This corpus based diploma thesis takes stock of Finnish epistemic modal verbs voida, saattaa, taitaa and mahtaa and surveys their translational counterparts as they can be found in the parallel corpus InterCorp. The aim of the thesis is to find out what tendencies there can be found in the translation of the modals in question. In the theoretical part, there is, firstly, a description of both modality and modal verbs in Finnish and Czech, secondly, of the differences between the approaches to modality in both languages and, thirdly, of the features of translated language. In the analytical part, the translations are sorted out into categories based on the particular modal specifiers. The description of the different modal specifier categories follows.

Cette thèse étudie le schéma de complémentation capacitif, présent dans les occurrence suivantes : The tent sleeps four ; The bench seats two. Il attribue au référent du sujet une capacité d’accueil quantifiée. Dans cette structure, l’alignement entre fonction syntaxique et rôle sémantique n’est pas canonique. Le sujet a un rôle de localisation et le complément post-verbal de mesure a un rôle agentif, habituellement rempli par le sujet. La modification de cet alignement prototypique permet de signifier la capacité sans avoir recours à un marqueur dédié. La thèse propose de décrire et d’analyser ce schéma de complémentation peu mentionné dans la littérature existante. La description des constituants de la structure est fondée sur l’étude d’une base de données. Un profil formel de ce type d’énoncés est proposé. Le sujet est toujours envisagé comme un contenant. Le verbe dénote un besoin naturel en lien avec le référent du sujet. Le complément de mesure code une quantité dont l’unité de mesure est un animé humain. Il n’y a pas de marqueur dédié à l’expression du capacitif dans le schéma. Cette modalité de type possible émerge via le lien, matérialisé par le verbe, entre les entités nominales sujet et complément de mesure. La capacité est rendue possible par le sujet thématisé, duquel le possible émane (aptitude interne).. Cette absence de marqueur spécifique pour coder le permissif rappelle la notion de construction linguistique. L’attribution d’un tel statut pour schéma est interrogée, en vertu des principes de la Grammaire de construction (non-compositionnalité du sens, stockage linguistique, productivité du schéma). / This thesis studies the capacitive syntactic pattern, which can be found in sentences such as The tent sleeps four or The bench seats two. It expresses the quantified capacity of the referent of the subject. In this complementation pattern, the alignement between the syntactic functions and the semantic roles is not prototypical. The subject is locative and the post-verbal measure complement has an agentive role, which is canonically associated with the subject. This unusual alignment allows the speaker to express capacity. The thesis describes and analyzes this complementation pattern, which has not been studied in the literature. The description of the constituents is based on the study of a database. Several formal syntactic features of the pattern are highlighted. The subject is always perceived as a container and the verb denotes a primary need that is closely related to the container. The measure complement denotes a numerical quantity whose unit of measurement is human animates. The capacitive meaning is not expressed by a single lexeme but through the whole pattern, which is meaningful. It is shown that the capacitive interpretation emerges through the congruent link between the container (subject) and the quantified volume (measure complement). The subject has properties that make it possible for the human animates to perform the event denoted by the verb. As the pattern itself has meaning, its status of construction (an unpredictable form–meaning pairing) is investigated by studying the main features of such grammatical sequences within the framework of construction grammar.

De nos jours, la durabilité des activités humaines devient une préoccupation majeure dans le monde entier. Il s’agit d’évaluer ces activités non seulement en matière d’efficacité et de productivité, mais aussi en ce qui concerne leurs durabilités économique, sociale, environnementale, etc. Pour cela, les experts de ces différents domaines doivent travailler en collaboration. Dans ce contexte, les sociétés humaines sont confrontées à plusieurs défis majeurs qui sont les suivants : (1) traiter de grandes quantités d’informations (« big data »), (2) évoluer dans un monde réel dynamique et imparfait, (3) prévoir et évaluer les états futurs de ses activités.Les recherches que nous avons menées dans cette thèse contribuent plus particulièrement au domaine de l’ingénierie des systèmes de décision en univers incertain. Nous prenons comme objet d'étude général le domaine des systèmes socio-environnementaux, et plus particulièrement le domaine pluridisciplinaire de l’agriculture. Nous proposons une approche systémique pour l’optimisation durable des systèmes socio-environnementaux : (1) la méta-modélisation des systèmes socio-environnementaux, (2) la représentation générique de l’imperfection des informations qui circulent dans ces systèmes, associée à un modèle de décision en contexte incertain et enfin (3) la simulation et l’évaluation de ces systèmes en environnement dynamique en vue de prises de décisions par des experts, que nous avons illustrée par un modèle d’architecture orientée services ainsi que des études de cas appliquées au domaine de l’agriculture. / Nowadays, the sustainability of human activities is a major worldwide concern. The challenge is to evaluate such activities not only in terms of efficiency and productivity, but also in terms of their economic, social, environmental, etc. durability. For this, the experts of these areas need to work collaboratively. In this context, human societies are facing several major challenges such as: (1) process a large amount of information whose volume increases exponentially (“big data”), (2) live in a both dynamic and imperfect real world, (3) predict and assess future states of its activities.The researches we have conducted in this thesis contribute in particular to the domain of decision systems engineering under uncertainty. We have chosen the field of general socio-environmental systems as subject of study, particularly the multidisciplinary field of agriculture. We propose a systemic approach for the sustainable optimization of socio-environmental systems: (1) the meta-modeling of socio-environmental systems, (2) the generic representation of data imperfection flowing in such systems, associated to a decision model in uncertain environment and finally (3) the simulation and the assessment of such systems in dynamic environment for the purpose of decision making by experts which we have illustrated by both a service-oriented architecture model and case studies applied to the agriculture domain.

Detta examensarbete utfördes år 2023 och gick ut på att undersöka elsparkcyklar och hur de hanteras. Mer specifikt hur och var de parkeras då det skapade problem för andra på gatorna, för att sedan ta fram en lösning som skapar ordning för ökad säkerhet och trivsel i stadsmiljöer. I början av projektet undersökte jag hyr elsparkcyklar, alltså tjänster där företag erbjuder transportalternativ med elsparkcyklar som medel. Resultatet av litteraturstudien visade att det var ett problem med felparkerade elsparkcyklar eftersom det skapar säkerhetsrisker, speciellt för äldre personer och individer med synnedsättning och sänker trivseln i städer. För att se vad det finns på marknaden så gjorde jag en marknadsundersökning som visade att redan finns flera lösningar som har tillämpats för att lösa problemet, lösningar från olika aktörer och som täcker olika områden. Jag upplevde att jag inte kunde bidra med något vettig inom det området så jag valde att ändra riktning och började undersöka privatägda elsparkcyklar för att se om det finns behov i det området. För att få in data direkt från användaren utförde jag en enkätundersökning som visade att individer som äger en elsparkcykel inte vågar parkera utomhus eftersom de är oroliga att deras enhet ska bli stulen. Eftersom projektet genomfördes i Gävle så intervjuade jag Gävle kommun för att veta vad de tänker kring elsparkcyklar, jag ville även veta vilka möjligheter jag hade och vilka ramar jag skulle förhålla mig till vid framtagning av lösning. Efter en hel del idégenerering, utforskande, tester och bearbetning så blev resultatet ett tillägg som monteras på befintliga cykelställ och ger bättre parkeringsmöjlighet för privatägda elsparkcyklar. Genom sin form och uttryck ska tillägget uppmuntra elsparkcyklister att använda sina enheter mer och ersätta korta resor med bilen, det i sin tur har en positiv effekt på miljön och hälsan.

This research builds on previous studies that have documented evidence of Professor Anna Craft’s concept of ‘Possibility Thinking’ (PT) as at the heart of creativity which involves children transitioning from ‘what is this?’ to ‘what can I or we do with this?’ as well as imagining ‘as if’ they were in a different role. My thesis titled “Communicating Possibilities” examines English nursery children's emergent creativity, exploring the three to four-year-old child as an artistic communicator and possibility thinker through a case study approach situated in one primary school in South West England. Three main research questions were posed concerning the ‘what, how, and why’ of creativity when children communicated through art; as well as exploring the nurturing role of others, and identity manifest through voice and learning experience. This doctoral study is essentially interpretivist in nature seeking to explain how people make sense of their social worlds, and is an exploration framed by culturally negotiated, shared meanings, and complex social relations. Data was collected over one school year, in three nine-week research phases by the following ethnographic methods: naturalistic observations; researcher diary; children’s creative journals; and practitioner interviews. These methods were repeated for each phase. Inductive and deductive data analysis was conducted. Undertaken over time as the project unfolded, a grounded theory approach was applied in total to 27 episodes. Micro event analysis of creative behaviours in action and narrative discourses of two kinds: peer-to-peer, and child-to-adult (teacher, early years practitioner, and my researcher dialogue) revealed four broad critical themes: Observing and documenting children’s creativity; What children can do together- recognising differences; Pedagogy of possibilities- developing a role; and The value of artistic communication in the nursery classroom. Each is discussed in terms of the key implications these themes hold for theory, policy, and early years practice.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In the recent decision in Kellerman v South African Transport Services 1993 4 SA 872 (C) a claim for the loss of the use of a thing not utilised in the production of income was apparently allowed for the first time in South African law. A number of strict requirements were however set for such a claim. For a considerable time a claim has been recognised in English and German law even where a substitute was not hired and where the article was used for pleasure purposes. It is submitted that this should also be the position in South African law because the loss of the use of a thing per se has an independent value. It is further submitted that the interest on capital value method (as per English law) can be used as starting-point in the determination of quantum. A degree of flexibility is necessary to ensure fairness and equity. / In die onlangse beslissing in Kellerman v South African Transport Services 1993 4 SA 872 (K) is daar klaarblyklik die eerste maal in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg 'n eis om skadevergoeding weens gebruiksverlies van 'n saak wat nie in die produksie van inkomste gebruik is nie erken. Die hof stel egter 'n aantal streng vereistes vir so 'n eis. 'n Eis word al 'n geruime tyd in die Engelse en Duitse reg erken selfs waar 'n substituut nie gehuur is nie en waar sake bloot vir plesierdoeleindes gebruik is. Daar word submitteer dat dit ook die posisie in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg behoort te wees aangesien gebruiksverlies opsigself 'n selfstandige waarde het. Dit word verder aangevoer dat die rente-op-kapitaalwaarde-metode (soos in die Engelse reg) gebruik kan word as 'n uitgangspunt by kwantumbepaling. Ter wille van redelikheid en billikheid behoort die maatstaf 'n mate van buigsaamheid te he. / Private Law / LL. M.

Human sexuality has been overrun with narratives that limit the possibilities of pleasure. Sex-positive workers have the potential to challenge the ways in which these limitations become embodied. In this research I explore narratives of sex education and youth, pleasure as prevention, and the medicalization of sexuality. I engage in collective biography as a way to identify how these narratives shape the way bodies and pleasure get taken up in specific places. Drawing from poststructural feminist theory I propose three ways of reconceptualizing bodies and pleasure as emergent sites of change and potential. Through an analysis of the experiences of sex-positive service workers in Canada, I consider what else, and for whom, bodies, pleasure, and sex education might look like. / Graduate / 0680 0733 0573 / yorkchender@gmail.com

La fusion d'informations consiste à résumer plusieurs informations provenant des différentes sources en une information exploitable et utile pour l'utilisateur.Le problème de la fusion est délicat surtout quand les informations délivrées sont incohérentes et hétérogènes. Les résultats de la fusion ne sont pas souvent exploitable et utilisables pour prendre une décision, quand ils sont imprécis. C'est généralement due au fait que les informations sont incohérentes. Plusieurs méthodes de fusion sont proposées pour combiner les informations imparfaites et elles appliquent l'opérateur de fusion sur l'ensemble de toutes les sources et considèrent le résultat tel qu'il est. Dans ce travail, nous proposons une méthode de fusion fondée sur l'Analyse Formelle de Concepts, en particulier son extension pour les données numériques : les structures de patrons. Cette méthode permet d'associer chaque sous-ensemble de sources avec son résultat de fusion. Toutefois l'opérateur de fusion est choisi, alors un treillis de concept est construit. Ce treillis fournit une classification intéressante des sources et leurs résultats de fusion. De plus, le treillis garde l'origine de l'information. Quand le résultat global de la fusion est imprécis, la méthode permet à l'utilisateur d'identifier les sous-ensemble maximaux de sources qui supportent une bonne décision. La méthode fournit une vue structurée de la fusion globale appliquée à l'ensemble de toutes les sources et des résultats partiels de la fusion marqués d'un sous-ensemble de sources. Dans ce travail, nous avons considéré les informations numériques représentées dans le cadre de la théorie des possibilités et nous avons utilisé trois sortes d'opérateurs pour construire le treillis de concepts. Une application dans le monde agricole, où la question de l'expert est d'estimer des valeurs des caractéristiques de pesticide provenant de plusieurs sources, pour calculer des indices environnementaux est détaillée pour évaluer la méthode de fusion proposée / Merging pieces of information into an interpretable and useful format is a tricky task even when an information fusion method is chosen. Fusion results may not be in suitable form for being used in decision analysis. This is generally due to the fact that information sources are heterogeneous and provide inconsistent information, which may lead to imprecise results. Several fusion operators have been proposed for combining uncertain information and they apply the fusion operator on the set of all sources and provide the resulting information. In this work, we studied and proposed a method to combine information using Formal Concept Analysis in particular Pattern Structures. This method allows us to associate any subset of sources with its information fusion result. Then once a fusion operator is chosen, a concept lattice is built. The concept lattice gives an interesting classification of fusion results and it keeps a track of the information origin. When the fusion global result is too imprecise, the method enables the users to identify what maximal subset of sources would support a more precise and useful result. Instead of providing a unique fusion result, the method yields a structured view of partial results labeled by subsets of sources. In this thesis, we studied the numerical information represented in the framework of possibility theory and we used three fusion operators to built the concept lattice. We applied this method in the context of agronomy when experts have to estimate several characteristics values coming from several sources for computing an environmental risk

Coincidence as the animator of the independent Czech art of the 1960s We are currently progressing to viewing coincidence as a phenomenon. While coincidence cannot be explained, it needs to be understood. It may be an important program principle of the universe, where coincidence may give life and matters a different direction, and it is undoubtedly part of all of our creative and resourceful efforts. Therefore, we treasure coincidence and in art, we even intentionally call for it frequently. Naturally, the history of art gives us many examples, where coincidence helped an artist to revive their imagination and strengthened their ability to improvise. Dealing with coincidence and activating coincidence intentionally or unintentionally have always been one of the most tantalising moments of many creative endeavours. It is interesting to observe how the role of coincidence and its impact in art, as well as in a human life intermittently diminishes only to resurface again as if in connection with measuring the powers of the acting individual and the current being. It is exciting to follow the complex movement of coincidence in the wide field of potential meanings and understanding, somewhere between Freedom, Necessity, Fate, Fortune, Higher Power or perhaps Providence, and examine the complexity of...

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal a análise e a discussão das contradições das concepções de bons professores de Inglês como língua estrangeira. Para tanto, realizamos uma pesquisa em que procedemos à coleta de dados, constituídos de observações de aulas de Língua Inglesa (18 horas) e entrevistas com alunos, professores e diretores (20 horas) de duas escolas públicas da grande São Paulo. O quadro teórico-metodológico que fundamenta nosso estudo é baseado na perspectiva etnográfica de pesquisa aplicada à sala de aula, a qual ressalta, principalmente, os aspectos intersubjetivo e ideológico que estruturam os fenômenos sociais. Abordamos, igualmente, o conceito de habitus pedagógico elaborado por Bourdieu e Passeron a fim de investigarmos a nossa hipótese, a saber: como concepções heterogêneas e conflitantes de bons professores de Inglês como língua estrangeira emergem das experiências dos sujeitos que compõem as comunidades escolares estudadas. Dado o caráter instável e conflitante do habitus pedagógico, concluímos que não há evidências de uma interpretação monolítica que possam ser depreendidas dos repertórios discursivos dos alunos, professores e diretores das comunidades escolares. Concluímos, também, a partir das críticas e das re-visões do conceito de habitus, que as questões relacionadas às mudanças sociais e à democracia na educação devem ser entendidas fora da imobilidade social apregoada pelo conceito de habitus, tornando-se necessário ir além dos preceitos difundidos pelas perspectivas reprodutivistas em educação. Propomos esse deslocamento levando em conta os pressupostos da pedagogia crítica e da possibilidade, os quais vislumbram uma conscientização mais democrática e transformadora do processo de ensino/aprendizagem no ensino público. / The main purpose of the present dissertation is the analysis and discussion of the contradictory conceptions of good teachers of English as a foreign language. To carry this study out, we focused on the data research analysis which is based on English Language classes observation (18 hours) and interviews with students, teachers and school directors (20 hours) from two state school communities in the greater São Paulo region. Our theoretical and methodological framework includes the ethnographic research perspective and attitude applied to the classroom which postulates principally the inter subjective and ideological character of social phenomena. The concept of pedagogical habitus proposed by Bourdieu and Passeron is put forward in order to investigate our hypothesis, namely, how heterogeneous and conflicting good teachers of English conceptions emerged from the subjects experiences which shape the investigated pedagogical cultural loci. On account of the unstable and conflicting character of the pedagogical habitus, we reach the conclusion that neither a safe ground nor a monolithic interpretation can be visualized in students, teachers and school directors discourse repertoires. It is concluded, through the questioning and re-vision of the habitus concept, that issues of social changes and democracy in education has to be understood out of the social immobility which the habitus concept suggests; furthermore, it is relevant to go beyond the educational reproductive perspectives assumptions as well. Consequently, we propose such a dislocation taking into account the critical and possibility pedagogies insights as a wider response to a more democratic and transformative public schooling education consciousness.