Welding, as one of the most effective joining methods for metals, has been extensively applied in engineering usage for a long time. When cracks occur in the vicinity of weldments, weld repairs are frequently considered for crack repair to extend service life. In order to evaluate to what extent the weld repair has improved the fatigue life of a cracked welded structure, it is necessary to be able to determine the residual life of the cracked welded joint, as well as the life of the weld repaired joint. Both these assessments require that the fatigue crack growth data be available. The determination of crack propagation rates of welded and weld repaired structures is thus of paramount importance to implement a damage tolerant approach to structural life extension. However, since most studies on welded joints so far have concentrated on fatigue life evaluation, at the present time only limited information is available on crack propagation rates in welded joints, and virtually none on fatigue behaviour and crack propagation in weld repaired joints. This thesis has focused on examination of fatigue and crack propagation behaviour in as welded and weld repaired aluminium alloy 5083, a weldable marine grade alloy extensively used in construction of high speed ferries and aerospace structures. Crack growth rates were measured during constant amplitude fatigue testing on unwelded, as-welded and weld repaired specimens of 5083-H321 aluminium alloy. A 3-D finite element analysis was conducted to determine the stress intensity factors for different lengths of crack taking into account the three-dimensional nature of the weld profile. The effects of crack closure due to weld residual stresses were evaluated by taking measurements of the crack opening displacements and utilised to determine the effective stress intensity factors for each condition. Metallurgical examinations and fractography of the fracture surface were conducted using an optical microscope and SEM. It was found that crack growth rates in welded plates are of the same order of magnitude as those of parent material when effective stress intensity factors were applied. However weld repaired plates exhibit higher crack growth rates compared to those of unwelded and once-only welded plates.

The paper gives a detailed examination of the pragmatic features of spontaneous (unprepared) conversation in English. The analysis is based on radio and everyday conversations. It covers such pragmatic features as backchannels, overlaps, and repairs. Two types of spontaneous conversations were subjected to analysis – partially prepared radio discussions and spontaneous (unprepared) everyday conversations. The method chosen for the study was conversation analysis. The research demonstrated that the spontaneous everyday conversations were more ‘messy’ in terms of produced backchannels and overlaps since all the speakers were self-selectant and there was no monitor, as in the radio discussions. However, the radio discussions contained more repairs which were due to a high planning effort on the part of the speakers. All the analyzed disfluencies proved to be natural components of face-to-face interactions performing the function of cooperation. The disfluencies for the most part did not add to the main content of the conversations and discussions; however, some modifications in the speakers’ utterances did take place as a reaction to certain backchannels and overlaps. The disfluencies appeared to be useful devices used for the expression and interpretation of the intended meanings of the speakers. / Šitas darbas detaliai nagrinėja spontaniško (neparuošto) pokalbio pragmatinius bruožus anglų kalboje. Tyrinėjimas apima tokius pragmatinius bruožus kaip atsakomosios reakcijos signalai (backchannels), taisymai (repairs) ir overlaps, kai pokalbio dalyviai kalba vienu metu. Spontaniškiems pokalbiams yra būdingos kalbėtojų kaitos procesai, kurie gali pasižymėti įvairiais kalbėjimo nesklandumais (disfluencies). Kalbėjimo nesklandumai yra būdingi visiems pokalbių tipams (žanrams). Šito darbo dėmesio centre yra faktoriai, sąlygojantys spontanišką bendravimą; skirtumai tarp spontaniško ir paruošto pokalbio; šnekos nesklandumų tipai radijo ir kasdieniame spontaniškame bendravime, ir reliatyvus šitų nesklandumų dažnumas abėjų tipų pokalbiuose. Dažniausiai kalbėtojų kaitos procesų ypatybės ir leidžia atskirti pokalbių tipus ( rūšis). Paruoštame pokalbyje perėjimas nuo vieno kalbėtojo pasisakymo prie kito yra sklandus: vienas kalbėtojas pradėda, užbaigia savo pasisakymą, po to kitas kalbėtojas pradėda kalbėti ir užbaigia savo pasisakymą. Toks sklandumas išplaukia iš kalbėtojų išankstinio žinojimo, ką sakyti ir kiek sakyti. Spontaniškame pokalbyje kalbėtojai tokio žinojimo neturi; bendravime nėra aiškiai apibrėžto plano, dėl to jam yra būdingi kalbėjimo nesklandumai. Buvo analizuoti du spontaniškų pokalbių tipai- iš dalies paruoštos radijo diskusijos ir spontaniški (neparuošti) kasdieniai pokalbiai. Tyrimo tikslai buvo: apibrėžti pasitaikusių nesklandumų tipus radijo ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

A significantly large stock of housing has been realised In Turkey during the past five decades, building the cities almost entirely anew. This has shifted the central concern from production, design and ownership issues in the housing sector to that of housing management. The major problem in housing for the coming decades is not how to maintain the growth of the stock further, but how to efficiently use and improve the existing assets. Currently, no central or local authority is responsible for the management, running or control at any scale, but only the residents and property owners responsibilities exist at the individual plot scale. There is evidence of greater efficiency however, for the need of housing management at supra-plot scales. The hypothesis of the study in this context is that no part of the stock is without problems in terms of management. This is empirically investigated by two complementary analyses based on two distinct surveys. The first analysis demonstrated that the role of tenure and income on expenditures on housing, especially expenditures for repairs and maintenance are dominant. A three-fold difference is observed between tenants and owner-occupiers, and 10 times between households of highest and lowest incomes. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance is 1.9 times greater in the apartment stock and 1.2 times more in the &amp / #8216 / gecekondu&amp / #8217 / dwellings than in individual &amp / #8216 / houses&amp / #8217 / . Lowest levels of expenditures are observed in oldest part of the stock, in less developed neighbourhoods, and in stock with lowest rental values. According to the results of the second analysis, organisational tendencies of household groups varying in their characteristics are not sharply differentiated as in their expenditures. One most significant factor is tenure. Tenants are observed to have a weaker sense of dedication and identity in the dwellings they occupy and in neighbourhoods they live. Current management problem issues could then be identified as: low-income households, tenant households, stock with low rental values, aged stock and undeveloped neighbourhoods. Some of the most significant policy tools for tackling these problems are credit opportunities to be made available to households for repairs and maintenance in such problem areas, subsidies in terms of tax deductions, material incentives, technical support and public investments in degraded localities to boost economic activities which are eventually to initiate private investments.

Detta är en korpusundersökning av tankepausen spelande fingrar i svenskt teckenspråk. Ett förslag på indelning av tankepauser presenteras samt hur frekvent olika tankepauser förekommer. Spelande fingrar är den tredje största kategorin av tankepauser i materialet, de allra flesta tankepauser med spelande fingrar förekommer inuti en samtalstur och majoriteten av alla reparationer i samband med spelande fingrar är lyckade reparationer. / This is a corpus-based study of the hesitation paus wiggly-fingers in Swedish sign language. A suggestion how to categorise hesitation pauses are presented and how often different kind of hesitation pauses appears. Wiggly-fingers is the third biggest group of hesitation pauses in in the corpus, the majority of pauses with wiggly-fingers appears within a turn of conversation and a majority of all the repairs connected to wiggly-fingers are successful repairs.

This work deals with technology of rework and repairs of electronic soldering assemblies. The work is primarily focused on the rework and repairs of electronic soldering assemblies with the light emitting diode. The theoretical part describes the technological methods of soldering and reworking of electronic assemblies, their diagnostics, evaluation of their influence on reliability and functional properties. The practical part is focused on the real application of technological procedures of rework and repairs, their testing and evaluation. Furthermore there is described and tested the influence of thermal load during soldering on the properties of light emitting diodes.

[pt] Os materiais compósitos foram desenvolvidos para substituir o uso de ligas metálicas em aplicações de alto desempenho, se tornando materiais muito utilizados devido a uma ampla combinação de propriedades mecânicas. O setor de oleodutos, com o passar dos anos, tem enfrentado problemas nas tubulações devido ao envelhecimento e deterioração causados, principalmente, pela corrosão. Para solucionar esses problemas, normalmente, são utilizados reparos convencionais feitos com materiais metálicos tendo a finalidade de substituir a parte danificada. Porém, esse processo é muito trabalhoso e o setor de oleodutos tem visto como alternativa o uso de materiais compósitos poliméricos reforçados com fibra como reparo. As principais vantagens em relação aos reparos convencionais são a alta relação resistência-peso, a baixa concentração de tensão e a fácil aplicação. Entretanto, muitos estudos já mostraram que quando expostos a ambientes agressivos como temperatura, umidade e radiação ultravioleta, os materiais compósitos podem se deteriorar, ou seja, perdem suas propriedades mecânicas. Com isso, é importante analisar o efeito desses ambientes com o intuito de prever o comportamento mecânico, a vida útil e as possíveis falhas do reparo de juntas coladas. Com a finalidade de entender o comportamento mecânico, a adesão e a vida útil da junta adesiva, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar o envelhecimento de reparos em uma atmosfera salina. Foram utilizadas juntas Double-Lap Shear – DLS de compósito polimérico reforçado com fibra de vidro sobre um substrato de aço. As juntas foram fabricadas com quatro tipos tratamentos superficiais diferentes: I) Sem Silano / lixamento manual; II) Sem Silano / máquina Monti; III) Com Silano / lixamento manual; IV) Com Silano / máquina Monti. Os reparos de juntas coladas foram analisados em relação aos efeitos de temperatura (35 graus C, 55 graus C e 70 graus C) e da exposição a ambientes de névoa salina por um tempo de envelhecimento de até 6830h. O efeito do envelhecimento e a variação das propriedades mecânicas foram avaliados pelo ensaio destrutivo DLS e foi utilizado o ensaio não destrutivo de ultrassom para detectar o tamanho e localização dos defeitos. Como resultado, observou-se que quanto maior a temperatura de envelhecimento mais rápida foi a degradação das propriedades mecânicas e que as amostras que possuem silano, mantiveram maior resistência ao longo do tempo de envelhecimento. Também foi observado que o modo de falha de junta mudou com o passar do tempo e da temperatura tornando a falha adesiva a mais comum. Em relação ao ensaio de ultrassom, foi observado que a técnica de ultrassom foi eficiente para localizar e dimensionar o tamanho dos defeitos. Porém, não foi possível fazer uma comparação do aumento da área de defeitos com a variação das propriedades mecânicas. / [en] Composite materials have been developed to replace the use of metal alloys in high-performance applications, becoming widely used materials due to their broad combination of mechanical properties. Over the years, the pipeline sector has faced problems in pipelines due to aging and deterioration caused mainly by corrosion. To solve these problems, conventional repairs made with metallic materials are usually used to replace the damaged part. However, this process is very laborious, and the pipeline sector has seen the use of fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials as an alternative for repair. The main advantages compared to conventional repairs are high strength-to-weight ratio, low stress concentration, and easy application. However, many studies have shown that when exposed to aggressive environments such as temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation, composite materials may deteriorate, meaning they lose their mechanical properties. Therefore, it is important to analyze the effect of these environments to predict the mechanical behavior, service life, and possible failures of adhesive joint repairs. In order to understand the mechanical behavior, adhesion, and service life of the adhesive joint, the aim of this work was to analyze the aging of repairs in a saline atmosphere. Double-Lap Shear (DLS) joints made of fiberglass-reinforced polymer composite on a steel substrate were used. The joints were made with four different surface treatments: I) Without Silane / manual sanding; II) Without Silane / Monti machine; III) With Silane / manual sanding; IV) With Silane / Monti machine. The bonded joint repairs were analyzed for the effects of temperature (35 degrees C, 55 degrees C, and 70 degrees C) and exposure to salt spray environments for an aging time of up to 6830h. The effect of aging and variation of mechanical properties were evaluated by destructive DLS testing, and non-destructive ultrasonic testing was used to detect the size and location of defects. As a result, it was observed that the higher the aging temperature, the faster the degradation of mechanical properties, and that samples with silane maintained greater resistance over the aging time. It was also observed that the joint failure mode changed over time and temperature, making adhesive failure more common. Regarding ultrasonic testing, it was observed that the technique was effective in locating and sizing defects. However, it was not possible to compare the increase in defect area with the change of the mechanical properties.

Flooding is a global challenge that has plagued mankind throughout history, affecting over 164 million people worldwide in 2007 alone. As the frequency of flooding increases in England and Wales coupled with an increase in the number of properties at risk of flooding and the attendant huge (insured) economic costs of flooding, the services received by homeowners during flood damage repair works, have not been spared criticism, Both the Welsh Consumer Council report and the Warwickshire Trading Standards report raised serious questions about the level of service in insurance claims for the repair of flood-damaged domestic property. This research project was therefore aimed at investigating the level of service quality and determinants of homeowners’ satisfaction in England and Wales with respect to flood damage repair works during insurance claims. A comprehensive literature review was conducted on customers’ needs, satisfaction and service quality, flooding and related issues, and the repair of flood damaged domestic property, in order to set the framework for the research and shape the development of the research questions/hypotheses. The study employed a two-phased sequential mixed methods approach, commencing with 20 in-depth interviews with homeowners, repairers, insurers and loss adjusters. Findings from the initial exploratory study (and from the literature review) informed the development of a questionnaire instrument, which incorporated elements of SERVQUAL, the generic service quality measurement instrument. Survey data were collected for the quantitative phase of the study from a sample of 126 homeowners, which was then analysed to test the hypotheses put forward in the study. The data did not yield a set of reliable and interpretable factors of service quality from the three service quality scales used to measure homeowners’ perceptions of the performance of insurers, loss adjusters and contractors. However, of the three key service providers, the contractor’s performance was the best predictor of homeowners’ overall satisfaction during flood damage reinstatement claims, accounting for seven times the combined unique contribution of insurance and loss adjusting firms. In addition, satisfaction levels were significantly different for homeowners whose claims for repair works were completed within six months compared to those repairs exceeded twelve months. The thesis concludes with implications of the findings for practice as well as recommendations for further research. It is argued that knowledge of the determinants of homeowners’ satisfaction with services during the repair of flood damaged property, is beneficial not only to insurers, loss adjusters and repairers but to homeowners as well.

在交談中在人們的交談中，順暢不間斷的話語是很少存在的。說話者對話語的修復 (repair)才是口語會話中普遍存在的現象。而修復的使用會因為可執行的語用功能有所不同，同時也可能受到學習者的語言程度而有所影響。過去國內外已有許多關於自我修復的研究，但是針對以華語為第二外語學習者的自我修復現象，則尚未見到較為深入的研究。本研究主要為了瞭解華語學習者使用的修復方式 (repair) 以及語用功能 (Pragmatic Function) 和他們的華語程度之間的關係。 為達研究目的，本研究採用實地錄製而來的語料分析。 一共使用九份語料， 受試者來自不同的國家學習華語者，年齡層約介於19-30歲之間。依他們的華語程度分成中級、中高級、高級三個等級。 在每個等級中，皆採用三份會話語料，而這三份會話語料之受試者性別分別是男女、女女、男男，總共採用18名受試者的語料，他們彼此的關係都是好朋友或為同班同學。每筆語料約擷取三十分鐘的長度，對話的形式則是面對面的、未經事先計畫的真實、自然的互動。 語料蒐集後，依照不同的修復方式分為：重複、補全、詳述、替代、重啟、重組六種；說話者的語用功能為：保留話輪、補充說明、更正、確認。所有語料經過分類統計過後，結果發現：1.程度較高的學習者修復次數比程度低的多；2.說話者做的詞彙方面的修復頻率高於句法方面的修復；3.說話者使用的修復方式受到語用功能與句法的影響，其偏好順序為：重複、詳述、替代、補全、重啟、重組；4.說話者為保留話輪使用重複多於補全與重啟；為補充說明說話者使用詳述多於替代與重組；為確認使用重複多於替代與補全；5.說話者的程度不影響為保留話輪與確認所做的修復方式，只有在補充說明此功能中的替代這種方式有顯著差異。 / Many linguists have found that perfect utterances do not actually exist all the time during a conversation. In fact, an unclear message is usually sent and need to be Repaired. This study aims to investigate self-Repairs made by Chinese learners, in particular with respect to inter-relationships among repair types, the pragmatic functions of repairs, and the speaker’s language proficiency. Data analyzed in this study are collected from nine dyadic, face-to-face daily conversations, each lasting at least 30 minutes. There are 18 participants from different countries aged between 19 and 30. They are divided into three different groups according to their language level. In order to see whether the different interactions between Repair types, pragmatic functions and speaker’s proficiency is significant or not, this study will use ANOVA to analyze those data. The findings are as follows: For the pragmatic function of Floor-holding, speakers use Repeat more than Complete and Restart. For the pragmatic function of Clarification, Elaboration is the type most frequently used, and then follows the types Replace and Reorder. For the pragmatic function of Confirmation, Repeat is also the most favored type. With the speaker’s language level taken into consideration, this study finds that interlocutors’ proficiency does not influence the choice of Repair types to serve the pragmatic function of Floor-holding and Confirmation. The only significant difference found in the pragmatic function of clarification is found in intermediate level and high level.

Obstetric surgical repair is the common therapeutic intervention available to women with obstetrical fistula. While surgical repair can address the physical symptoms, it may not end the psychological challenges that women with fistula face. This longitudinal study investigated the effects of surgical obstetric fistula repairs on the severity of depression and anxiety associated with obstetric fistula among 219 women admitted at six fistula hospitals in Ethiopia. Data was collected through structured Likert-scale questionnaire both on admission (prior to surgical obstetric fistula repairs) and on discharge (post obstetric fistula repairs).. Statistical Package for Social Science plus Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-AMOS) version 20 was used for data analysis. Findings indicate that women with obstetric fistula have higher psychological distress such as depression (91%) and anxiety (78%) pre-surgical repair than post-surgical repair. These psychological distresses were exacerbated by poor social and psychological support of women with obstetric fistula by the family and health care professionals. The findings were used to develop integrated mental health treatment model for women with obstetric fistula in order to address psychological health needs of this population. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Com o crescente número de ocorrências patológicas encontradas nas estruturas de concreto armado, conforme levantamento de danos realizado por Dal Molin, 1988; Andrade, 1997, cresce também a demanda por serviços de inspeção e manutenção nos condomínios residenciais no Estado de Pernambuco e em todo o País. Entretanto, é possível observar que a prática de inspeções periódicas ainda não faz parte da cultura de uma determinada faixa da população, que não possui meios econômicos, e conhecimento da importância da manutenção para garantir a integridade da estrutura. Estas inspeções visam detectar danos à estrutura em tempo hábil a minorar os custos de reparo, aplicando assim uma manutenção preventiva como forma de garantir a vida útil estimada em projeto para a edificação. Foi utilizado neste trabalho um roteiro de inspeção com utilização de ensaios e metodologia de quantificação de danos, para verificar o estado de degradação de três edifícios residenciais, com mais de vinte anos de construídos e próximos à orla marítima onde a agressividade ambiental é forte. A deterioração encontrada em cada um dos edifícios foi devido à intervenção inadequada realizada em cada prédio. A última intervenção realizada na Edificação A, foi corretiva executada por mão de obra não qualificada orientada pelo próprio condomínio, que não tem conhecimento técnico na área de engenharia civil. Na edificação B, a situação é semelhante, agravada pela opinião de alguns condôminos de que não há necessidade desta rotina, mesmo a estrutura estando em estado crítico, conforme confirmado com a aplicação da metodologia ora proposta. E para a edificação C, na ocasião da pesquisa, existia uma empresa de engenharia civil executando os serviços de manutenção, porém isto se deve, de forma pontual, a gestão atual do condomínio / With the growing number of serious problems found in the reinforced concrete structures, according to the research on damage done by Dal Molin in 1998 and Andrade 1997, there has been a growing demand for inspections and the maintenance of residential buildings both in Pernambuco and country as a whole. However, it is possible to observe that the practice of periodical inspections is still not part of the culture of a specific section of the population, who don`t have the financial means nor a knowledge of the importance of maintenance as a guarantor of the building`s safety. These inspections aim to detect structural faults in time to minimize repair costs. Preventative maintenance is meant to guarantee the useful life of the building. In this study, there was an inspection schedule using tests and a methodology to measure damage, to check the state of direpair of three residential buildings, all more than 20 years old, all on the coast where the environmental effects are strong. The deterioration found in each of these buildings was due to inadequate preventative measures. The last action taken in Building A was undertaken by unqualified labourers directed by the condominium with no technical knowledge in the area of the civil engineering. In Building B, the situation is similar, worsened by the opinion of several residents who think that there in no need for this kind of inspection. And this even though the building is in a critical state according to the research done. As for Building C, at the time of our research, there was a civil engineering firm performing maintenance services, though this is due to last minute action taken by the present management of the building