We are provided countless products from the forest industry and has been through many years. Paper, paper board, packaging materials and furniture to mention a few. A special type of paper used in food packaging for example, is greaseproof paper. Many producers of greaseproof papers use the toxic and harmful group of chemicals called per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in coating since they possess grease resistance. Nordic Paper is a manufacturer of iamKraft® kraft paper and greaseproof paper with over a hundred years of experience without the use of PFAS. Without PFAS, they instead rely on excess refining to form a very dense paper. Nordic Paper has decided to introduce the addition of eucalyptus fibers to the softwood sulfate pulp to enhance the formation of the paper. This study aims to investigate the effects of ~20% addition of eucalyptus fibers to softwood sulfate pulp in regard to refiner energy expended, air permeance (as a measure of grease resistance) and formation. Laboratory work has been done on hand made sheets with a vacuum suction box in laboratory scale. Eight different pulps (four with addition of eucalyptus), provided from Nordic Paper Seffle AB, Säffle, with different refining degree was used in this study. The vacuum pressure used was 20 kPa through all tests, with dwell times 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 ms on sheets with a grammage of 50 g/m2. The study has shown that the pulp with ~20% addition of eucalyptus achieved 86°SR with only 82% expended energy relative to the softwood pulp, which had a refining degree of 87°SR. This small difference in refining degree led to a similar development in dewatering after 20 ms dwell time and 20 kPa, where the softwood pulp achieved a dryness of 9.2% and the pulp with addition of eucalyptus achieved 9.0% dryness. The formation of the softwood pulp was worse, which was the reason for the implementation of addition of eucalyptus. The air permeance on the other hand was not improved by the eucalyptus, but more data is needed to confirm since it is based on only one occasion. So, if the air permeance (grease resistance) allows, Nordic Paper Seffle AB may be able to save 20% in expended energy for refining of softwood sulfate pulp with addition of eucalyptus. / Vi tillhandahåller otaliga produkter från skogsindustrin och har gjort i många år. Papper, kartong, förpackningsmaterial och möbler för att nämna några. En speciell typ av papper som används i till exempel livsmedelsförpackningar är fettresistent papper. Många tillverkare av dessa papper använder den giftiga och skadliga gruppen av kemikalier som kallas per- och polyfluorerade alkylämnen (PFAS) i beläggning eftersom de har fettbeständiga egenskaper. Nordic Paper är en tillverkare av iamKraft® kraftpapper och ”greaseproofpapper” med över hundra års erfarenhet utan användning av PFAS. Utan PFAS förlitar de sig istället på extra malning av fibrer för att bilda ett mycket tätt papper. Nordic Paper har beslutat att införa tillsats av eukalyptusfibrer till sulfatmassa av barrved för att förbättra formationen på papperet. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka effekterna av ~20 % tillsats av eukalyptusfibrer till barrsvedssulfatmassan med avseende på förbrukad malningsenergi, luftpermeans (som ett mått på fettbeständighet) och formation. Laborationer har utförts på handgjorda ark med vakuumsuglåda i laboratorieskala. Åtta olika massor (fyra med tillsats av eukalyptus), tillhandahållna från Nordic Paper Seffle AB, Säffle, med olika malningsgrad användes i denna studie. Vakuumtrycket som användes var 20 kPa genom alla tester, med uppehållstider 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 och 20 ms på ark med en ytvikt på 50 g/m2. Studien har visat att massan med ~20% tillsats av eukalyptus uppnådde 86°SR med endast 82% förbrukad energi i förhållande till sulfatmassan, som hade en malningsgrad på 87°SR. Denna lilla skillnad i malningsgrad ledde till en liknande utveckling i avvattning efter 20 ms uppehållstid och 20 kPa, där sulfatmassan uppnådde en torrhalt på 9.2% och massan med tillsats av eukalyptus uppnådde 9.0% torrhalt. Formationen på sulfatmassan var sämre, vilket var anledningen till genomförandet av tillsats av eukalyptus. Luftpermeansen å andra sidan förbättrades inte av eukalyptusen, men mer data behövs för att bekräfta detta eftersom den enbart är baserad på ett enda tillfälle. Så om luftpermeansen (fettbeständigheten) tillåter kan Nordic Paper Seffle AB spara 20% i förbrukad energi för malning av barrvedssulfatmassa med tillsats av eukalyptus.

Följande studie syftar till att kartlägga planeringsprocessen och identifiera brister med den, samt ge förbättringsåtgärder för omrullningen på ett fallföretag. Genom utvecklingen av en generell konceptuell modell för att förbättra planeringsprocesser av omrullning. Under alla år har efterbehandlingsprocessen varit nedprioriterad på fallföretaget, och därmed också planeringsprocessen av den. Vid produktion av papper sker, som i många industrier, ett oväntat utfall av produkter som fått defekter under tillverkningen. Produkterna som har defekter kan oftast räddas och säljas genom att efterbehandlas, och en av dessa efterbehandlingar kallas omrullning. Att undersöka och förstå processer inom företag är avgörande för att göra förbättringar.   Studien presenterar förbättringsförslag som baserats på de brister som identifierades med planeringsprocessen. Förslagen innefattar bland annat att skapa ett effektivare IT-system, etablera tydliga kommunikationsvägar och öka engagemanget från ledningen. Dessa insatser kan öka effektiviteten, minska slöseri och bättre tillgodose kundernas behov, vilket ökar konkurrenskraften och lönsamheten inom pappersindustrin. Företaget kan implementera detta förbättringsarbete genom att tillsammans analysera och bryta ner målbilden till mindre små mål som går att uppnå på kort sikt. Baserat på insamlade data presenterar studien en konceptuell modell för att analysera och förbättra planeringsprocessen för omrullning. Förslag på vidare studier har getts, där det kan undersökas samma process på flera företag för att se om samma problematik finns där. Det är också vidare forskning att på fler företag använda den framtagna modellen för att analysera och förbättra planeringsprocesser för efterbehandling för att öka generaliserbarheten. / The following study aims to map the planning process and identify deficiencies within it, as well as provide improvement measures for the rewinding process in a case company. By developing a general conceptual model to enhance rerolling planning processes. Over the years, post-processing operations have been overseen, including the planning process associated with them. In paper production, like in many industries, defective products are generated during manufacturing. These defective products can often be salvaged and sold through post-processing, with one such process being rewinding. Examining and understanding processes within companies is crucial for making improvements. This study aims to map the planning process of rewinding and develop a conceptual model to enhance post-processing planning.   The study presents improvement suggestions based on the deficiencies identified in the planning process. The suggestions include creating a more efficient IT system, establishing clear communication channels, and increasing management involvement. These efforts can enhance efficiency, reduce waste, better meet customer needs, thereby increasing competitiveness and profitability within the paper industry. The company can implement these improvement efforts by collectively analyzing and breaking down the target vision into smaller short-term goals that can be achieved. Based on the collected data, the study presents a conceptual model for analyzing and improving the rerolling planning process. Suggestions for further studies have been provided, where the same process can be examined in multiple companies to determine if similar issues exist. Additionally, further research can be conducted in more companies using the developed model to analyze and improve post-processing planning processes, aiming to increase generalizability.

Sustainability has gained a lot of attention in the field of research. Researchers and consumers both prioritize sustainability and environmental issues over previously dominant materials, such as plastic. Packaging and disposable items that used to be made of plastic have largely been replaced with paper. Unfortunately, paper does not perform as well as plastic regarding barrier properties against grease, oxygen, or water vapor. Barrier properties are an important factor when choosing packaging material for food, among other things, as they help maintain the shelf life of the product. In order to improve the properties of the paper packaging and expand its use, the paper is coated with a polymer. However, the polymer contributes to challenges in the recycling of the products as some of the polymer attaches to the fibers, causing difficulties in the separation of each material. Small fragments of plastic may end up in the material streams and the recycled pulp due to the existing challenges in completely removing plastic from cellulosic substrates during recycling. This thesis analyzes the possibilities of identifying and classifying plastic fragments of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) in recycled paper sheets using near-infrared spectroscopy together with multivariate data analysis. The purpose of the work is to develop models that can identify possible residues that may appear in recycled products from various industries. Paper sheets of two different grammages and six different compositions of recycled fiber and virgin fiber were created and scanned by NIR, with and without plastic film under the sheets. The scans were used to develop classification models to identify and categorize scans not included in the calibration data set. The performance of the models was tested by applying them to images of sheets of paper with plastic fragments of different sizes and different type underneath. The results indicated potential in the method. The prediction of the paper sheets with a lower grammage was mostly correct, whereas the classification of polyethylene showed the best performance. There was some noise in the prediction of the plastic fragments, regardless of the grammage of the paper. The noise may be due to a wide variation in the calibration data set since it consisted of paper sheets of six different compositions. A large part of the noise was incorrectly classified as polyvinyl alcohol, which can be due to differences in the manufacturing process of the plastic films. The conclusion of the thesis is that it is feasible to identify and categorize plastic fragments of polyethylene and polyvinyl alcohol in recycled paper sheets with a certain margin of error. It can be stated that the method shows promise, but further research and development in the field is required to build models that can be applied to a wider range of samples.

The Study aims to evaluate what kind of systems buyers of raw materials use for handling the flow of information in their supply chain of raw materials. Due to the complexity of the topic, the Study is only examining the continuous exchange of information between suppliers and buyers of raw materials. The purpose of the Study is to provide recommendations to Boliden on which system is suitable for implementation at the company. The Study’s results were achieved by collecting both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected through interviews with raw materials buyers and trade organisations. A total of fifteen interviews were conducted in the Study. The secondary data was collected through a literature study. The results of the Study indicate that there exists four different solutions for managing the flow of information in a supply chain of raw materials. The most common solution among buyers of raw materials is to use the so-called “traditional” systems, i.e. e-mail, telephone and physical meetings. The second most common solution is to use an external information handling system provided by a trade organisation. The third most common solution is to use a commercial information handling system, i.e. a system provided by a commercial provider. Lastly, the least common solution is to develop an information handling system on its own, i.e. a proprietary information handling system. The conclusion of the Study is that Boliden should use two information handling system simultaneously, i.e. an external information handling system and the traditional information handling systems. However, Boliden should also look into the option of developing a proprietary information handling system.

No description available.

Utsläpp av CO2 till atmosfären bidrar till ökningen av globala temperaturer. Industrisektorn står för 20 % av utsläppen och utav dessa kommer 6 % från pappers- och massaindustrin. För att lyckas minska den globala temperaturhöjningen till under 1,5 °C hjälper det inte bara att minska utsläppen. Även negativa utsläpp måste genereras. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka implementeringen av CLG för att separera CO2 på ett energieffektivt sätt och samtidigt generera H2 och elektricitet. Processanalyser genomfördes för att undersöka möjligheten att implementera CLG-processen till ett typiskt massabruk. Processmodeller togs fram for att undersöka CLG, värmeåtervinning samt elektricitetsgenerering. Processmodellerna utvecklades med hjälp av Aspen Plus och Aspen HYSYS. De framtagna modellerna analyserades sedan med avseende på olika designparametrar inom CLG-processen. På ett typiskt massabruk som producerar 800 000 adt varje år kan 375 kg CO2/adt separeras och då uppnå negativa utsläpp, genom att byta ut multi-fuel forsrännaren med en CLG process. Den framtagna processmodellen skulle också kunna generera 360-504 kWh/adt av H2 beroende på de designparametrar som används för CLG-processen. Enligt modellen kan värme som återvinns från processen användas för att fånga upp ytterligare 13 % av CO2 från andra delar av bruket. Processanalys för olika designparametrar inom CLG systemet så som temperatur, luftflöde och flödet av syrgasbärare har presenterats. Nyckeltalen som undersöktes var den mängd CO2 som kunde fångas upp, mängd H2 genererad samt överskottet av elektricitet som produceras när multi-fuel förbränningen byts ut mot en CLG-process på ett typiskt massa bruk. / Emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere are contributing to the global temperature rise. The industrial sector contributed to 20 % of the emissions and out of that, 6 % are generated from the pulp and paper industry. To limit the temperature increase below 1,5 °C, the emissions not only need to be reduced but also negative emissions should be generated from different sectors. The purpose of this study is to realize the implementation of Chemical Looping Gasification (CLG) to separate CO2 (for permanent storage) in an energy-efficient way while co-generating H2 as well as electricity. Process analysis was carried out to investigate the possibility of substituting the multifuel boiler in a typical pulp mill with a CLG process. Process models for the CLG, heat recovery and electricity generation process were developed using AspenPlus and Aspen HYSYS. The process was analysed for different design conditions (temperature, autothermal condition, air flow, oxygen carrier flow) in the CLG process. It was found that in a typical pulp mill producing 800 000 adt per year, 375 kg- CO2/adt (14 % of total emissions from the process) can be inherently separated for storage to achieve negative emissions, if the multi-fuel boiler is replaced with a CLG unit. This process will also be able to generate 360-504 kWh/adt H2 depending on the design conditions in the CLG process. Heat recovered from the CLG unit can be utilized in capturing approximately 13 % additional CO2 from other sources in the pulp mill. Process analysis for different design conditions in CLG (temperature, airflow, oxygen carrier flow) have been presented. The key performance indicators were CO2 capture rates, H2 generated and net electrical output from the process.

The appearance and design of a package are key properties to attract and to focus the attention of a customer. Print quality contributes to a great degree to achieve these requirements. Most critical perceived in terms of quality are print defects like mottling, gloss and stripiness, which all appear in the printing of corrugated board. Stripiness is especially critical because it is a defect directly caused by the corrugated board construction. A further cause can be generated by the production process of corrugated board. Pre-studies by Odeberg Glasenapp (2004) revealed a difference in surface micro-roughness between the regions on the peak line of the liner and the regions in the valley between two peaks of the corrugation. This knowledge was the basis for the work described in this thesis. In a first stage, laboratory trials were conducted with sets of coated and uncoated samples of various grammages. The trial was set-up in order to simulate the conditions in the corrugator as closely as possible. In the evaluations, it was found out that the settings were too high. For that reason, the coated samples were influenced to a too high degree and needed to be excluded from further evaluations. With the uncoated samples, on the other hand, a change in micro surface roughness was detectable. The roughness is decreased on the peaks and the gloss appearance was the conclusion. The analysis of the printed samples focused on shifts in colour and print density. It is unclear if both are affected only surface roughness changes and/or by the typical corrugated board effect of washboarding. A full-scale test was performed in order to confirm the results of the laboratory test. A test series was chosen with coated and uncoated outer liners. Contrary to the lab-test results, the uncoated grades showed no surface roughness changes. Instead, the coated samples were affected to a great extent. The changes in surface roughness and gloss appearance were similar to the lab-test. This confirms that the lab-test samples were exposed to heat, pressure and shear to a too high degree. The print analysis of the full-scale test did not agree with the laboratory test. Gloss lines were visually detectable, but they were difficult to measure. A reason could be that the ink is capable on forming an ink film layer on top of the surface of the paper. This would cover the micro roughness of the matt parts thereby creating an almost homogeneous glossy appearance. / QC 20101116

The flexural and tensile properties of visually graded southern yellow pine lumber were modeled. Longitudinal and transverse vibration techniques and proof-loading bending tests were used to assess the flexural and tensile properties of southern pine lumber. The properties evaluated were dynamic modulus of elasticity (dMOE), static modulus of elasticity (Eb), tension modulus of elasticity (Et), and ultimate tensile stress (UTS). The tensile properties were evaluated in the direction parallel to the grain. This study presents the results of tests conducted on No. 2 2 × 6 and 2 × 10 southern pine lumber of two different lengths (14 ft. and 16 ft.). The results of the analysis show that nondestructive testing techniques are excellent to assess Et and Eb. Moderate relationships were found between dMOE and UTS and between Eb and UTS. Improvements in the prediction of UTS were done with the inclusion of additional parameters into the model. The combination of dMOE, density, and frequency domain area (FDA) generated the highest coefficient of determination for UTS. The distributions of flexural and tensile properties were analyzed for the goodness of fit. Normal distribution was found for Eb data whereas the lognormal distribution was the best fit for the tensile properties.

No description available.

Energisektorn står idag för en tredjedel av de globala växthusgasutsläppen och på senare tid har tillgången på energi blivit en alltmer kritisk fråga då energisystemets utveckling har en avgörande roll för att nå nationella och internationella klimatmål. Energipolitiska styrmedel reglerar bland annat att företag och energisystemets utveckling går i rätt riktning och på grund av att många faktorer behöver inkluderas är energipolitiken ett komplext arbete. Tidigare studier visar att flertalet energipolitiska styrmedel har varit effektiva i syfte att minska klimatpåverkan från industriella verksamheter. Att som företag vara uppdaterad på förändringar inom energimarknaden och utvecklingen av energipolitiska styrmedel har kommit att bli viktigt då de påverkar verksamhetens energianvändning. Den svenska industrisektorn är en central användare av energi, där massa- och pappersindustrin står för omkring hälften av den totala energianvändningen inom Sveriges industrisektor. Energi är en integrerad fråga i massa- och pappersindustrin med utmaningar gällande miljöpåverkan, resursutnyttjande och hantering av förändrade energipriser. Ökad energieffektivitet för energiintensiva industrier är dessutom en viktig del i den globala klimatomställningen. Att integrera energimanagement i verksamheten är ett verktyg för att genomföra energieffektiviseringsåtgärder. Tidigare forskning och modeller för implementering av energimanagement i industriella verksamheter inkluderar däremot inte energirelaterad omvärldsbevakning, vilket skapar utrymme för vidare forskning. Denna studie syftar till att genom en omvärldsbevakning identifiera hur nuvarande och framtida energipolitiska styrmedel påverkar kemiska massa- och pappersbruk, med avseende på el som energibärare. Vidare undersöks hur förändringar på elmarknaden kan komma att påverka den kemiska massa- och pappersindustrin. Resultatet analyseras med utgångspunkt från ett befintligt ramverk för strategiskt arbete med energimanagement. Avslutningsvis appliceras ett företagsperspektiv genom en fallstudie på ett företag inom den kemiska massa- och pappersindustrin, för att undersöka interna strategier för energirelaterad omvärldsbevakning. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod samt med ett deduktivt angreppssett genom främst litteratur- och intervjustudier. Resultatet visar att flertalet styrmedel påverkar massa- och pappersindustrin idag och att majoriteten av dessa även väntas göra det i framtiden. Pågående förhandlingar inom Fit for 55, där ett antal direktiv väntas justeras och förhandlas om, kommer medföra effekter på industrin. Vad gäller elsystemets förändringar kan elpriset komma att bli mer varierande, både under dygnet men även under året, vilket grundas i en kombination av ökad elektrifiering och implementering av fler intermittenta energikällor i elsystemet. För att hantera dessa förändringar kan massa- och pappersindustrin se möjligheter i att bidra till en minskad energianvändning, exempelvis genom att delta på flexibilitetsmarknaden. Den befintliga teoribildningen kring energimangagement är inte fullständig då tidigare forskning saknar omvärldsperspektiv. Ett utökat ramverk för energimanagement har därför tagits fram där omvärldsbevakning integreras som ytterligare nyckelkategori. Vidare presenteras en modell som illustrerar ansvarsfördelnig för energirelaterad omvärldsbevakning sett ur ett perspektiv där företag, branschorganisationer och EU inkluderas. Avslutningsvis visar studien att elintensiva företag bör formulera tydliga interna strategier för hur energirelaterad omvärldsbevakning ska inkluderas i energimanagement. / Today, the energy sector accounts for a third of the global greenhouse gas emissions. The supply of energy has recently become an increasingly critical issue as the development of the energy system plays a crucial role to achieve national and international climate goals. Energy policy instruments regulate the development of companies' energy use and the energy system, but since several factors need to be included the field of energy policies is complex. Previous research shows that energy policy instruments have been effective to reduce the climate impact of industrial activities. Due to the constant development of the energy market and modifications of energy policy instruments, enterprises need to stay updated on these changes as they affect the business's energy use. The Swedish industrial sector is a central user of energy, where the pulp and paper industry accounts for about half of the total use of Sweden's industrial sector. Therefore, energy is an integrated issue in the pulp and paper industry with current challenges in terms of environmental impact, resource utilization, and changing energy prices. Increased energy efficiency in energy-intensive industries is important for confronting climate changes and energy management is a tool for implementing energy efficiency measures. However, current energy management literature and models for implementation in industrial firms do not include energy-related external environmental monitoring, which enables further research. The aim of this study is by conducting an external environmental analysis, identify how current and future energy policies affect the chemical pulp and paper industry, concerning electricity as an energy carrier. Furthermore, the study also seeks to investigate how changes within the electricity market affect the chemical pulp and paper industry. The results are analyzed based on an existing conceptual framework of energy management. Finally, an organizational perspective is applied to a company in the chemical pulp and paper industry to examine internal strategies for energy-related external environmental monitoring. The study is based on a qualitative research method with a focus on a deductive approach. The results show that serveral policy instruments affect the pulp and paper industry today, and the majority of these are also expected to do so in the future. Ongoing negotiations within Fit for 55, where several directives are expected to be adjusted, will have effects on the industry. Regarding the changes in the electricity network, the price of electricity expects to become more variable, both during the day but also during the year, which is based on a combination of increased electricity use and implementation of intermittent energy sources. To deal with these changes, the pulp and paper industry can see opportunities in contributing to a reduction in energy use, for example by participating in the flexibility market. The existing studies in the field of energy management are not complete as previous research lacks an external perspective. An expanded framework for energy management has been developed, where external monitoring is integrated as an additional key category in an existing model. Moreover, this study presents a model illustrating the distribution of responsibilities for energy-related environmental monitoring, seen from a perspective that includes companies, industry associations, and the EU. To conclude, this study shows that electricity-intensive organizations should formulate internal strategies for how energy-related external environmental monitoring should be implemented and included in energy management.