The topic of infrastructure investment has emerged as a critical public policy issue over the last thirty years as governments grapple with an infrastructure deficit that has become one of the great global challenges of our time. Through the simultaneous processes of neo-liberalisation and globalisation, the urban infrastructure landscape has emerged as an attractive investment area for large financial institutions. With the recent Global Financial Crisis further exacerbating both the funding and growth lifting needs of nations, the urgency of linking institutional investors with urban infrastructure assets is more apparent than ever. This thesis looks at the evolving dynamics associated with the growing involvement of the financial industry in the provision of urban infrastructure assets. This is achieved by using a relational perspective, studying the interactions of financial actors, while simultaneously being aware that these decisions are made within a larger political economic context. It is argued that the complex, heterogeneous and long-term nature of institutional infrastructure investing requires a multi-disciplinary relational economic geography framework. Specifically, relational theory is used to explore the informational content and geographical structure of the infrastructure financial product, the influence of government decision-making, the corporate governance of infrastructure investments and the investment relationship between investors and financial intermediaries. Despite exponential growth in the field over the last decade, the infrastructure financial product has a level of sophistication and obscurity that prohibits it from being classed a transparent investment area, highlighting the importance of a relational approach to investments. From the case study on Auckland International Airport Ltd., it is shown that through a relational form of light-handed regulatory contract, the government plays a central role in affecting the favourable performance of an economically significant asset. The explication of the Spanish-led ADI consortium acquisition of UK airport operating company BAA illustrates the need for ‘glocal’ infrastructure governance to incorporate a wider stakeholder perspective as well as an appropriate shareholder wealth maximisation strategy. And finally, through analysing the relationships between investment partners for the infrastructure investment process, investment consultants are playing a crucial role to help align interests and promote the long-term relational approach to investing for the infrastructure asset class. In an age where infrastructure investment has been recognised by many nations around the world as the most important growth lifting strategy, this thesis provides a deeper understanding of how a relational approach can facilitate successful private institutional infrastructure investment.

[pt] Asset and Liability Management ou ALM pode ser definido como um processo gestão de ativos e passivos de forma coordenada com a finalidade de atingir os objetivos financeiros de uma organização. No caso dos fundos de pensão, o ALM consiste fundamentalmente na determinação da política ótima de investimentos. Esta deverá maximizar o capital acumulado através de contribuições dos participantes e do retorno dos investimentos ao mesmo tempo em que minimiza o risco do não cumprimento das obrigações do fundo. A aplicação de modelos de programação estocástica para problemas de ALM em fundos de pensão é dificultada pelos longos prazos envolvidos - a duração dos benefícios pode ultrapassar cem anos. No entanto, os modelos de programação estocástica propostos na literatura limitam o horizonte de planejamento a poucas décadas, ao final das quais é imposta uma restrição de capital mínimo com vistas a controlar o risco de equilíbrio relativo ao restante da vigência do fundo. Este trabalho propõe um novo método para incorporar o risco de equilíbrio na determinação do capital mínimo final do modelo de programação estocástica aplicado a um fundo de pensão no contexto brasileiro. No método proposto, o cálculo da probabilidade de insolvência leva em consideração que os benefícios futuros devem ser trazidos a valor presente pela rentabilidade futura da carteira, cuja distribuição de probabilidades é levantada através de um processo de reamostragem (bootstrap) dos cenários embutidos na solução do problema de programação estocástica. O método proposto permite evidenciar que a probabilidade de insolvência medida tradicionalmente utilizada subestima acentuadamente o risco de equilíbrio. / [en] Asset and Liability Management or ALM can be defined as a process of managing coordinately assets and liabilities in an attempt to achieve an organization´s financial objectives. For instance, a pension fund ALM consists in determining the optimal investment policy which is the one that maximizes wealth accumulated by the contributions and minimizes the equilibrium risk defined as the insolvency probability, i.e., the probability that the fund won´t be able to pay all benefits during the planning horizon. The use of stochastic programming models for ALM problems is more difficult because of the long planning horizon. However stochastic programming models are proposed in the literature reducing the planning horizon and including a chance constraint or an objective function penalization to control the equilibrium risk for the non-considered period. On this work, a new method for measuring and controlling the equilibrium risk is proposed determining capital requirement of a Brazilian pension fund for the nonconsidered period. This developed method considers the portfolio return as the discount rate of all net liability flows. The distribution of this discount rate conditioned on the optimal decisions is estimated by bootstrapping the portfolio return embedded on the stochastic programming solution. To sum up, this method shows that the usual insolvency probability of the previous models actually underestimates the pension fund`s equilibrium risk.

[pt] O medo pode reprimir a criatividade, a inovação e o talento dos indivíduos, sendo capaz de gerar desgostos, frustrações e posturas defensivas. Por outro lado, o medo pode ser interpretado como algo positivo e uma administração eficaz desse sentimento pode transformá-lo num ponto de apoio de interação social ou fonte de motivação, contribuindo para o desempenho de gerentes e colaboradores de uma organização. O principal objetivo deste estudo é analisar como as diferenças geracionais e as variáveis demográficas - tais como gênero, tipo de plano de previdência, nível hierárquico, tempo no cargo e tempo na empresa - influenciam na intensidade do medo de errar no ambiente organizacional. Para tanto, foi aplicado o questionário Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory – PFAI (CONROY, 2002) a uma amostra intencional, não probabilística, escolhida por acessibilidade, de funcionários de um Fundo de Pensão do Rio de Janeiro. O tratamento estatístico dos dados revelou baixa intensidade do medo de errar relacionado às gerações, sendo que a Geração X apresentou os maiores índices, colocando em evidência as limitações relacionadas à expressão de sentimentos, principalmente de sentimentos negativos. Por outro lado, gênero e tempo no cargo apresentaram resultados significativos, indicando que mulheres e funcionários em posições hierarquicamente inferiores tendem a sentir com mais intensidade o medo de errar. / [en] Fear can restrain creativity, innovation and the talent of individuals, being able to generate disgusts, frustrations and defensive postures. On the other hand, fear can be interpreted as something positive and effective administration of this sentiment can turn it into a foundation of social interaction or source of motivation, contributing to the performance of managers and employees of an organization. The main objective of this study is to examine how generational differences and demographic variables - such as gender , type of pension plan , hierarchical level , time in office and time in the company - influence the intensity of the fear of failure in the organizational environment. In order to accomplish that, the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory questionnaire was applied - PFAI ( Conroy, 2002) to a non-probabilistic and non-intentional sample, chosen by accessibility of a Pension Fund employees from Rio de Janeiro. Statistical analysis of the data revealed low intensity of the fear of failure related to generations, and Generation X showed the highest rates, highlighting the limitations related to the expression of feelings, especially negative ones, such as fear. On the other hand, gender and time in office showed significant results, indicating that women and employees in junior positions tend to feel more intensely the fear of making mistakes.

Este trabalho analisa as condições atuariais para criação do Fundo previdenciário federal (FUNPRESP) e como será o novo sistema previdenciário após o funcionamento desse Fundo que finalmente concluirá, em âmbito federal, as reformas iniciadas em 1998. A partir desse estudo concluímos que o novo sistema previdenciário, sistema misto, pagará benefícios menores para os servidores que ingressarem depois da criação do fundo quando comparados com os atuais servidores. Em razão disso os atuais servidores, analisando apenas os ganhos financeiros, não migrarão para o Fundo federal conforme é esperado pelo Governo. As mulheres receberão nesse novo sistema previdenciário benefícios menores em função do menor tempo de contribuição, expectativa de vida maior e menor taxa de crescimento salarial. Mas os grandes avanços com a criação do fundo serão o equilíbrio atuarial do sistema federal de previdência e o fim das grandes desigualdades entre esse sistema e o regime geral de previdência. A criação do Fundo fará com que os benefícios fiquem atrelados diretamente à contribuição de cada servidor, diferentemente do que ocorria antes quando os benefícios eram proporcionais à remuneração do servidor - até 2003 era equivalente a última remuneração e depois de 2003 é equivalente à média das 80% maiores remunerações. / The present work analyzes the actuarial conditions for the creation of the Brazilian Federal Social Security Fund (FUNPRESP) and how the new Social Security System will work after the effective functioning of the Fund. We could say that in the federal sphere it will finally finish off the reforms initiated in 1998. We conclude that the new Social Security System (called \"mixed system\") will provide lower payments to the beneficiaries who start to contribute after the creation of the Fund. In consequence, the current beneficiaries will not migrate to the new Federal Fund, as the government expects, because some simple analysis will make they conclude that they would incur into financial losses. Along with that, female beneficiaries will receive fewer benefits than men from that new Social Security System, basically for three reasons: a) their shorter time of contribution; b), their higher life expectancy; and c), the lower rate at which their payments actually grow. We also conclude that the real advantages brought by the creation of the Fund are: a) the actuarial equilibrium of the Federal Social Security System, and b) the end of the huge inequalities between that system and the \"general\" Brazilian Social Security System (INSS). The creation of the Fund will link the benefits directly to the contribution of each servant, as opposed to when benefits were proportional to the servant\'s pay (equal to it until 2003, or equivalent to the average of the 80% highest salaries).

This study provides a view of the decision-making process of Dutch company pension funds. The success of this research was the exceptional granting of access to four cases. Lack of such access could very well be the reason why research of this nature has not been previously achieved. The financial health of pension funds, expressed by the coverage ratio, showed a decline in 2008. Research has shown that there is a relationship between decision-making processes and outcome. Were the processes appropriate to set up and maintain a sufficient coverage ratio? A tailor-made conceptual research model has been developed and used as an analysis aid to research the TO BE situation based on legal requirements and factional documents and the AS IS situation based on empirical data. The model made it feasible to shed light on the implementation of good pension fund governance principles and decision-making process, which is a contribution to the current gap in research. The research showed that there is a relationship between the implementation of pension fund governance principles and appropriate decision-making processes. It also showed that there is a relationship between an appropriate decision-making process and coverage ratio. Both conclusions are not statistically proven due to the lack of the statistical significance, but are qualitative analysed and confirmed in the conducted case studies. It is suggested to use the research model by supervisor or pension funds to establish the mismatch between the implementation of pension fund governance principles and decision-making processes to enhance the quality of decision-making processes and outcome.

Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem via programação estocástica linear para a tomada de decisão de investimento em um fundo de pensão com plano de benefícios do tipo benefício definido. Propõe-se uma nova metodologia para a definição da alocação da carteira do fundo no instante inicial baseada na média de vários cenários econômicos gerados aleatoriamente. Como exemplo de aplicação, essa metodologia é utilizada para resolver o problema da alocação inicial da carteira de um grande fundo de pensão brasileiro e a alocação inicial obtida é avaliada em termos da probabilidade de insolvência e VaR, valor em risco, do fundo no instante final do horizonte de planejamento de investimento. / This paper presents an approach via linear stochastic programming for investment decision making in a defined benefit pension fund plan. It proposes a new methodology for defining the allocation of the portfolio at the initial time based on the average of several randomly generated economic scenarios. As an illustrative example, this methodology is used to solve the problem of portfolio initial allocation of a large Brazilian pension fund and the obtained initial allocation is evaluated in terms of funds probability of default and VaR, Value-at-Risk, at the final time of the investment planning horizon.

Universidade Federal do Cearà / O problema do envelhecimento populacional, entre outros aspectos, tem levado vÃrios paÃses, inclusive o Brasil, a repensar os seus sistemas previdenciÃrios. Inevitavelmente, as discussÃes levam ao tema dos fundos de pensÃo, tanto privados quanto governamentais. Essa dissertaÃÃo tem por objetivo avaliar o tamanho do mercado de fundos de pensÃo nos Estados brasileiros, utilizando variÃveis que procuram explicar o tamanho do mercado tais como: educaÃÃo (EDU25); percentual da populaÃÃo acima dos 65 anos (PP65) que busca captar a influÃncia do envelhecimento populacional no desenvolvimento do mercado de previdÃncia privada; quantidade de participantes (PFP); aposentados (PAFP) que fazem parte do setor e seus respectivos dependentes (DFP). A amostra das variÃveis utilizada para os cÃlculos economÃtricos, referente ao perÃodo de 1996 a 2000, das Unidades Federativas do Brasil, com exceÃÃo dos Estados da RegiÃo Norte, por indisponibilidade dos dados relativos à populaÃÃo acima dos 65 anos e do Distrito Federal, por apresentar grandes variaÃÃes das variÃveis em comparaÃÃo Ãs demais da amostra, teve como resultado 95 observaÃÃes. Foi submetida a uma investigaÃÃo empÃrica conduzida atravÃs de uma anÃlise de regressÃo com dados em painel, estimada pelo mÃtodo GLS (MÃnimos Quadrados Generalizados), considerando TIF/PIB (Total dos Investimentos dos Fundos de PensÃo como ProporÃÃo do PIB), como variÃvel dependente e PP65, EDU25, PFP, PAFP, DFP como variÃveis independentes. Os resultados para cada uma das variÃveis independentes indicam que todas sÃo estatisticamente significantes para o nÃvel de significÃncia de 0,10, bem como os sinais corroboram as hipÃteses iniciais, com exceÃÃo da variÃvel DFP. AlÃm disso, a probabilidade de rejeiÃÃo da hipÃtese verdadeira à muito baixa para as variÃveis do modelo. ConcluÃmos que a existÃncia do problema do idoso explica o crescimento dos fundos de pensÃo, sem falar do nÃvel de educaÃÃo mais elevado e um maior contingente abrangido pelos fundos de pensÃo; isto contribui decisivamente para o desenvolvimento do setor nas Unidades Federativas do Brasil. / The problem of the population aging, among others aspects, has taken a lot of countries, including Brazil, to rethink its pension systems. Inevitably, the discutions lead to the pension funds, either publics or privates. The purpouse of this study is to evaluate the size of the market of pension fund in the Federative Units of Brazil. This study was done using variables that could explain the size of the market, such as education (EDU25), the percentage of the population over 65 years (PP65), that it searchs to catch the influence of the population aging in the development of the private pensions funds; the amount of participants (PFP) and pensioners (PAFP) that they are sector parts and its respective dependents (DFP). The variable sample used for the econometrical calculations, referring to the period from 1996 to 2000, the Federative Units of Brazil, with exception of the North Regions States for the difficult to get the relative data the population above of the 65 years and the Federal District for presenting big variations of the variable in comparison to the others of the sample, resulted in 95 comments. The empirical inquiry was lead through regression analysis with data in panel, esteem for GLS (Generalized Minimums Squared) method, considering TIF/PIB (Totals investments of the Pension funds as proportion ratio of the GDP) as changeable dependent and PP65, EDU25, PFP, PAFP, DFP, as changeable independent. The results for each one of the independent variable indicate that all are statistics significant, for the level of significance 0,10, as well as the signals corroborate the first hypotheses, with exception of DFP variable. Althought, the probability of rejection of the true hypothesis is very low for the model variable. It concludes that the existence of the problem of the aged one, explains the growth of the pension funds. Moreover, the higher level of education and a biggest continent enclosed by the pension funds, will contribute decisively for the development of the sector in the Federative Units of Brazil.

有關退休基金的運用方式，目前仍由政府統一管理與支配，並未引進企業化經營理念與市場競爭機制，投資方式不但易受官僚體系及政治因素干擾，且很難有傑出表現。而有效的管理運用龐大的退休基金，以及適當的委託專業機構進行管理，乃國內三大退休基金管理單位刻不容緩的改進議題。本研究將針對退撫基金目前所具有的委託經營管理辦法與自行經營之法令要求架構下，探討委外經營與否對於退休基金所產生的影響；並且依據退休基金成長型態之三大階段，分別探討其委託經營方式與基金之選擇，最後再建議退休基金經營管理尚可改進之處。 本研究的內容與流程主要為：（1）分別就退休金體系、計畫、管理與運用原則、管理型態，以及我國退休基金制度與管理發展現況與未來趨勢加以分析。（2）退休基金投資政策與資產配置策略之探討。（3）退休基金委外經營之探討。（4）退休基金資產配置之實證研究與設計。（5）資產配置之結果與分析。除對委外經營前的資產配置進行分析與說明外，並對退休基金成長型態設計一套委外經營之方式與配置策略。（6）提出本研究之研究結論及意見。 本研究結論為：（1）在自行經營下的資產配置，如能增加放款一項確能使效率前緣向外擴展。（2）從自行經營的效率觀點來看，退休基金要達成法定收益率標準只要投資於債券與少許的股票市場即可輕易達成。如以退撫基金設定的精算目標報酬12％，則只要將資金一半投入於債市，另一半投入於股市即可達成。且再提升投資目標報酬要求下之投資組合不過是債券與證券間配置比例的轉換而已。（3）自行經營法令限制下，在股票投資比重上仍可再增加，而在購買債券上比重也應再增加；反而是不應購買過多的商業票券。（4）在退休基金年輕階段，以委託積極成長風格的基金為配適對象，確能達到高度投資報酬水準。在配置內容上，只要維持20％左右的委外經營比重，其餘資產投入債市即可。當進入成熟階段，委託經營佔兩成左右，其餘投入債市即可。在衰退階段，委託管理比重以三成為原則，其他仍以債券操作為自行管理內容；但在委外部分以平衡型基金為主。（5）如果限制流動性資產最低水準，則發現增加流動性要求不會增加過多風險，並可維持委託經營比重，可符合保本保息的要求。

<p>Essentially this project report is a discussion of mathematical modelling in pension funds, presenting sections from Cairns, A.J.D., Blake, D., Dowd, K., Stochastic lifestyling: Optimal dynamic asset allocation for defined contribution pension plans, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Volume 30, Issue 2006, Pages 843-877, with added details and background material in order to demonstrate the mathematical methods. In the investigation of the management of the investment portfolio, we only use one risky asset together with a bond and cash as other assets in a&nbsp / continuous time framework. The particular model is very much designed according to the members&rsquo / preference and then the funds are invested by the fund manager in the financial market. At the end, we are going to show various simulations of these models. Our methods include stochastic control for utility maximisation among others. The optimisation problem entails the optimal&nbsp / investment portfolio to maximise a certain power utility function. We use MATLAB and MAPLE programming languages to generate results in the form of graphs and tables</p>

This study aims to analyze the istanbul Hilton, the izmir Grand Efes and the Grand Ankara Hotels, which are owned by the Pension Fund, during the 1950-1980 period that witnessed the formation process of modern tourism and tourism architecture in Turkey. As the first five-star hotels of their cities, these buildings provide the possibility of tracing the social transformation processes at the second half of the 20th century beyond their architectural properties that reflect and affect the zeitgeist of the period. In this manner, besides the architectural formation of the buildings, this thesis also aims to examine the participation of the hotels in social life and the relations of architecture with the changing city life and tourism. Moreover, this thesis offers historical perspectives about tourism architecture, about which adequate researches have not been provided yet. Chronologically, the first chapter formulates a general introduction. The second chapter issues the 1950s&amp / #8217 / Turkey and the istanbul Hilton Hotel. The third chapter issues the 1960s&amp / #8217 / Turkey and the izmir Efes Hotel and the Grand Ankara Hotels. The fourth chapter examines the critique of tourism that developed in the 1970s&amp / #8217 / social and political medium, and the last chapter is a general conclusion