The purpose of this study is to examine the role of imagination in Immanuel Kant&amp / #8217 / s Critique of Pure Reason by means of a detailed textual analysis and interpretation. In my systematic reading of the Kantian text, I analyse how the power of imagination comes to the foreground of Kant&amp / #8217 / s investigation into the transcendental conditions of knowledge. This is to explain the mediating function of imagination between the two distinct faculties of the subject / between sensibility and understanding. Imagination achieves its mediating function between sensibility and understanding through its activity of synthesis. By means of exploring the features of the activity of synthesis I attempt to display that imagination provides the ground of the unification of sensibility and understanding. The argument of this study resides in the claim that the power of imagination, through its transcendental synthesis, provides the ground of the possibility of all knowledge and experience. This is to announce imagination as the building block of Kant&amp / #8217 / s Copernican Revolution that grounds the objectivity of knowledge in its subjective conditions. Therefore, the goal of this study is to display imagination as a distinctive human capacity that provides the relation of our knowledge to the objects.

A produção acadêmica motivada pela epidemia de HIV e Aids impulsionou as pesquisas relativas à sexualidade configurando novos campos de investigação, em especial sobre os gays. No entanto, não é significativa no Brasil a produção acadêmica que aborde a vulnerabilidade às DSTs a partir da identidade lésbica. A saúde sexual das mulheres presumidamente heterossexuais tendeu a permanecer subsumida à exclusiva preocupação com a reprodução ao longo da trajetória das políticas de atenção à saúde das mulheres, mesmo frente à Aids. De forma ainda mais acentuada que a sexualidade feminina heterossexual, a homossexualidade feminina tendeu à invisibilidade na sociedade brasileira e frente ao discurso médico-ginecológico. O advento da epidemia contribuiu para a manutenção desta invisibilidade por força da crença de que o corpo lésbico seria o único infenso à infecção pela via sexual. Nesta tese busca-se compreender a transformação discursiva do corpo lésbico dos primeiros tempos da epidemia até hoje. Mais especificamente, como um corpo imune à epidemia está calcada na idéia de que a vulnerabilidade das lésbicas é o passaporte para a afirmação/inclusão de um dado marco identitário na agenda de políticas públicas. Nesse sentido, o campo em que se desenha a disputa do corpo lésbico face às DST/Aids é marcado pela tensão entre prática sexual e identidade sexual. / The academical production motivated by HIV and Aids epidemic has impelled researches related to the sexuality configurating new investigations fields, mainly about gays. However, in Brazil, its not significant the academical production which addresses to the STD vulnerability taking into an account the lesbian identity. The sexual health of women, expected to be heterosexual, was be connected to the unique preoccupation about the reproduction. Along the course of policies in terms of the attention to the womens health, even facing AIDS. In a more increasing way, considering the heterosexual female sexuality, the female homo sexual has tended, on the Brazilian society, to the invisibility toward the medical / gynaecologic speech. The epidemic contributed to this invisibility maintenance by strong beliefs in which the lesbian body would be the unique immune to the infection through the sexual via. This thesis objectives is based on the study about the change regarding the speech construction of the lesbian body since the first stages of the epidemic. More specifically, how a body that is immune to the epidemic is transformed into a vulnerable body. The hypothesis that guides this paper is centered on the idea in which the lesbian vulnerability is the passport to the affirmation / inclusion of a certain marl of identity in public policies. This way, the field in which the lesbian body dispute is drawn regarding STDs/AIDS is marked by tension between sexual practice and sexual identity.

Ce travail contribue à la théorie de la décision possibiliste et plus précisément à la prise de décision séquentielle dans le cadre de la théorie des possibilités, à la fois au niveau théorique et pratique. Bien qu'attrayante pour sa capacité à résoudre les problèmes de décision qualitatifs, la théorie de la décision possibiliste souffre d'un inconvénient important : les critères d'utilité qualitatives possibilistes comparent les actions avec les opérateurs min et max, ce qui entraîne un effet de noyade. Pour surmonter ce manque de pouvoir décisionnel, plusieurs raffinements ont été proposés dans la littérature. Les raffinements lexicographiques sont particulièrement intéressants puisqu'ils permettent de bénéficier de l'arrière-plan de l'utilité espérée, tout en restant "qualitatifs". Cependant, ces raffinements ne sont définis que pour les problèmes de décision non séquentiels. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons des résultats sur l'extension des raffinements lexicographiques aux problèmes de décision séquentiels, en particulier aux Arbres de Décision et aux Processus Décisionnels de Markov possibilistes. Cela aboutit à des nouveaux algorithmes de planification plus "décisifs" que leurs contreparties possibilistes. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons des relations de préférence lexicographiques optimistes et pessimistes entre les politiques avec et sans utilités intermédiaires, qui raffinent respectivement les utilités possibilistes optimistes et pessimistes. Nous prouvons que les critères proposés satisfont le principe de l'efficacité de Pareto ainsi que la propriété de monotonie stricte. Cette dernière garantit la possibilité d'application d'un algorithme de programmation dynamique pour calculer des politiques optimales. Nous étudions tout d'abord l'optimisation lexicographique des politiques dans les Arbres de Décision possibilistes et les Processus Décisionnels de Markov à horizon fini. Nous fournissons des adaptations de l'algorithme de programmation dynamique qui calculent une politique optimale en temps polynomial. Ces algorithmes sont basés sur la comparaison lexicographique des matrices de trajectoires associées aux sous-politiques. Ce travail algorithmique est complété par une étude expérimentale qui montre la faisabilité et l'intérêt de l'approche proposée. Ensuite, nous prouvons que les critères lexicographiques bénéficient toujours d'une fondation en termes d'utilité espérée, et qu'ils peuvent être capturés par des utilités espérées infinitésimales. La dernière partie de notre travail est consacrée à l'optimisation des politiques dans les Processus Décisionnels de Markov (éventuellement infinis) stationnaires. Nous proposons un algorithme d'itération de la valeur pour le calcul des politiques optimales lexicographiques. De plus, nous étendons ces résultats au cas de l'horizon infini. La taille des matrices augmentant exponentiellement (ce qui est particulièrement problématique dans le cas de l'horizon infini), nous proposons un algorithme d'approximation qui se limite à la partie la plus intéressante de chaque matrice de trajectoires, à savoir les premières lignes et colonnes. Enfin, nous rapportons des résultats expérimentaux qui prouvent l'efficacité des algorithmes basés sur la troncation des matrices. / This work contributes to possibilistic decision theory and more specifically to sequential decision-making under possibilistic uncertainty, at both the theoretical and practical levels. Even though appealing for its ability to handle qualitative decision problems, possibilisitic decision theory suffers from an important drawback: qualitative possibilistic utility criteria compare acts through min and max operators, which leads to a drowning effect. To overcome this lack of decision power, several refinements have been proposed in the literature. Lexicographic refinements are particularly appealing since they allow to benefit from the expected utility background, while remaining "qualitative". However, these refinements are defined for the non-sequential decision problems only. In this thesis, we present results on the extension of the lexicographic preference relations to sequential decision problems, in particular, to possibilistic Decision trees and Markov Decision Processes. This leads to new planning algorithms that are more "decisive" than their original possibilistic counterparts. We first present optimistic and pessimistic lexicographic preference relations between policies with and without intermediate utilities that refine the optimistic and pessimistic qualitative utilities respectively. We prove that these new proposed criteria satisfy the principle of Pareto efficiency as well as the property of strict monotonicity. This latter guarantees that dynamic programming algorithm can be used for calculating lexicographic optimal policies. Considering the problem of policy optimization in possibilistic decision trees and finite-horizon Markov decision processes, we provide adaptations of dynamic programming algorithm that calculate lexicographic optimal policy in polynomial time. These algorithms are based on the lexicographic comparison of the matrices of trajectories associated to the sub-policies. This algorithmic work is completed with an experimental study that shows the feasibility and the interest of the proposed approach. Then we prove that the lexicographic criteria still benefit from an Expected Utility grounding, and can be represented by infinitesimal expected utilities. The last part of our work is devoted to policy optimization in (possibly infinite) stationary Markov Decision Processes. We propose a value iteration algorithm for the computation of lexicographic optimal policies. We extend these results to the infinite-horizon case. Since the size of the matrices increases exponentially (which is especially problematic in the infinite-horizon case), we thus propose an approximation algorithm which keeps the most interesting part of each matrix of trajectories, namely the first lines and columns. Finally, we reports experimental results that show the effectiveness of the algorithms based on the cutting of the matrices.

Face à l'augmentation significative du taux de mortalité par cancer du sein chez les femmes ainsi que la croissance continue du nombre de mammographies réalisées chaque année, le diagnostic assisté par ordinateur devient de plus en plus impératif pour les experts. Dans notre travail de thèse, une attention particulière est accordée aux masses mammaires vu qu'elles représentent le signe de cancer du sein le plus couramment observé en mammographies. Néanmoins, ces images présentent un très faible contraste, ce qui fait que les frontières entre les tissus sains et les masses sont mal définies. C'est ainsi qu'il est difficile de pouvoir discerner avec précision ces masses et de leur définir un contour unique. En outre, la complexité et la grande variabilité des formes des masses mammaires rendent les tâches de diagnostic et de classification difficiles. Dans ce cadre, nous proposons un système d'aide au diagnostic dont le but est la segmentation de masses dans les régions d'intérêt et par la suite la classification de ces masses en deux catégories : bénignes et malignes. La première étape de segmentation est une étape assez délicate vu que les étapes postérieures à savoir la caractérisation et la classification y sont dépendantes. En effet, une mauvaise segmentation peut entrainer une mauvaise prise de décision. Un tel cas peut survenir en raison de l'incertitude et l'imprécision émanant de l'image mammographique. C'est pour cette raison que nous proposons une définition de contours flous permettant de prendre en compte ces types d'imperfections. Ces contours flous sont introduits dans l'énergie d'un contour actif pour modifier son mouvement et aboutir à une délimitation exacte des masses. Une fois les régions d'intérêt sont segmentées, nous présentons une méthode de classification de masses basée sur la théorie des possibilités qui permet de modéliser les ambigüités inhérentes aux connaissances exprimées par l'expert. En outre, cette méthode utilise essentiellement les descripteurs de forme pour caractériser les masses et décider de leur degré de gravité vu que la forme des masses constitue un bon indicateur de gravité.La validation et l'évaluation de ces deux méthodes sont réalisées en utilisant les régions d'intérêt contenant des masses extraites de la base MIAS. Les résultats obtenus sont très intéressants et les comparaisons effectuées ont mis en évidence leurs performances. / In view of the significant increase in breast cancer mortality rate among women as well as the continuous growth in number of mammograms performed each year, computer-aided diagnosis is becoming more and more imperative for experts. In our thesis work, special attention is given to breast masses as they represent the most common sign of breast cancer in mammograms. Nevertheless, mammographic images have very low contrast and breast masses possess ambiguous margins. Thus, it is difficult to distinguish them from the surrounding parenchymal. Moreover, the complexity and the large variability of breast mass shapes make diagnostic and classification challenging tasks.In this context, we propose a computer-aided diagnosis system which firstly segments masses in regions of interests and then classifies them as benign or malignant. Mass segmentation is a critical step in a computer-aided diagnosis system since it affects the performance of subsequent analysis steps namely feature analysis and classification. Indeed, poor segmentation may lead to poor decision making. Such a case may occur due to two types of imperfection: uncertainty and imprecision. Therefore, we propose to deal with these imperfections using fuzzy contours which are integrated in the energy of an active contour to get a fuzzy-energy based active contour model that is used for final delineation of mass.After mass segmentation, a classification method is proposed. This method is based on possibility theory which allows modeling the ambiguities inherent to the knowledge expressed by the expert. Moreover, since shape and margin characteristics are very important for differentiating between benign and malignant masses, the proposed method is essentially based on shape descriptors.The evaluation of the proposed methods was carried out using the regions of interest containing masses extracted from the MIAS base. The obtained results are very interesting and the comparisons made have demonstrated their performances.

Linha de pesquisa: Educa??o, sujeitos, sociedade, hist?ria da educa??o e pol?ticas p?blicas educacionais. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-06-29T17:43:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 mania_maristane_neves_silveira_maia.pdf: 4601270 bytes, checksum: 8e0fa46f8642d09112cbaea324bd9fdd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-07-03T14:02:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 mania_maristane_neves_silveira_maia.pdf: 4601270 bytes, checksum: 8e0fa46f8642d09112cbaea324bd9fdd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-03T14:02:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 mania_maristane_neves_silveira_maia.pdf: 4601270 bytes, checksum: 8e0fa46f8642d09112cbaea324bd9fdd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Trata-se de uma investiga??o que tem como objeto de pesquisa o Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Incentivo ? Doc?ncia - PIBID - enquanto processo formativo de incentivo ? doc?ncia, desafios, possibilidades e contribui??es desse para os bolsistas do curso de Pedagogia da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, com sede na cidade de Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Este trabalho vincula-se a linha de pesquisa "Educa??o, Sujeitos, Sociedade, Hist?ria da Educa??o e Pol?ticas P?blicas Educacionais" do Programa de Mestrado em Educa??o da UFVJM e tem como quest?o norteadora, o questionamento acerca dos desafios, possibilidades e contribui??es do PIBID em rela??o ao incentivo ? doc?ncia para o processo formativo do acad?mico do curso de Pedagogia da UFVJM. O objetivo geral ? analisar desafios, possibilidades e contribui??es do PIBID em rela??o ao incentivo ? doc?ncia para o processo formativo do acad?mico do curso de Pedagogia da UFVJM. A pesquisa constitui-se em um estudo de caso que articula os seguintes procedimentos metodol?gicos: pesquisa bibliogr?fica, documental e de campo de car?ter qualitativo e quantitativo. Os sujeitos colaboradores foram vinte e dois acad?micos e um professor coordenador do PIBID do curso de Pedagogia da UFVJM. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram o question?rio e a entrevista. Para a an?lise dos dados criou-se as seguintes categorias de an?lise: pol?ticas p?blicas; processo formativo; incentivo ? doc?ncia e contribui??es, possibilidade e desafios. A disserta??o est? organizada em seis cap?tulos. O primeiro apresenta a introdu??o, o segundo o percurso metodol?gico. O terceiro aborda as pol?ticas p?blicas para as licenciaturas: contexto hist?rico e legal, discutindo as pol?ticas p?blicas nos cursos de licenciatura e no contexto da forma??o de professores no Brasil, bem como a trajet?ria das licenciaturas em geral e do curso de Pedagogia da UFVJM trazendo tamb?m o perfil dos acad?micos bolsistas do PIBID. No quarto, cap?tulo discute-se o PIBID no curso de Pedagogia da UFVJM enquanto processo formativo, focando a an?lise nas narrativas dos alunos e da coordenadora do subprojeto da Pedagogia. Finalmente, no quinto cap?tulo o PIBID como incentivo ? doc?ncia desafios e possibilidades, concomitante as an?lises das narrativas dos sujeitos colaboradores. O estudo evidenciou o PIBID como um programa que, al?m de incentivar a doc?ncia, contribui para o processo formativo dos acad?micos do curso de Pedagogia/UFVJM. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / This is an investigation that has as a research subject the Institutional Scholarship Program for the Promotion of Teaching - PIBID while training process to encourage the teaching, challenges, opportunities and contributions that to the Faculty of Education of the fellows of the Federal University of Vales Jequitinhonha and Mucuri - UFVJM, based in the city of Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. This research is linked to research line "Education, Subjects, Society, History of Education and Educational Public Policy" Master's Program in Education UFVJM. The guiding question we have: what challenges, possibilities and PIBID contributions in relation to encouraging teaching to the educational process of the academic Pedagogy course of UFVJM. The general objective is to analyse the challenges, opportunities and contributions PIBID in relation to encouraging teaching to the educational process of the academic course of Pedagogy of UFVJM. The research is in a case study that articulates the following methodological procedures: bibliographical research, documentary and qualitative and quantitative field. The subjects were employees Subject employees: 22 (twenty two) students and one (01) PIBID teacher coordinator of the course of Pedagogy of UFVJM. data collection instruments were the questionnaire and interview. For the analysis of the data was created the following categories of analysis: public policy; training process; encouraging and teaching contributions, possibility and challenges. The dissertation is organized into four chapters. The first presents methodological approach. The second deals with public policies for degrees: historical and legal context, addressing public policy for undergraduate programs and in the context of teacher education in Brazil, as well as the trajectory of the degrees in general and UFVJM the Faculty of Education bringing also the profile of fellow academics PIBID. In the third chapter discusses the PIBID the course of Pedagogy of UFVJM while training process, focusing on the analysis in the narratives of students and the Education sub-project coordinator. Finally, in the fourth chapter PIBID as encouraging the teaching challenges and possibilities, this also worked with the narratives of the subject employees. The study showed that the PIBID in UFVJM is consolidated as a teaching incentive program in a training process from the challenges, contributions and possibilities.

O estudo teve como propósito estabelecer uma ressignificação no que diz respeito às relações entre a democracia e as práticas educativas, tendo como foco a gestão democrática do ensino público, no Rio Grande do Sul. Parte da noção de que o Projeto da Modernidade assentava-se em promessas e possibilidades de libertação individual e coletiva que foram reduzidas quando sua trajetória enredou-se no caminho do desenvolvimento do capitalismo. Em decorrência, a racionalidade moderna preocupou-se com a instrumentalização e o controle das demandas sociais, e os sistemas de ensino curvaram-se aos ditames da racionalidade cognitivo-instrumental, adequando-se a novas formas de organização de poder e aos modelos do sistema econômico. Ao longo do processo histórico mais recente, a gestão da educação tem sido vista como um gerenciamento da ação coletiva com base no instituído, uma aplicação de uma determinação legal, em que predomina o distanciamento dialógico, provocando uma interação distorcida nas representações coletivas, produzindo efeitos negativos socialmente desintegradores. A partir dessa problemática, objetivou-se refletir sobre o complexo fenômeno da "gestão democrática", instituída pela Constituição Federal de 1988 e pela LDB nº 9394/96, como "Gestão Democrática do Ensino Público". Para melhor dar conta do que este fenômeno produz e os significados que se articulam, foi eleito o tema da democracia em sua produção de significados no campo empírico escolhido. A pesquisa apresenta de forma sucinta, o percurso de definição e concretização da gestão democrática no sistema estadual do Rio Grande do Sul. Apresenta informações sobre a legislação e normas, os programas e as visões institucionais encaminhadas às escolas, pelas instâncias executiva, legislativa e normativa, referentes ao tema, a partir da Lei nº. 10.576/95 que dispõe sobre a Gestão Democrática do Ensino Público no RS. Concentra atenção na trajetória de discursos governamentais de Antônio Britto - gestão 1995-1998 e Olívio Dutra - gestão 1999-2002 A investigação é concentrada na análise e interpretação das categorias normatividade e possibilidade no campo da legislação sobre a gestão do ensino, onde se discutem as tensões que atravessam a proposta de um processo emancipatório. A partir daí procurou-se apresentar as possibilidades de uma gestão cosmopolita fundada a partir da proposta de Boaventura de Souza Santos sobre o paradigma emergente, através dos procedimentos da sociologia das ausências e a sociologia das emergências, no sentido de expandir as experiências sociais disponíveis e as experiências possíveis, com vistas ao desenvolvimento de uma educação democrática de alta intensidade. Ao se fazer uma crítica ao modelo de racionalidade ocidental, permite-se desenvolver novas experiências educativas e, ao mesmo tempo, aproveitar às existentes, confrontando-as com as hegemônicas com vistas ao desvelamento das diferentes racionalidades presentes nas políticas públicas educacionais, apontando para a possibilidade de redimensionamento do campo educativo, principalmente no que diz respeito a ressignificação do conceito de gestão e democracia. A proposta de uma razão cosmopolita permite o aflorar de novas dinâmicas sociais capaz de oferecer uma alternativa credível ao capitalismo. / The following study aimed at establishing a remaining as far as relations between democracy and educational practices are concerned, having the public teaching democratic management in Rio Grande do Sul as the central point. It starts from the idea that the Modernity Project laid on promises and possibilities of individual and collective liberation that were reduced when its trajectory became entangled in the path of capitalism development. As a result, modern rationality engaged in the instrumentation and control of social demands, and teaching systems submitted to the principles of the social-cognitive rationality, adapting to the new forms of power organization and to the patterns of economic system. Considering the most recent historical process, education management has been seen as the management of a collective action based on what was established, the application of a legal determination, in which the dialogical distance prevails, provoking a distasted interaction in collective representations, producing socially disintegration negative effects. Taking this problematic into account, the reflexion on the complex phenomenon of the "democratic management", instituted by the Federal Constitution of 1988 and by LDB n. 9394/96, as "Public Teaching Democratic Management", was thought. For a better account of what this phenomenon produces and the meaning that are articulated, it was chosen the theme of democracy in its production meanings in the chosen empirical field. In a concise way the research presents the route of definition and accomplishment of the democratic management in the system of Rio Grande do Sul state. It presents information about the legislation and principles, the programs and institutional views sent to schools, by the executive, legislative and normative instances referring the theme, from law n. 10.576/95 which talks about the Public Teaching Democratic Management in RS. It concentrates its attention in the set of Antônio Brito's governmental speeches - management 1995-1998 and Olívio Dutra's management 1999-2002. The investigation concentrates on the analysis and interpretation of de normative categories and possibilities in the field of legislation on teaching management, where the tensions in which the proposal of an emancipation process go through, are discussed. This way we tried to present the possibilities of a cosmopolitan management based on Boaventura de Souza Santos' proposal on the emergent paradigm, though the procedures of absence sociology and emergency sociology, in the sense of expanding available social experiences and possible experiences, bearing in mind the development of a democratic education of high intensity. In reviewing the western rationality pattern, it is allowed to develop new educational experiences and, at the same time, make use of the existing ones, confronting them with the hegemonic ones aiming at disclosing different rationalities present at the educational public policies, pointing towards the possibility of dimensioning the educational field again, mainly regarding the remaining of the management and democracy concept. The proposal of a cosmopolitan reason allows the flourishing of new social dynamics capable of offering a credible alternative to capitalism. / El estudio tuvo el propósito de establecer una nueva significación en lo que dice respecto a las relaciones entre la democracia y las prácticas educacionales, centrándose en la gestión democrática de la enseñanza pública, en Rio Grande del Sur. Esa gestión se basa en la noción de que el Proyecto de la Modernidad se asentaba en promesas y posibilidades de libertación individual y colectiva que fueron reducidas cuando su trayectoria se envolvió en el camino del desarollo del capitalismo. Por consecuencia la racionalidad moderna se preocupó con la instrumentalización y el control de las demandas sociales y los sistemas de enseñanza se sometieron a los pareceres de la racionalidad cognitivo instrumental, adecuándose a las nuevas formas de organización del poder y los modelos del sistema económico. A lo largo del proceso histórico más reciente, la gestión de la educación tiene sido vista como un gerenciamento de la acción colectiva basada en la intención, una aplicación de una determinación legal, en la que predomine el distanciamento del dialogo, produciendo una interaccón distorcida en las representaciones colectivas, creando efectos negativos socialmente desintegradores. Desde esa problemática se pretendió refletir sobre el complejo fenómeno de la "Administración Democrática", establecida por la Constitución Federal de 1988 y por la LDB n° 9394/96 como "Gestión Democrática de la Enseñanza Pública". Para mejor esclarecer sobre lo que este fenómeno produce y los significados que se articulam, fue electo el tema de la democracia en sua producción de significados en el campo empírico elegido. La pesquisa presenta de forma resumida, el trayecto de definición y concretización de la administración democrática en el sistema estadual de Rio Grande del Sur. Presenta informaciones sobre la legislación y normas, los programas y las visiones institucionales encaminadas a las escuelas, por las instancias ejecutivas, legislativa y normativa, referentes al tema, a contar de la ley n°10.576/95 que dispone sobre la Gestión Democrática de la Enseñanza Pública en RS. Concentra atención en la trayectoria de discursos governamentales de Antonio Britto - gestión 1995-1998 y Olivio Dutra - gestión 1999-2002. La invetigación es concentrada en el análisis y interpretaciones de las categorias normatividad y posibilidad en el campo de legislación sobre la administración de la enseñanza, donde se discutem las tenciones que atraviesan la propuesta de un proceso de emancipación. Desde entonces se buscó presentar las posibilidades de una gestión cosmopolita fundada desde la propuesta de Boaventura de Souza Santos sobre el paradigma emergente, através de los procedimentos de la sociologia de las ausencias y a la sociologia de las emergencias, en el sentido de expandir las experiencias sociales disponibles y las experiencias posibles, con vistas al desarollo de una educación democrática de alta intensidad. Haciéndose una crítica al modelo de racionalidad ocidental, es posible desarrollar nuevas experiencias educativas, apuntando para la posibilidad de redimencionamiento del campo educativo, principalmente en lo que dice respecto a la nueva significación del concepto de gestión y democracia. La propuesta de una razón cosmopolita permite el afloramiento de nuevas dinámicas sociales capaces de ofrecer una alternativa confiable al capitalismo.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In the recent decision in Kellerman v South African Transport Services 1993 4 SA 872 (C) a claim for the loss of the use of a thing not utilised in the production of income was apparently allowed for the first time in South African law. A number of strict requirements were however set for such a claim. For a considerable time a claim has been recognised in English and German law even where a substitute was not hired and where the article was used for pleasure purposes. It is submitted that this should also be the position in South African law because the loss of the use of a thing per se has an independent value. It is further submitted that the interest on capital value method (as per English law) can be used as starting-point in the determination of quantum. A degree of flexibility is necessary to ensure fairness and equity. / In die onlangse beslissing in Kellerman v South African Transport Services 1993 4 SA 872 (K) is daar klaarblyklik die eerste maal in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg 'n eis om skadevergoeding weens gebruiksverlies van 'n saak wat nie in die produksie van inkomste gebruik is nie erken. Die hof stel egter 'n aantal streng vereistes vir so 'n eis. 'n Eis word al 'n geruime tyd in die Engelse en Duitse reg erken selfs waar 'n substituut nie gehuur is nie en waar sake bloot vir plesierdoeleindes gebruik is. Daar word submitteer dat dit ook die posisie in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg behoort te wees aangesien gebruiksverlies opsigself 'n selfstandige waarde het. Dit word verder aangevoer dat die rente-op-kapitaalwaarde-metode (soos in die Engelse reg) gebruik kan word as 'n uitgangspunt by kwantumbepaling. Ter wille van redelikheid en billikheid behoort die maatstaf 'n mate van buigsaamheid te he. / Private Law / LL. M.

A produção acadêmica motivada pela epidemia de HIV e Aids impulsionou as pesquisas relativas à sexualidade configurando novos campos de investigação, em especial sobre os gays. No entanto, não é significativa no Brasil a produção acadêmica que aborde a vulnerabilidade às DSTs a partir da identidade lésbica. A saúde sexual das mulheres presumidamente heterossexuais tendeu a permanecer subsumida à exclusiva preocupação com a reprodução ao longo da trajetória das políticas de atenção à saúde das mulheres, mesmo frente à Aids. De forma ainda mais acentuada que a sexualidade feminina heterossexual, a homossexualidade feminina tendeu à invisibilidade na sociedade brasileira e frente ao discurso médico-ginecológico. O advento da epidemia contribuiu para a manutenção desta invisibilidade por força da crença de que o corpo lésbico seria o único infenso à infecção pela via sexual. Nesta tese busca-se compreender a transformação discursiva do corpo lésbico dos primeiros tempos da epidemia até hoje. Mais especificamente, como um corpo imune à epidemia está calcada na idéia de que a vulnerabilidade das lésbicas é o passaporte para a afirmação/inclusão de um dado marco identitário na agenda de políticas públicas. Nesse sentido, o campo em que se desenha a disputa do corpo lésbico face às DST/Aids é marcado pela tensão entre prática sexual e identidade sexual. / The academical production motivated by HIV and Aids epidemic has impelled researches related to the sexuality configurating new investigations fields, mainly about gays. However, in Brazil, its not significant the academical production which addresses to the STD vulnerability taking into an account the lesbian identity. The sexual health of women, expected to be heterosexual, was be connected to the unique preoccupation about the reproduction. Along the course of policies in terms of the attention to the womens health, even facing AIDS. In a more increasing way, considering the heterosexual female sexuality, the female homo sexual has tended, on the Brazilian society, to the invisibility toward the medical / gynaecologic speech. The epidemic contributed to this invisibility maintenance by strong beliefs in which the lesbian body would be the unique immune to the infection through the sexual via. This thesis objectives is based on the study about the change regarding the speech construction of the lesbian body since the first stages of the epidemic. More specifically, how a body that is immune to the epidemic is transformed into a vulnerable body. The hypothesis that guides this paper is centered on the idea in which the lesbian vulnerability is the passport to the affirmation / inclusion of a certain marl of identity in public policies. This way, the field in which the lesbian body dispute is drawn regarding STDs/AIDS is marked by tension between sexual practice and sexual identity.

O estudo teve como propósito estabelecer uma ressignificação no que diz respeito às relações entre a democracia e as práticas educativas, tendo como foco a gestão democrática do ensino público, no Rio Grande do Sul. Parte da noção de que o Projeto da Modernidade assentava-se em promessas e possibilidades de libertação individual e coletiva que foram reduzidas quando sua trajetória enredou-se no caminho do desenvolvimento do capitalismo. Em decorrência, a racionalidade moderna preocupou-se com a instrumentalização e o controle das demandas sociais, e os sistemas de ensino curvaram-se aos ditames da racionalidade cognitivo-instrumental, adequando-se a novas formas de organização de poder e aos modelos do sistema econômico. Ao longo do processo histórico mais recente, a gestão da educação tem sido vista como um gerenciamento da ação coletiva com base no instituído, uma aplicação de uma determinação legal, em que predomina o distanciamento dialógico, provocando uma interação distorcida nas representações coletivas, produzindo efeitos negativos socialmente desintegradores. A partir dessa problemática, objetivou-se refletir sobre o complexo fenômeno da "gestão democrática", instituída pela Constituição Federal de 1988 e pela LDB nº 9394/96, como "Gestão Democrática do Ensino Público". Para melhor dar conta do que este fenômeno produz e os significados que se articulam, foi eleito o tema da democracia em sua produção de significados no campo empírico escolhido. A pesquisa apresenta de forma sucinta, o percurso de definição e concretização da gestão democrática no sistema estadual do Rio Grande do Sul. Apresenta informações sobre a legislação e normas, os programas e as visões institucionais encaminhadas às escolas, pelas instâncias executiva, legislativa e normativa, referentes ao tema, a partir da Lei nº. 10.576/95 que dispõe sobre a Gestão Democrática do Ensino Público no RS. Concentra atenção na trajetória de discursos governamentais de Antônio Britto - gestão 1995-1998 e Olívio Dutra - gestão 1999-2002 A investigação é concentrada na análise e interpretação das categorias normatividade e possibilidade no campo da legislação sobre a gestão do ensino, onde se discutem as tensões que atravessam a proposta de um processo emancipatório. A partir daí procurou-se apresentar as possibilidades de uma gestão cosmopolita fundada a partir da proposta de Boaventura de Souza Santos sobre o paradigma emergente, através dos procedimentos da sociologia das ausências e a sociologia das emergências, no sentido de expandir as experiências sociais disponíveis e as experiências possíveis, com vistas ao desenvolvimento de uma educação democrática de alta intensidade. Ao se fazer uma crítica ao modelo de racionalidade ocidental, permite-se desenvolver novas experiências educativas e, ao mesmo tempo, aproveitar às existentes, confrontando-as com as hegemônicas com vistas ao desvelamento das diferentes racionalidades presentes nas políticas públicas educacionais, apontando para a possibilidade de redimensionamento do campo educativo, principalmente no que diz respeito a ressignificação do conceito de gestão e democracia. A proposta de uma razão cosmopolita permite o aflorar de novas dinâmicas sociais capaz de oferecer uma alternativa credível ao capitalismo. / The following study aimed at establishing a remaining as far as relations between democracy and educational practices are concerned, having the public teaching democratic management in Rio Grande do Sul as the central point. It starts from the idea that the Modernity Project laid on promises and possibilities of individual and collective liberation that were reduced when its trajectory became entangled in the path of capitalism development. As a result, modern rationality engaged in the instrumentation and control of social demands, and teaching systems submitted to the principles of the social-cognitive rationality, adapting to the new forms of power organization and to the patterns of economic system. Considering the most recent historical process, education management has been seen as the management of a collective action based on what was established, the application of a legal determination, in which the dialogical distance prevails, provoking a distasted interaction in collective representations, producing socially disintegration negative effects. Taking this problematic into account, the reflexion on the complex phenomenon of the "democratic management", instituted by the Federal Constitution of 1988 and by LDB n. 9394/96, as "Public Teaching Democratic Management", was thought. For a better account of what this phenomenon produces and the meaning that are articulated, it was chosen the theme of democracy in its production meanings in the chosen empirical field. In a concise way the research presents the route of definition and accomplishment of the democratic management in the system of Rio Grande do Sul state. It presents information about the legislation and principles, the programs and institutional views sent to schools, by the executive, legislative and normative instances referring the theme, from law n. 10.576/95 which talks about the Public Teaching Democratic Management in RS. It concentrates its attention in the set of Antônio Brito's governmental speeches - management 1995-1998 and Olívio Dutra's management 1999-2002. The investigation concentrates on the analysis and interpretation of de normative categories and possibilities in the field of legislation on teaching management, where the tensions in which the proposal of an emancipation process go through, are discussed. This way we tried to present the possibilities of a cosmopolitan management based on Boaventura de Souza Santos' proposal on the emergent paradigm, though the procedures of absence sociology and emergency sociology, in the sense of expanding available social experiences and possible experiences, bearing in mind the development of a democratic education of high intensity. In reviewing the western rationality pattern, it is allowed to develop new educational experiences and, at the same time, make use of the existing ones, confronting them with the hegemonic ones aiming at disclosing different rationalities present at the educational public policies, pointing towards the possibility of dimensioning the educational field again, mainly regarding the remaining of the management and democracy concept. The proposal of a cosmopolitan reason allows the flourishing of new social dynamics capable of offering a credible alternative to capitalism. / El estudio tuvo el propósito de establecer una nueva significación en lo que dice respecto a las relaciones entre la democracia y las prácticas educacionales, centrándose en la gestión democrática de la enseñanza pública, en Rio Grande del Sur. Esa gestión se basa en la noción de que el Proyecto de la Modernidad se asentaba en promesas y posibilidades de libertación individual y colectiva que fueron reducidas cuando su trayectoria se envolvió en el camino del desarollo del capitalismo. Por consecuencia la racionalidad moderna se preocupó con la instrumentalización y el control de las demandas sociales y los sistemas de enseñanza se sometieron a los pareceres de la racionalidad cognitivo instrumental, adecuándose a las nuevas formas de organización del poder y los modelos del sistema económico. A lo largo del proceso histórico más reciente, la gestión de la educación tiene sido vista como un gerenciamento de la acción colectiva basada en la intención, una aplicación de una determinación legal, en la que predomine el distanciamento del dialogo, produciendo una interaccón distorcida en las representaciones colectivas, creando efectos negativos socialmente desintegradores. Desde esa problemática se pretendió refletir sobre el complejo fenómeno de la "Administración Democrática", establecida por la Constitución Federal de 1988 y por la LDB n° 9394/96 como "Gestión Democrática de la Enseñanza Pública". Para mejor esclarecer sobre lo que este fenómeno produce y los significados que se articulam, fue electo el tema de la democracia en sua producción de significados en el campo empírico elegido. La pesquisa presenta de forma resumida, el trayecto de definición y concretización de la administración democrática en el sistema estadual de Rio Grande del Sur. Presenta informaciones sobre la legislación y normas, los programas y las visiones institucionales encaminadas a las escuelas, por las instancias ejecutivas, legislativa y normativa, referentes al tema, a contar de la ley n°10.576/95 que dispone sobre la Gestión Democrática de la Enseñanza Pública en RS. Concentra atención en la trayectoria de discursos governamentales de Antonio Britto - gestión 1995-1998 y Olivio Dutra - gestión 1999-2002. La invetigación es concentrada en el análisis y interpretaciones de las categorias normatividad y posibilidad en el campo de legislación sobre la administración de la enseñanza, donde se discutem las tenciones que atraviesan la propuesta de un proceso de emancipación. Desde entonces se buscó presentar las posibilidades de una gestión cosmopolita fundada desde la propuesta de Boaventura de Souza Santos sobre el paradigma emergente, através de los procedimentos de la sociologia de las ausencias y a la sociologia de las emergencias, en el sentido de expandir las experiencias sociales disponibles y las experiencias posibles, con vistas al desarollo de una educación democrática de alta intensidad. Haciéndose una crítica al modelo de racionalidad ocidental, es posible desarrollar nuevas experiencias educativas, apuntando para la posibilidad de redimencionamiento del campo educativo, principalmente en lo que dice respecto a la nueva significación del concepto de gestión y democracia. La propuesta de una razón cosmopolita permite el afloramiento de nuevas dinámicas sociales capaces de ofrecer una alternativa confiable al capitalismo.

Domestic Science fulfils a most important role for mentally-handicapped children. Thanks to Domestic Science, children{\crq}s motor activity, speech, thinking, sensitivity, imagination and creativity improves considerably. It can help them to gain individual independence and increases the possibility of future employment. The goal of this study is to evaluate the conditions necessary for the provision of the Domestic Science in schools for mentally-handicapped children. In order to achieve this, a series of interviews has been undertaken with school directors as well as questionnaires with Domestic Science teachers. Analysis of school equipment for Domestic Science as well as course contents for the subject has taken place, resulting in a positive reaction from those interviewed.