The public debt is considered as an important indicator of the macroeconomic and financial stability of the domestic economy. It reflects a quality of the fiscal policy and the sustainability of the public finances. The public debt has been recently paid more attention in the context of the last financial and debt crisis initiated in 2008. A considerable amount of literature has been published on the topic of interconnections between budget balances and macroeconomic environment. However, the budget deficit is only a consequence of higher public expenditures than public revenues. Therefore, the debt is only an alternative source of financing the budget deficit. One of the main ideas of the doctoral thesis is that the macroeconomic effects of the fiscal policy represented by the budget deficits and effects of the public debt should differ. While activities of the fiscal policy effect the real economic indicators such as the GDP, an increase in the public debt effects the monetary indicators such as the exchange rate, the market interest rate and the money supply. The main object of the doctoral thesis is the analysis of the public debt development including the changes in the public debt structure broken down by debt instruments, currency, maturity and the holder profile. Besides, other main object is to analyse the macroeconomic effects of various forms of a public debt; firstly the attention is paid to different monetary effects of the domestic and the external public debt. The doctoral thesis suggests a new point of view to the analysis of the macroeconomic effects and sustainability of a public debt. The findings can be used in the decision making process; If a public deficit is supposed to be domestic debt or external debt financed. Apart from the effects of the changes in the outstanding debt, the effects of the changes in the public debt structure are examined.

This thesis investigates different issues related to the issuance of debt by sovereign bodies such as governments, under uncertainty about the future interest rates. Several dynamic models of interest rates are presented, along with extensive numerical experiments for calibration of models and comparison of performance on real financial market data. The main contribution of the thesis is the construction and demonstration of a stochastic optimisation model for debt issuance under interest rate uncertainty. When the uncertainty is modelled using a model from a certain class of single factor interest rate models, one can construct a scenario tree such that the number of scenarios grows linearly with time steps. An optimization model is constructed using such a one factor scenario tree. For a real government debt issuance remit, a multi-stage stochastic optimization is performed to choose the type and the amount of debt to be issued and the results are compared with the real issuance. The currently used simulation models by the government, which are in public domain, are also reviewed. Apparently, using an optimization model, such as the one proposed in this work, can lead to substantial savings in the servicing costs of the issued debt

The correlation between stock market returns and changes in bond market yields are of big interest among investors because this indicator helps them allocate their assets and diversify investment risk more effectively. An in- vestor should keep track of development of the economies of individual coun- tries, understand the causes of dissimilarities in the correlations among them and take these differences into account for successful international financial investment. The current author contributes to the existing researches by the modeling of stock-bond market co-movements using the updated datasets with focus on Central European countries and differences in public debt levels. The paper contains the empirical analysis of stock and bond market returns condi- tional correlations, modeled by the use of the Asymmetric Generalized Dynamic Conditional Correlation (AG-DCC) Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Het- eroskedasticity (GARCH) specification, for nine Western and Central European countries (the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary) that differ both by their geographic locations and economic development. The main distinctions in the correlations are ob- served during the European sovereign debt crisis. The three types of develop- ment are...

On propose d'analyser la gestion de la dette publique pour montrer que, si l’on tient compte des critères d’optimalité, la dette publique peut être un choix de financement du déficit public plus judicieux par rapport à la hausse des prélèvements obligatoires ou au seigneuriage. Pour ce faire, une étude comparative entre ces trois modes de financement est menée en tenant compte de leur faisabilité institutionnelle et en revisitant la notion d’optimalité d’un point de vue financier, i.e. compte-tenu des impacts sur la santé financière de l’Etat et d’un point de vue économique, i.e. par rapport à la performance économique du pays. Il est montré que la sous optimalité ou la non optimalité de la hausse des prélèvements obligatoires ou du seigneuriage peut être un motif incitant le Gouvernement à financer le déficit public par endettement. Toutefois, il est montré également que ce dernier doit répondre à des critères d’optimalité sinon il ne peut être considéré comme efficace. Par la suite, on montre que pour atteindre l’optimalité de la dette publique, le Gouvernement doit veiller à sa soutenabilité. Autrement dit, le Gouvernement doit éviter que la dette publique ne suive une tendance explosive qui risque de la rendre non optimale. Enfin, on met en avant le rôle que jouent les risques financiers dans la gestion de la dette publique pour montrer que c’est en partie la mauvaise prise en change de ces risques qui rend la dette publique non soutenable et non optimale. / The objective of this thesis is to analyze public debt management in order to show that, based on optimality criteria, public debt could be a more judicial financing choice in comparison with taxation or seigniorage. A comparative study between these three financing strategies is conducted by taking into consideration their respective institutional feasability and by revisiting the concept of optimality from a financial viewpoint, i.e. regarding the potential impacts on public finance soundness, and from an economic aspect, i.e. regarding the potential impacts on the economic performance of the country. The non optimality of taxation and seigniorage could be a motive for the Governement to finance public deficit by indebtedness. However, it must be highlighted that public debt must also comply with optimality criteria, otherwise it will be considered inefficient. Subsequently, it is shown that Government must aim at public debt sustainability in order to ensure its optimality. In other words, Governement must avoid public debt to follow an explosive path, which is likely to lead to its non optimality. Finally, the role of financial risks in public debt management is put forth in order to suggest that non optimal or non sustainable public debt is partly due to failing financial risk management. The case study is conducted in the member countries of the Indian Ocean Commission.

The thesis focuses on the subject Optimality of Maastricht fiscal criteria in the light of the economic theory. The first chapter presents the functions of public finances and the discrepancies in their understanding. It is aiming at some types of public deficits and their consequences. It introduces the topics concerning possiblities of public debt solving, Maastricht criteria and Stability and Growth Pact observance. The second chapter brings the opinions about unappropriate current fiscal criteria and offers many alternative possibilities to calculate them. The third chapter presents the European Commission prediction of public finances sustainability in Europe compared to the predictions in stability and convergence programmes of European countries. The second part of the last chapter focuses on the empirical analysis of different scenarios of public finances and other indicators development. The scenarios include fiscal arithmetic used for the Maastricht fiscal convergence criteria determination.

Esta dissertação apresenta um modelo de equilíbrio geral dinâmico, com serviço contingente da dívida soberana, construído para analisar os impactos dos impostos sobre o bem-estar. Neste modelo, variações na estrutura tributária (oriundas de reformas) afetam o bem-estar dos agentes de forma direta, em decorrência de distorções alocativas, e também por meio de seus efeitos indiretos sobre o risco de default da dívida soberana. Avalia-se, quantitativamente, para o caso brasileiro, os custos de bem-estar associados a cada tipo de imposto. Obtém-se que a perda total de bem-estar devida aos impostos vigentes no Brasil é próxima de 19% do consumo de longo-prazo. O ranking dos tipos de imposto mostra-se robusto, seja em termos de custos de bem-estar por unidade de receita arrecadada (sob a tributação vigente), seja em termos de custos de bem-estar adicionais por unidade de receita adicional. Do mais eficiente para o menos eficiente: imposto sobre consumo, imposto sobre a remuneração do trabalho, imposto sobre a remuneração do capital. Observa-se que um aumento de receitas tributárias por meio da elevação do imposto sobre o consumo ou do imposto sobre a remuneração do trabalho pode gerar custos negativos de bem-estar. Esta possibilidade existe em economias nas quais a elasticidade da probabilidade de default da dívida com relação às receitas governamentais é suficientemente elevada, e os custos adicionais de default não são desprezíveis. Constata-se ainda que resultados perversos (no sentido de contra-intuitivos e indesejáveis) podem sobrevir a mudanças bem-intencionadas na estrutura tributária. / This dissertation presents a general equilibrium model, with contingent service of sovereign debt, constructed to analyze the impacts of taxes on welfare. In this model, variations on the tax structure (originated from reforms) impact welfare directly, in the form of allocative distortions, and also through their indirect effects on the probability of default on sovereign debt. I evaluate, quantitatively, for Brazil, the welfare costs associated to each type of taxation. I find that the total welfare loss due to current taxation in Brazil is close to 19% of long-term consumption. The ranking of tax types demonstrates to be robust, both in terms of welfare costs per unit of revenue raised (under the current tax structure), and in terms of additional welfare costs per unit of additional revenue raised. From the most efficient to the least efficient: consumption tax, labor income tax, capital income tax. I observe that a growth in tax revenues through the increase in either consumption or labor income tax can generate negative welfare costs. This is a possibility in economies in which the elasticity of the probability of default in relation to the level of government revenues is high enough, and additional costs of default are substantial. I also find that perverse results (in the sense of being counter-intuitive and undesirable) may be generated by well-intentioned changes in the tax structure.

A relação entre Risco País e Dívida Pública pode ser expressa pelo próprio conceito atribuído ao termo Risco País, qual seja, a probabilidade de inadimplência de uma economia. Em outras palavras, esse busca refletir o grau de confiança dos agentes quanto à situação econômica de um país, fator esse importante para a propensão ao default. Dentro desse contexto, seria natural esperar que aumentos na relação Dívida/PIB elevassem a percepção de risco de uma economia, dado que sinalizam a diminuição da sua capacidade de pagamento. No entanto, principalmente entre os países emergentes, o comportamento acima nem sempre é verdadeiro, sendo o caso brasileiro um exemplo recente de que a relação observada nem sempre é direta. A maior parte dos trabalhos sobre esse assunto se concentra em tentar explicar o comportamento de longo prazo da trajetória de endividamento fiscal ou se restringem a abordar a Dívida Pública como uma variável explicativa chave do termo de Risco. Logo, existe uma lacuna a ser explorada nessa literatura dado que é possível argumentar a favor da presença de fatores não observáveis diretamente e que atuam na dinâmica dessas duas variáveis. Assim, nesse estudo defende-se a hipótese da existência de fatores não observáveis e externos aos fundamentos da economia capazes de alterar a percepção de risco dos agentes, e o próprio contexto de promoção de políticas fiscais. O grau de otimismo que influência as ações dos agentes econômicos é um desses fatores não observáveis. Diante do exposto, o objetivo dessa dissertação consiste em analisar a presença desses componentes na dinâmica do Risco-País e da Dívida Pública para a economia brasileira por meio da aplicação de modelos na Forma de Espaço de Estado (State Space Model) e estimação dos componentes via os estimadores recursivos de Filtro de Kalman e de Suavização. Tanto no estudo da relação Dívida/PIB como do Risco-País, os resultados apontam a presença de fatores não explicados integralmente pelas variáveis explicativas e que alteram o comportamento das séries, principalmente em momentos de maior turbulência, como no episódio do ataque de 11 de setembro em 2001 ou na eleição presidencial do Brasil em 2002. A análise desses componentes oferece um indício interessante sobre quando a economia brasileira está mais vulnerável ou não aos impactos de fatores externos ao controle governamental. / The relationship between Country-Risk and Public Debt can be expressed by the concept of Country Risk, that is, the probability of default of an economy. In other words, it intends to express the degree of confidence of the agents regarding the economic situation of a country, an important factor in assessing its propensity to default. In this context, it would be natural to expect that increases in the Debt/GDP ratio would raise the risk perception of the economy, as they signal the reduction of its capacity of payment. Nevertheless, especially among emergent countries, this relationship does not always works in the expected way, and the Brazilian case is a recent example of this situation. Most of researches on this subject concentrate in trying to explain the long run behavior of the trajectory of fiscal expenditure or constrain themselves to study the Public Debt just as a key- variable explaining the Risk term. Thus, there remains a field to be explored in this literature as it is possible to argue in favor of the presence of non-directly observable factors that impact the dynamic of both of these variables. In this sense, this work supports the hypothesis of the existence of non-observable factors external to the economic fundamentals that are able to change the risk perception of the agents, and even the context where the fiscal policies are implemented. The degree of optimism that influences the action of the economic agents is one of these non-observable factors. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the presence of those components in the dynamics of Country-Risk and Public Debt of the Brazilian economy through the application of State Space Models and the estimation of their components by using the Kalman Filter and Smoothing recursive estimators. In the study of both Debt/GDP and Country-Risk, the results point to the presence of factors that are not integrally explained by the explanatory variables but that change the behavior of the series, mainly in moments of higher turbulence, as it happened in the incident of the attack of September 11th in 2001 or in the presidential election in Brazil in 2002. The analysis of these components offers an interesting indication about when the Brazilian economy is more vulnerable or not to the impacts of the factors external to the governmental control.

Esta dissertação busca estudar estratégias eficientes para a gestão da dívida pública brasileira. Utiliza-se uma metodologia recorrente na literatura, que consiste em estimar e simular a economia através de um modelo estrutural Novo-Keynesiano e, em seguida, verificar qual o comportamento da relação Dívida/PIB para vários tipos de composição da dívida. Trabalha-se, portanto, com uma análise de risco e retorno para diversas carteiras da dívida, em uma abordagem focada na fronteira eficiente. Duas classes de modelos são utilizadas: backward-looking (BL) e o forward-looking (FL). A estimação foi realizada por Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários e a amostra utilizada foi trimestral, variando do primeiro trimestre de 1999 ao terceiro trimestre de 2010. Os resultados principais indicaram que, quando se trabalha com um modelo FL, as carteiras eficientes são compostas quase que exclusivamente por títulos indexados à inflação. Por outro lado, quando se utiliza um modelo BL, os resultados indicam que as carteiras eficientes são híbridas, sendo compostas por títulos de diferentes indexadores, incluindo grande parte de títulos indexados à inflação. / This dissertation studies efficient strategies for Brazilian public debt management. We use a common methodology in the literature, as we estimate and simulate the economy through a New-Keynesian structural model. Then we verify the Public Debt/GDP indicator behavior, considering different debt compositions. We utilize a risk/return analysis for each debt composition in an efficient frontier approach. Two types of models are specified: backward-looking (BL) and forward-looking (FL). We estimate the model by Ordinary Least Squares using a quarterly sample, available from the first quarter of 1999 to the third quarter of 2010. The main results show that when the economy has forward-looking features, efficient compositions are formed almost exclusively by inflation-linked bonds. In the other hand, when we utilize a backward-looking specification, results indicate that efficient compositions are formed by different types of bonds, including a large part of inflation-linked bonds.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier les effets de l’Endettement public sur la Croissance économique en présencede Non Linéarité. L’étude est appliquée aux pays membres de l’Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine. Uneétude théorique des caractéristiques et de l’évolution des agrégats macroéconomiques est faite dans le premier Chapitre.Dans le Chapitre 2, l’étude de la non linéarité entre Endettement Public et Croissance économique conclue á l’existenced’un seuil d’endettement optimal d’environ 80%. Ce seuil est obtenu grâce á la méthodologie de transaction brutal et detransaction lisse mais aussi une méthodologie d’estimation sur panel dynamique. Par la suite, une étude de la solvabilitéet de la soutenabilité est effectuée. Ce chapitre a permis de faire une étude approfondie de la stationnarité de la detteet de la cointégration des séries de recettes et de dépenses courantes. L’objectif de ce Chapitre étant d’étudier lescapacités de remboursements des pays de l’UEMOA. Enfin, le lien entre structure des dépenses publiques et Croissanceéconomique est étudier dans le dernier Chapitre.Un modèle à correction d’erreur a été utilisé pour étudier l’impact de lacomposition des dépenses publiques sur la Croissance économique. / This thesis aims to study the effects of public debt on the Economic Growth in the presence of Non Linearity. Thestudy is applied to the member countries of the Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa. A theoretical study ofthe characteristics and evolution of macroeconomic aggregates is made in the first chapter. In Chapter 2, the studyof the non-linearity between Public Debt and Economic Growth concluded in the existence of an optimal debt level ofabout 80%. This threshold is achieved through the methodology of brutal transaction and smooth transaction but also amethodology of estimation of dynamic panel. Subsequently, a study of solvency and sustainability is made. This chapterhas allowed a thorough study of the stationarity of the debt and cointegration series of revenue and expenses. Thepurpose of this chapter is to study the WAEMU countries repayment capacity. Finally, the link between the structure ofpublic expenditure and Economic Growth is studied in the last chapter. An error correction model was used to study theimpact of the composition of public expenditures on Economic Growth.

A Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF) foi criada em 2000, tendo como um de seus objetivos o de controlar e limitar o processo de endividamento dos estados brasileiros. No entanto, em 2016, a União acertou o refinanciamento das dívidas de alguns destes estados. Este trabalho busca analisar esta aparente contradição; a crise dos estados teria como origem fatores exógenos à LRF ou os mecanismos da LRF não foram suficientes para conter o comportamento de endividamento excessivo dos estados? Utilizando a metodologia de Bohn (1998), estimou-se cinco modelos: painel completo, separação regional, separação por critério endógeno, separação por gasto com pessoal em relação a receita corrente líquida e separação pelo critério da Resolução de número 40 do Senado Federal. As estimações contemplam quatro períodos: 2001 a 2015; 2008 a 2015; 2001 a 2020 e 2008 a 2020, e consideram tanto a dívida consolidada líquida quanto a bruta. Os resultados apontam que os instrumentos que foram criados são ineficientes, pois estados que não estão constrangidos por nenhuma punição da LRF não possuem uma trajetória sustentável da dívida. Por consequência, é reforçada a ideia de que há um comportamento de risco moral por parte dos estados, que procuram endividar-se excessivamente por considerarem que a dívida será renegociada pela União, comportamento este que só pode ser combatido a partir de aprimoramentos institucionais. / The \"Fiscal Responsibility Law\" (LRF) was created in 2000, having as one of its pillars the control of the regional states\' indebtedness process. However, in 2016, the federal government approved the refinance of such debts for some states. This paper seeks to analyze this seeming contradiction: the states\' crysis is due to factors that are exogenous to the LRF, or are the LRF mechanisms not sufficient to restrain the excessive indebtness by the states? Using Bohn\'s methodology (1998), five models are estimated: complete pannel, regional separation, separation by an endogenous criteria, separation by LRF\'s resolution to stafe workers expending (wages, pensions, etc) and separation by a Senate resolution\'s criteria. The estimations are made in four time frames: 2001-2015; 2008-2015; 2001-2020; 2008-2020, and both the net debt and the gross debt are considered. Results indicate that the instruments that were created by the LRF are inefficient, in the sense that states that are not punished or affected by said instruments do not follow a sustainable fiscal policy. Consequently, the idea of a moral hazard behaviour is reemforced: the states expect that the federal government will refinance its debt, so they do not follow a sustainable fiscal policy. This behaviour can only be stopped through institucional reforms.