為鼓勵廠商進行污染防治工作，政府提供投資稅額抵減、二年加速折舊、進口設備免關稅與低利貸款等獎勵措施，期望經由減低廠商污染防治成本，誘使其從事污染防治工作，進而達到環境保育目標。 本文針對政府所提供的投資稅額抵減、二年加速折舊、進口設備免關稅與低利貸款四項財務性優惠措施進行研究。研究對象為民國85~87年三年內曾向經濟部工業局申請過污染防治獎勵措施的廠商名單，採系統抽樣方法（Systematic Sampling）選取619家廠商作為本研究的問卷調查對象；而回收問卷的處理方式則以敘述性統計(Descriptive Statistics)與多元線性迴歸（Multiple Linear Regression）進行分析。本研究主要結論如下： 1. 就四項獎勵措施而言，廠商以投資稅額抵減的申請使用最高，其次為低利貸款、進口設備免關稅與二年加速折舊。 2. 廠商心目中對四項獎勵措施的偏好程度依序為投資稅額抵減、進口設備免關稅、低利貸款與二年加速折舊。 3. 政府若擬對獎勵措施有所更動，則多數廠商皆持反對意見，尤其以「取消投資稅額抵減」的反對聲浪最大，「取消二年加速折舊」則為反對聲浪最小。然而多數廠商認為獎勵措施變動不會降低其污染防治意願。 4. 根據複迴歸結果顯示，投資稅額抵減、進口設備免關稅與低利貸款獎勵措施對廠商的污染防治支出的確具有誘發效果。 5. 此外，大、中小企業的迴歸結果亦顯示，四項獎勵措施當中皆以投資稅額抵減的邊際效果最為顯著，至於進口設備免關稅獎勵措施則對大企業較有吸引力，而低利貸款則對中小企業較有吸引力。 從本文的研究結果可知政府所提供的污染防治獎勵措施確實具有誘發效果，故政府應繼續加強宣導其所提供的污染防治獎勵措施，期能增加廠商污染防治意願。 第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………1 第一節 研究動機與目的……………………………………………1 第二節 研究範圍與方法……………………………………………2 第三節 本文架構……………………………………………………2 第四節 研究限制……………………………………………………2 第二章 污染防治經濟誘因措施……………………………………………4 第一節 世界各國污染防治之租稅誘因……………………………4 第二節 我國當前的污染防治獎勵措施與申請現況………………10 第三章 文獻回顧……………………………………………………………15 第一節 理論文獻……………………………………………………15 第二節 實證研究……………………………………………………18 第四章 問卷調查統計與實證分析…………………………………………26 第一節 資料整理……………………………………………………26 第二節 調查結果統計………………………………………………28 第三節 實證研究與分析……………………………………………48 第五章 結論與建議…………………………………………………………54 第一節 結論…………………………………………………………54 第二節 建議…………………………………………………………55 參考文獻……………………………………………………………………56 附錄一………………………………………………………………………61

La meta de esta tesis es impulsar las tendencias de desarrollo de la industria química que promueven la sostenibilidad de la misma. El objetivo es un control integrado de la contaminación que permita reducir las emisiones a fin de promover las actividades de producción sostenibles.En este sentido, el tratamiento de efluentes industriales con fluoruros consiste en una precipitación química. Sin embargo, el proceso genera elevadas cantidades de lodos con elevada humedad y bajo riqueza en fluoruro cálcico, por lo que su reutilización en la fabricación de HF no es viable técnica y económicamente.En esta tesis se presenta la recuperación de fluoruros de aguas industriales fluoradas mediante cristalización en un reactor de lecho fluidizado. Las principales ventajas de esta tecnología respecto del tratamiento convencional son la no generación de lodos, la reducción de residuos y la recuperación de fluoruro para su posterior valorización. / The aim of this thesis is to support the trends of the chemical industry development that promote sustainability. The goal is an integrated pollution control to reduce the emissions in order to promote sustainable production activities.In this sense, the common methods for fluoride removal from industrial wastewater involve chemical precipitation. The process generates large amounts of a water rich sludge requiring disposal with increasing costs. Due to the high water content and the low quality of the sludge, reuse of fluoride is not an economical option. The removal of fluoride in a fluidized bed reactor by crystallization has been presented in this thesis as an alternative to the chemical precipitation. When it is compared with the conventional precipitation process, the major advantage of this new clean technology is the elimination of sludge formation, the materials recovery and the reduction of solid waste.

In India, the expansion of industries and two-fold increase in motor vehicles over the last decade are posing a serious environmental crisis in the form of urban air pollution. Common pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Air pollution results from a variety of sources. The natural sources include volcanoes, forest fire, scattering soil, biological decay, lightning strikes, dust storms etc. and man-made sources include thermal power plants, vehicular exhausts, incinerators and various other industrial emissions. More than 60% of the air pollution is contributed by these man-made sources. Amongst the gaseous pollutants, the major concern and a challenging task is to control oxides of nitrogen, commonly referred to as NOx. In case of diesel engines, despite the modification in engine design and improvement in after treatment technologies, large amount of NOx continues is get emitted and attempts to develop new catalyst to reduce NOx have so far been less successful. Further, with the emission standards becoming more stringent, estimates are that NOx and particulate matter emission must be reduced by as much as 90%. In this context, the emergence of electrical discharge plasma technique in combination with the few existing technologies is providing to be economically viable and efficient technology. In this thesis emphasis has been laid on the discharge based non-thermal plasma for NOx removal. NOx from simulated gas mixture and actual diesel engine exhaust has been treated. The thesis mainly addresses the following issues. . • Performance evaluation of pipe-cylinder and wire-cylinder reactor for NOx removal . • Study of effect of plasma assisted adsorbent reactor on NOx removal . • Study of effect of adsorption and plasma based desorption using different adsorbent material and electrode configuration The first chapter provides introduction about the air pollutants and the existing NOx control technologies, a brief history of electric discharge plasma, a detailed literature survey and scope of the work. A detailed experimental setup consisting of voltage sources, gas system (simulated flue gas and diesel exhaust), gas analyzers, adsorbent materials are discussed in the second chapter. In the third chapter, NOx is treated by three different methods and are described in separate parts. In first part we have done a comparative study of NO/NOx removal using two different types of dielectric barrier discharge electrodes: a) wire-cylinder reactor, b) pipe-cylinder reactor. Investigations were first carried out with synthetic gases to obtain the baseline information on the NO/NOx removal with respect to the two geometries studied. Further, experiments were carried out with raw diesel exhaust under loaded condition. A high NOx removal efficiency 90% was observed for pipe-cylinder reactor when compared to that with wire-cylinder reactor, where it was 53.4%. In second part an analysis has been made on discharge plasma coupled with an adsorbent system. The cascaded plasma-adsorbent system may be perceived as a better alternative for the existing adsorbent based abatement system in the industry. During this study the exhaust is sourced from a diesel generator set. It was observed that better NO removal in a plasma reactor can be made possible by achieving higher average fields and subsequent NO2 removal can be improved using an adsorbent system connected in cascade with the plasma system. This part describes the various findings pertaining to these comparative analyses. The third and last part of chapter 3 consists of gas desorption from an adsorbent by non-thermal plasma, which is an alternative to conventional thermal desorption, has been studied in relation to diesel engine exhaust. In this process saturated adsorbent material is regenerated using high energetic electrons and excited molecules produced by non thermal plasma. The last Chapter lists out the major inferences drawn from this study.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:24:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3612082 bytes, checksum: 149afc8c39e12bc41cc161a29373f800 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Three anaerobic fixed-bed reactors with upflow and containing immobilized biomass were operationally evaluated for the treatment of wastewater from the coffee cherries processing (WCP). Because the performance of those reactors are related to the supportive medium providing adherence and growth to the biofilm, the following materials were studied: blast furnace scum, polyurethane foam and crushed stone #2 with porosity 53, 95 and 48%, respectively. The reactors were made with PVC and total volume for 139.5L. They were operated under environmental temperature varying from 6.4 to 32.9ºC, with average value 17.2ºC. Their operations consisted of increasing the organic load, that was quantified in terms of COD (1000, 2500 and 5000 mg L-1) flowing to reactors, by keeping a stable hydraulic residence time (HRT) around 1.3 days. The reactors were monitored, by collecting both the affluent and effluent samples of the reactors, and quantifying the variables: COD, BOD, phenolic compounds, TS, TVS, TSS, VSS, total nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, pH, alkalinity, volatile acids and electric conductivity. At the end of the evaluated conditions, the WCP samples were collected along the height of the reactors for kinetic study, as well as those of the formed biofilm for microscopic observations. For an affluent COD value around 5000 mg L-1, the reactor infilled with foam showed an average removal efficiency of 80 and 83% for the total and filtered COD respectively. This fact is due to its higher porosity, that provided higher retention and fixation of the biomass, that when quantified under the TVS form was 1,301 mg g-1 foam. By the other hand, the reactor infilled with scum generated effluents with lower concentrations of phenolic compounds that were statistically different (P <0.05) from those obtained in the other reactors. The increase in the COD flowing to the reactors also made possible the development and growth of the adhered microbial biofilm that showed wide variety of species, as been registered some morphologies similar to bacilli, curved bacilli, coccus, filaments, Methanosaeta sp. and Methanosarcina sp., this last one with lower frequency. Based on the results, it is concluded that the reactors showed satisfactory performance, which make them a viable alternative to be used in the treatment of WCP, as emphasizing the polyurethane foam as supportive material. / No presente trabalho, objetivou-se efetuar a avaliação operacional de três reatores anaeróbios de leito fixo e com fluxo ascendente, contendo biomassa imobilizada, no tratamento da água residuária do processamento dos frutos do cafeeiro (ARC). Como o desempenho desses reatores está relacionado com o meio suporte, o qual proporciona a aderência e crescimento do biofilme, foram estudados três materiais: escória de alto-forno, espuma de poliuretano e brita n.2, com porosidade de 53, 95 e 48%, respectivamente. Os reatores, confeccionados em PVC e volume total de 139,5 L, foram operados sob temperatura ambiente, que variou de 6,4 a 32,9ºC, com valor médio de 17,2ºC. A operação dessas unidades consistiu no aumento da carga orgânica, quantificada em termos de DQO (1.000, 2.500 e 5.000 mg L-1), afluente aos reatores, mantendo-se o tempo de residência hidráulica (TRH) constante, em torno de 1,3 dias. O monitoramento dos reatores foi feito com a coleta de amostras afluente e efluente dos reatores, quantificando-se as variáveis DQO, DBO, compostos fenólicos, ST, SVT, SST, SSV, nitrogênio total, fósforo, sódio, potássio, pH, alcalinidade, ácidos voláteis e condutividade elétrica. No final de cada condição avaliada, foram coletadas amostras de ARC, ao longo da altura dos reatores, para estudo cinético, bem como, amostras do biofilme formado, para observações microscópicas. Para um valor de DQO afluente em torno de 5.000 mg L-1, o reator preenchido com espuma apresentou eficiência média de remoção de DQO total e filtrada de 80 e 83%, respectivamente, atribuídas a sua maior porosidade, a qual proporcionou maior retenção e fixação da biomassa que, quantificada na forma de SVT, foi de 1.301 mg g-1 de espuma. Por outro lado, o reator preenchido com escória gerou efluentes com menores concentrações de compostos fenólicos, que foram estatisticamente diferentes (P<0,05) das obtidas nos outros reatores. O aumento na DQO afluente aos reatores também possibilitou o desenvolvimento e crescimento do biofilme microbiano aderido que apresentou grande variedade de espécies, tendo sido registradas morfologias semelhantes a bacilos, bacilos curvos, cocos, filamentos, Methanosaeta sp. e Methanosarcina sp., este último com menor freqüência. Pela análise dos resultados, pode-se concluir que os reatores apresentaram desempenhos satisfatórios, tornando-os alternativa viável para ser aplicada no tratamento da ARC, com destaque para espuma de poliuretano como material suporte.

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2017-03-10T16:49:56Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T16:49:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A saúde do meio ambiente vem sendo comprometida devido ao descarte incorreto de produtos e seus subprodutos. Dentre os contaminantes emergentes encontram-se os fármacos, causadores de problemas ambientais por serem descartados no meio ambiente através dos efluentes. As técnicas convencionais de tratamento são insuficientes na remoção de diversos fármacos, por apresentarem resíduos resistentes e baixa biodegradabilidade. Sendo assim os processos oxidativos avançados vêm sendo estudados como alternativa para o tratamento de diferentes tipos de efluentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi aplicar o processo de irradiação com feixe de elétrons para reduzir os efeitos tóxicos do propranolol, e de sua mistura com cloridrato de fluoxetina, em solução aquosa. Foram realizados ensaios ecotoxicológicos com o fármaco propranolol, e de sua mistura com o cloridrato de fluoxetina, utilizando como organismos-teste o microcrustáceo Daphnia similis, e a bactéria Vibrio fischeri. Observamos que o organismo D. similis mostrou-se mais sensível as amostras de fármacos quando comparado à bactéria V.fischeri. Após serem submetidas ao tratamento com radiação ionizante, todas as doses aplicadas para o propranolol e a mistura, mostraram significativa redução de toxicidade, tendo como organismo-teste D. similis. Para a bactéria V. fischeri apenas na dose de 5,0 kGy foi verificada a redução da toxicidade para o fármaco propranolol. Quanto à mistura dos fármacos, apenas as doses de 2,5 e 5,0 kGy apresentaram eficiência de remoção da toxicidade. A dose 5,0 kGy mostrou-se a melhor, apresentando redução de 79,94% para D. similis, e 15,64% para V. fischeri, quando expostas ao fármaco propranolol. Quanto à mistura, apresentou 81,59% e 26,93%, para D.similis e V.fischeri, respectivamente. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

La catalyse hétérogène influe sur la cinétique des réactions chimiques pour favoriser la formation de produits souhaités. Appliquée à la dépollution atmosphérique, elle permet de réduire considérablement l'émission de polluants. Son plus grand succès public est d'ailleurs sans conteste le pot catalytique pour les moteurs à essence. Malgré ce succès, beaucoup reste à faire pour améliorer la dépollution à basse température et pour des conditions d'utilisations très différentes telles que celles imposées par les moteurs Diesel et "lean burn".<p><p>Lors de ce travail nous nous sommes intéressés à ces sujets. Tout d'abord, nous avons étudié l'effet du SO2 sur la réduction catalytique sélective des NOx sur des catalyseurs Ag/Al2O3 dans les conditions des moteurs Diesel. Le dioxyde de soufre est reconnu comme un poison de catalyseurs. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié un effet promoteur du SO2. Les catalyseurs qui ont fait l’objet de ce travail ont été préparés au laboratoire. Nous avons fait varier différents paramètres tels que la température, la nature de l'hydrocarbure ou encore la concentration de SO2 afin de mieux cerner cet effet promoteur. Nous avons mis en évidence que cet effet promoteur est observable lorsque le propène est utilisé comme réducteur, alors qu'avec le propane il s'agit plutôt d'un effet négatif du SO2.<p><p>Le deuxième sujet étudié dans ce travail est l'oxydation du CO sur des catalyseurs Au/TiO2, soit préparés au laboratoire, soit fournis comme référence du World Gold Council. Ces catalyseurs offrent l’avantage de pouvoir oxyder le CO à basse température, ce qui pourrait résoudre le problème de la pollution liée au démarrage à froid des automobiles. Ces catalyseurs subissent une désactivation que nous avons analysée par spectroscopie infrarouge (DRIFT et FTIR). Une étude XPS-SIMS de catalyseurs ayant des activités différentes nous a permis de mettre en évidence des concentrations de sodium différentes sur ces catalyseurs. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés à l'influence du potassium. Pour mettre en évidence l'influence de celui-ci sur l'activité catalytique, des catalyseurs Au/TiO2 furent préparés en absence stricte d'alcalins et d'alcalino-terreux pour ajouter par après, de manière contrôlée, les quantités souhaitées de potassium. La composition des catalyseurs préparés fut contrôlée par XPS-SIMS. Il s'avère que la présence de potassium permet d'accroître l'activité catalytique, néanmoins il semble y avoir une concentration optimale de potassium qui varie en fonction de la composition/morphologie du catalyseur Au/TiO2 au départ, c'est-à-dire sans modification par ajout de potassium.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

In the last few decades India has advanced socioeconomically due to the rapid growth of industries and automobile sector. This in turn increases the use of fossil fuel and diesel. The atmosphere gets polluted due to the harmful substances, which comes from the burning of fuel. These pollutants can be in the form of gaseous, liquid or solid particulate. Diesel engines, the major source of power in industries and automobiles, play a significant part in causing air pollution. The major pollutants in diesel exhaust are oxides of nitrogen (NOX), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOC), aldehydes and alcohols. Due to the heavy consumption of diesel as a fuel there is an urgent need to control diesel exhaust. Diesel exhaust is a complex mixture of several gases and fine particles (commonly known as soot) that contains more than 40 toxic air contaminants. Amongst the gaseous pollutants in diesel exhaust, the major concern and a challenging task is to control oxides of nitrogen, commonly referred to as NOX as it is the major contributor for acid rain, photochemical smog etc. Successful control of emissions from diesel engines is yet to be achieved. The conventional techniques which are available to control emission now are either difficult to operate or does not satisfy the stringent emission standards. This has made the researchers throughout the world to find an alternative and effective non-conventional after treatment technique to reduce diesel engine emission. The failure of conventional techniques lead to the development of non-conventional techniques such as high voltage electric discharge based plasma which has already been proved to be economical and highly efficient in industrial electrostatic precipitators. Electric discharge plasma or non-thermal plasma produce energetic electrons which react with background molecules in flue gas leading to active species such as radicals. These radicals being chemically active selectively react with the harmful pollutants facilitating their removal/reduction. The present thesis work is an attempt to provide a technical solution to achieve higher removal efficiencies of oxides of nitrogen in the backdrop of shortcomings that exist in conventional technologies to do so. The current thesis describes the research in four stages: (i) studies on NOX removal from diesel exhaust by cross-flow DBD reactor, where design and fabrication of cross-flow DBD reactor, exhaust treatment using cross-flow DBD reactor and exhaust treatment with cascaded plasma-adsorbent technique is described (ii) studies on NOX removal from diesel exhaust by compact discharge plasma sources, where design and fabrication of high frequency high voltage AC (HVAC) using old television flyback transformer, Design and fabrication of high voltage pulse (HVPulse) using automobile ignition coil, exhaust treatment with both HVPulse and HVAC and exhaust treatment with cascaded plasma-adsorbent technique is described (iii) studies on NOX removal from diesel exhaust using solar powered discharge plasma source is described (iv) studies on the NOX removal from diesel exhaust using red mud, where exhaust treatment with red mud and Exhaust treatment cascaded plasma-red mud is covered. The results have been discussed in light of enhancing the NOX removal efficiency for stationary and automobile engine exhausts.

The subject of this study is the effect of in-cylinder selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) of NOx emissions in diesel exhaust gas by means of direct injection of aqueous urea ((NH2)2CO) into the combustion chamber. A single cylinder diesel test engine was modified to accept an electronically controlled secondary common rail injection system to deliver the aqueous urea directly into the cylinder during engine operation. Direct in-cylinder injection was chosen in order to ensure precise delivery of the reducing agent without the risk of any premature reactions taking place. Unlike direct in-cylinder injection of neat water, aqueous urea also works as a reducing agent by breaking down into ammonia (NH3) and Cyanuric Acid ((HOCN)3). These compounds serve as the primary reducing agents in the NOx reduction mechanism explored here. The main reducing agent, aqueous urea, was admixed with glycerol (C3H8O3) in an 80-20 ratio, by weight, to function as a lubricant for the secondary injector. The aqueous urea injection timing and duration is critical to the reduction of NOx emissions due to the dependence of SNCR NOx reduction on critical factors such as temperature, pressure, reducing agent to NOx ratio, Oxygen and radical content, residence time and NH3 slip. From scoping engine tests at loads of 40 percent and 80 percent at 1500 rpm, an aqueous urea injection strategy was developed. The final injection strategy chosen was four molar ratios, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 with five varying injection timings of 60, 20, 10, 0, and -30 degrees after top dead center (ATDC). In addition to the base line and aqueous urea tests, water injection and an 80-20 water-glycerol solution reduction agent tests were also conducted to compare the effects of said additives as well. The comparison of baseline and SNCR operation was expected to show that the urea acted as a reducing agent, lowering NOx emissions up to 100% (based on exhaust stream studies) in the diesel exhaust gas without the aid of a catalyst. The data collected from the engine tests showed that the aqueous urea-glycerol solution secondary had no effect on the reduction of NOx and even resulted in an increase of up to 5% in some tests. This was due to the low average in-cylinder temperature as well as a short residence time, prohibiting the reduction reaction from taking place. The neat water and water-glycerol solution secondary injection was found to have a reduction effect of up to 59% on NOx production in the emissions due to the evaporative cooling effect and increased heat capacity of the water.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / Even though the Phoenix Metropolitan Area is more fortunate than other areas of the desert southwest because of the dependable Salt and Verde River supplies, they still have water problems. The Central Arizona Project (CAP), which will bring water from the Colorado River, will help those problems. But the CAP will not eliminate them. Improved water resource management will be required to bring water supply and demand back into balance. A key element of any successful water resource management program must be wastewater reuse. The communities are studying reuse through their 208 water quality program and while they are discovering that many opportunities exist they are also discovering that there are also many problems to be solved.