатов. На основе полученных данных продемонстрированы выводы о связи между характеристиками нравственной сферы и особенностями взаимоотношений с родителями старших дошкольников. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования. Проведенное исследование позволило убедиться в том, что характеристики нравственной сферы личности старших дошкольников обусловлены особенностями взаимоотношений в их семьях: отвержение ребенка, гипопротекция, отсутствие обязанностей негативно сказывается на развитии нравственной сферы старших дошкольников, в особенности на характеристиках когнитивного и эмоционального компонентов. По материалам магистерской диссертации опубликована статья в сборнике 3-го Молодежного конвента: Многомерность общества: цифровой поворот в гуманитарном знании: материалы международной студенческой конференции 14–16 марта 2019 года.

The main aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between parenting styles, as used by the pre-school parent and the social behaviour of the five-year old. Specific attention was given to three main parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. The eight developmental perspectives applicable for the five-year old were also discussed. The research was conducted according to the quantitative approach. The Parental Styles Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) was completed and returned by a sample of 30 parents (N=30) from Evergreen Pre-primary in Gauteng. The representative sample of five-year olds being observed by the teacher were 24 pupils (N=24). The teacher rated the five-year olds' behaviour using the Behavioural Questionnaire (BQ). These results indicated primarily that the Authoritative Parenting Style was most used by the parents of the five-year old group and that this Parenting Style tends to lead to more acceptable social behaviour among the five-year olds. / Social Work / M. Diac.(Play Therapy)

Key words Forms of alternative care, institutional care, children's home, substitute family care, foster care, SOS Children's Village, a complex developmental trauma, abuse, deprivation, and child needs, parenting style. Summary This diploma work deals with the characterization of complex development trauma as the cause of placing children in foster care. The diploma work describes the foster care system in the Czech Republic and the specifics educational environment and educational process in the SOS Children's Villages. Includes a comparison of some factors and circumstances of educational conditions children's home and SOS Children's Village. Descriptive studies are concrete stories of children who passed the foster care system. 2

The main aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between parenting styles, as used by the pre-school parent and the social behaviour of the five-year old. Specific attention was given to three main parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. The eight developmental perspectives applicable for the five-year old were also discussed. The research was conducted according to the quantitative approach. The Parental Styles Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) was completed and returned by a sample of 30 parents (N=30) from Evergreen Pre-primary in Gauteng. The representative sample of five-year olds being observed by the teacher were 24 pupils (N=24). The teacher rated the five-year olds' behaviour using the Behavioural Questionnaire (BQ). These results indicated primarily that the Authoritative Parenting Style was most used by the parents of the five-year old group and that this Parenting Style tends to lead to more acceptable social behaviour among the five-year olds. / Social Work / M. Diac.(Play Therapy)

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