La migration de données entre des sources aux schémas hétérogènes est un domaine en pleine croissance avec l'augmentation de la quantité de données en accès libre, et le regroupement des données à des fins d'apprentissage automatisé et de fouilles. Cependant, la description du processus de transformation des données d'une instance source vers une instance définie sur un schéma différent est un processus complexe même pour un utilisateur expert dans ce domaine. Cette thèse aborde le problème de la définition de mapping par un utilisateur non expert dans le domaine de la migration de données, ainsi que la vérification du respect par ce mapping des contraintes d'accès ayant été définies sur les données sources. Pour cela, dans un premier temps nous proposons un système dans lequel l'utilisateur fournit un ensemble de petits exemples de ses données, et est amené à répondre à des questions booléennes simples afin de générer un mapping correspondant à ses besoins. Dans un second temps, nous proposons un système permettant de réécrire le mapping produit de manière à assurer qu'il respecte un ensemble de vues de contrôle d'accès définis sur le schéma source du mapping. Plus précisément, le premier grand axe de cette thèse est la formalisation du problème de la définition interactive de mappings, ainsi que la description d'un cadre formel pour la résolution de celui-ci. Cette approche formelle pour la résolution du problème de définition interactive de mappings est accompagnée de preuves de bonnes propriétés. A la suite de cela, basés sur le cadre formel défini précédemment, nous proposons des algorithmes permettant de résoudre efficacement ce problème en pratique. Ces algorithmes visent à réduire le nombre de questions auxquelles l'utilisateur doit répondre afin d'obtenir un mapping correspondant à ces besoins. Pour cela, les mappings possibles sont ordonnés dans des structures de treillis imbriqués, afin de permettre un élagage efficace de l'espace des mappings à explorer. Nous proposons également une extension de cette approche à l'utilisation de contraintes d'intégrité afin d'améliorer l’efficacité de l'élagage. Le second axe majeur vise à proposer un processus de réécriture de mapping qui, étant donné un ensemble de vues de contrôle d'accès de référence, permet d'assurer que le mapping réécrit ne laisse l'accès à aucune information n'étant pas accessible via les vues de contrôle d'accès. Pour cela, nous définissons un protocole de contrôle d'accès permettant de visualiser les informations accessibles ou non à travers un ensemble de vues de contrôle d'accès. Ensuite, nous décrivons un ensemble d'algorithmes permettant la réécriture d'un mapping en un mapping sûr vis-à-vis d'un ensemble de vues de contrôle d'accès. Comme précédemment, cette approche est complétée de preuves de bonnes propriétés. Afin de réduire le nombre d'interactions nécessaires avec l'utilisateur lors de la réécriture d'un mapping, une approche permettant l'apprentissage des préférences de l'utilisateur est proposée, cela afin de permettre le choix entre un processus interactif ou automatique. L'ensemble des algorithmes décrit dans cette thèse ont fait l'objet d'un prototypage et les expériences réalisées sur ceux-ci sont présentées dans cette thèse / Data exchange between sources over heterogeneous schemas is an ever-growing field of study with the increased availability of data, oftentimes available in open access, and the pooling of such data for data mining or learning purposes. However, the description of the data exchange process from a source to a target instance defined over a different schema is a cumbersome task, even for users acquainted with data exchange. In this thesis, we address the problem of allowing a non-expert user to spec- ify a source-to-target mapping, and the problem of ensuring that the specified mapping does not leak information forbidden by the security policies defined over the source. To do so, we first provide an interactive process in which users provide small examples of their data, and answer simple boolean questions in order to specify their intended mapping. Then, we provide another process to rewrite this mapping in order to ensure its safety with respect to the source policy views. As such, the first main contribution of this thesis is to provide a formal definition of the problem of interactive mapping specification, as well as a formal resolution process for which desirable properties are proved. Then, based on this formal resolution process, practical algorithms are provided. The approach behind these algorithms aims at reducing the number of boolean questions users have to answers by making use of quasi-lattice structures to order the set of possible mappings to explore, allowing an efficient pruning of the space of explored mappings. In order to improve this pruning, an extension of this approach to the use of integrity constraints is also provided. The second main contribution is a repairing process allowing to ensure that a mapping is “safe” with respect to a set of policy views defined on its source schema, i.e., that it does not leak sensitive information. A privacy-preservation protocol is provided to visualize the information leaks of a mapping, as well as a process to rewrite an input mapping into a safe one with respect to a set of policy views. As in the first contribution, this process comes with proofs of desirable properties. In order to reduce the number of interactions needed with the user, the interactive part of the repairing process is also enriched with the possibility of learning which rewriting is preferred by users, in order to obtain a completely automatic process. Last but not least, we present extensive experiments over the open source prototypes built from two contributions of this thesis

[pt] A integridade de tubulações é um dos aspectos-chave para a operação segura e eficiente das estruturas offshore. Falhas em tubulações podem resultar em consequências econômicas e ambientais significativas, tornando a gestão da integridade de tubulações uma prioridade importante para a indústria. Uma das ferramentas mais eficazes para gerenciar tubulações em serviço é através de testes não destrutivos (NDT, na sigla em inglês). Neste estudo, inspeções de ultrassom e shearografia foram realizadas em tubulações metálicas com reparos compósitos ao longo de aproximadamente dois anos e seus resultados foram comparados. As amostras de tubos de aço com reparos compósitos foram submetidas a pouco mais de 13.500 horas de envelhecimento acelerado por névoa salina, em três diferentes temperaturas. As amostras foram removidas das câmaras de névoa salina em intervalos regulares e inspecionadas usando aparelhos de inspeção em campo. Os resultados mostraram que ambas as técnicas forneceram resultados consistentes entre cada inspeção, embora nem sempre fossem consistentes entre si. Mapas comparando as detecções e a precisão de cada técnica foram fornecidos. A viabilidade de cada técnica como ferramenta de campo para monitorar a integridade das tubulações também foi avaliada com resultados positivos. Além disso, uma metodologia de Arrhenius modificada foi proposta como um primeiro passo para prever a propagação de danos a longo prazo. / [en] Pipeline integrity is one of the key aspects for safe and efficient operation of offshore structures. Pipeline failures can result in significant economic and environmental consequences, making pipeline integrity management a top priority for the industry. One of the most effective tools for managing in-service pipelines is non-destructive testing (NDT). In this study, ultrasound and shearography inspections were performed on composite pipeline repairs over the course of approximately two years and their results were compared. The test samples evaluated were steel pipes with composite repairs and were submitted to just over 13,500 hours of salt-spray accelerated ageing, under three different temperatures. Test samples were removed from the salt-spray chambers at regular intervals and inspected by using field inspection apparatus. The results showed that both techniques provided consistent results between each inspection, although not always being consistent with each other. Maps comparing detections and accuracy of each technique were provided. The feasibility of each technique as a field tool for monitoring pipeline integrity was also evaluated with positive results. Furthermore, a modified Arrhenius methodology was proposed as a first step towards predicting long-term damage propagation.

Syfte: Studien ämnar undersöka bostadsrättsföreningars nivå av sparande för framtida kapitalunderhåll i Gävle kommun under räkenskapsåren 2018 och 2022 samt analysera vilka faktorer som kan förklara varför somliga bostadsrättsföreningar avsätter mer i sparande än andra. Metod: Vi har tillämpat en kvantitativ metod där data från årsredovisningar samlats in och använts för att beräkna och koda studiens variabler. För att testa hypoteserna analyserades data med multipel regressionsanalys. Resultat och slutsats: De flesta bostadsrättsföreningar avsätter adekvata medel, men en betydande minoritet riskerar framtida avgiftshöjningar för att täcka kommande kapitalunderhåll. Resultaten visar två statistiskt signifikanta samband med högre sparande och indikerar andra potentiella kumulativa effekter. Examensarbetets bidrag: Användning av en ny metod för empiriinsamling, ny strategi för fastställande av population och urval, undersökning av tidigare outredda oberoende variabler samt den första studien som specifikt granskar bostadsbeståndet i Gävleområdet. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vi rekommenderar att framtida studier undersöker relationen mellan studiens beroende och oberoende variabler med ett större datamaterial. Ett större urval kan ge en tydligare bild av hur de oberoende variablerna påverkar bostadsrättsföreningars sparande. / Aim: This research aims to assess the savings levels for future capital maintenance by housing cooperatives in Gävle municipality during the fiscal years 2018 and 2022, and to identify the factors that contribute to higher savings in some cooperatives compared to others. Method: Using a quantitative approach, we gathered data from annual reports to calculate and code the study's variables. Multiple regression analysis was employed to test the hypotheses. Results and conclusions: While the majority of housing cooperatives set aside adequate funds, a notable minority face the risk of future fee increases to cover necessary capital maintenance. The findings reveal two statistically significant correlations with higher savings and indicate other possible cumulative effects. Contribution of the thesis: Utilizing a novel approach for data collection, a new method for defining population and sampling, analysis of previously unexamined independent variables and the first study specifically assessing the housing stock in the Gävle region. Suggestions for future research: Future research should examine the relationship between the dependent and independent variables with a more extensive dataset. Increasing the sample size may yield a better understanding of how the independent variables influence the savings of housing cooperatives.

[pt] Neste trabalho foram estudados quatro geometrias de componentes tubulares, para trabalho sob pressão interna, que continham defeitos tipo perda de espessura metálica em regiões de sua superfície externa e que foram reparados por dois sistemas de materiais compósitos. As seguintes geometrias de espécimes tubulares foram estudadas: dutos com redução de diâmetro, dutos curvados a frio, dutos curvados a quente e uniões tubulares em T. Os dois sistemas de materiais compósitos consistiram de um sistema com mantas de resina epóxi reforçadas por fibra de vidro (ERFV) e outro sistema com mantas de resina epóxi reforçadas por fibra de carbono (ERFC). O método de Elementos Finitos foi usado para simular o comportamento dos espécimes quando submetidos a testes hidrostáticos. As simulações levaram em consideração o comportamento do material dos tubos API 5L Grau B nas suas regiões elástica e plástica, e investigaram o aumento da resistência à ruptura dos tubos com defeitos proporcionados pela presença dos reparos compósitos. Os resultados obtidos com os modelos de elementos finitos, usados para as determinações de distribuições de deformações e de pressões de ruptura, foram comparados com resultados experimentais disponíveis para cada componente tubular. Os resultados destas comparações foram satisfatórios. Posteriormente, foram desenvolvidas equações para determinar espessuras otimizadas para os reparos e os resultados obtidos com estas equações foram comparados com os resultados das simulações por elementos finitos e outros resultados obtidos com equações disponíveis em normas pertinentes. Em conclusão, o método de elementos finitos usado neste trabalho simulou satisfatoriamente o comportamento em testes hidrostáticos de componentes tubulares tipo Tê, com redução concêntrica, curvados a quente e curvados a frio, com defeitos de perda de espessura metálica e que foram reparados com materiais compósitos. Por sua vez, os resultados numéricos auxiliaram na validação de equações analíticas simples que poderão ser usadas na determinação de espessuras otimizadas de sistemas de reparos com materiais compósitos. / [en] This dissertation investigates four geometries of pipe components that operate with internal pressure and contain metal loss defects in areas of their external surface. These components were repaired with two systems of composite materials that consisted of epoxy resin reinforced by glass fiber (ERFV) and epoxy resin reinforced by carbon fiber (ERFC). The following tubular specimens were studied: components with concentric diameter reducers, hot curved short radius elbow components, cold curved long radius elbow components and T-components. The finite element method was used to simulate the behavior of the specimens when submitted to hydrostatic tests. The simulations took into consideration the behavior of the material of the pipes API 5L Grade B in their elastic and plastic regions, and investigated the increase in the rupture strength of the pipes with defects that was provided by the presence of composite repairs. The results obtained with the finite element models, used for the determination of distributions of deformation and burst pressures, were compared with experimental results available for each pipe component. The results of these comparisons were satisfactory. Subsequently, simple analytical equations were developed to determine the optimized thicknesses for the composite repair systems and the results obtained from these equations were compared with the results determined with the finite element models and with other results obtained with equations recommended by international relevant standards. In conclusion, the finite element method used in this work satisfactorily simulated the behavior of the selected pipe components with defects of metal loss that were hydrostatically tested and that were repaired with composites materials. The numerical results helped to validate simple analytical equations that can be used in the determination of the optimized thicknesses of repair systems with composite materials.

A presente dissertação analisa como se configura a Competência Interacional (He; Young, 1998) de aprendizes adultos brasileiros durante um curso de italiano durante conversa espontânea. Os dados foram coletados durante um semestre, com foco em conversas livres, isto é, em interações imprevisíveis, sem duração definida e cujos temas nasciam a partir de algum acontecimento em sala de aula, sem planejamento prévio. A análise dos dados teve dois focos principais: a análise do sistema de turnos e dos reparos, procurando verificar de que forma a construção desses recursos determina aspectos da interação e do desempenho de papeis de professor e de aluno em sala de aula. Os dados foram analisados com base na disciplina, fortemente empírica, da Análise da Conversa; de modo mais específico, foram utilizadas as categorias encontradas por Sacks, Schegloff e Jefferson (1974) e por Schegloff, Jefferson e Sacks (1977), para análise do sistema de turnos e dos reparos, respectivamente. A análise dos dados indicou que os aprendizes utilizaram o sistema de turnos de forma parecida com o da conversa fora da sala de aula, já que na maioria dos casos se auto-selecionam como próximos falantes, o que nos levou a identificar uma postura autônoma e a percepção, por parte dos aprendizes, de um ambiente mais próximo ao genuíno de comunicação. Por outro lado, nota-se que os turnos dos aprendizes têm, quase sempre, menor duração do que os do professor, possivelmente, por causa de uma menor competência linguístico-comunicativa. Os dados evidenciam ainda, que os alunos utilizam pouco, muito menos que o professor, a seleção de um outro falante. Quanto à análise do sistema de reparos, verificaram-se duas tendências principais. Em primeiro lugar, os alunos, frequentemente, pedem para ser corrigidos, mas, ao mesmo tempo, há muitas ocorrências em que eles não esperam que alguém responda a esses pedidos e continuam a conversa. Em segundo lugar, o professor, na maioria dos casos, não corrige os desvios linguísticos dos alunos e, quando o faz, não parece existir uma lógica que guie essas ações. Se olharmos com mais atenção para os dados analisados, configura-se uma situação complexa, em que os alunos, por exemplo, corrigem outros alunos, ou em que eles interrompem o professor. Em conclusão, a detalhada análise das interações evidencia que, em vários momentos, os papeis de professor e alunos estão bem marcados, mas estão longe de ser os papeis tradicionais em que o professor é quem avaliava e distribui os turnos, e os alunos estão em posição mais passiva. Isso nos permite afirmar que a conversa é uma atividade de sala de aula em que os participantes têm liberdade de ação e na qual os recursos interacionais são aspectos essenciais não apenas na configuração da interação, como também na construção da competência interacional dos aprendizes e na compreensão do processo de ensino-aprendizagem de línguas em sala de aula. / This study analyzes the nature of Interactional Competence (He; Young, 1998) of adult Brazilian learners, attending a Italian language course, during spontaneous conversation. The data, collected during a semester, focused on unplanned conversations, which had no defined duration and whose topics emerged from anything occurring in the classroom. The analysis of the data consists of two main foci: speaker selection and repairs. They were analyzed in order to verify how their construction could determine aspects of interaction and how it influences the roles that the professor and the learners play in the classroom. The data were analyzed based on the, strictly empirical, discipline of Conversation Analysis; in particular, were used the categories found by Sacks, Schegloff e Jefferson (1974), and Schegloff, Jefferson e Sacks (1977), for speaker selection and repair, respectively. The analysis of the data revealed that the learners use speaker selection in a way that similar to that outside classroom, that is to say, they mainly selected themselves in order to take the floor. This learners skill is viewed as evidence of autonomous stance; furthermore, it indicates that they perceive the classroom as characterized by genuine communication. On the other hand, it can be noticed that learners turns are mainly shorter than professors, probably due to their lesser linguistic-communicative competence. In addition, the data show that the learners select the other participants fewer times than the teacher. Examination of the system of repairs revealed two main trends. Firstly, in spite of the fact that the learners frequently ask for a linguistic repair, they frequently do not wait for somebody to realize that repair and keep on speaking. Secondly, the teacher, in most of the cases, does not repair the learners linguistic problems and when it occurs, the fact does not seem to be supported by any underlying logic. At a closer look, the data show a complex situation in which the learners use the other-repair resource or interrupt the teacher. Finally, the detailed conversation analysis shows that even though many times the roles teacher and learners play are well defined, they are not even close to the traditional ones in which the teacher used to evaluate and distribute the turns, and the learners had a passive attitude. The analysis serve as evidence to affirm that conversation is a classroom activity in which students can perform freely and in which the interactional resources are aspects essential, not only to better understand and categorize the interaction, but also to the construction of the learners interactional competence and for the understanding of the foreign language classroom teaching process.

This research has developed several models and methodologies with the aim of improving the accuracy and applicability of reliability predictions for complex repairable systems. A repairable system is usually defined as one that will be repaired to recover its functions after each failure. Physical assets such as machines, buildings, vehicles are often repairable. Optimal maintenance strategies require the prediction of the reliability of complex repairable systems accurately. Numerous models and methods have been developed for predicting system reliability. After an extensive literature review, several limitations in the existing research and needs for future research have been identified. These include the follows: the need for an effective method to predict the reliability of an asset with multiple preventive maintenance intervals during its entire life span; the need for considering interactions among failures of components in a system; and the need for an effective method for predicting reliability with sparse or zero failure data. In this research, the Split System Approach (SSA), an Analytical Model for Interactive Failures (AMIF), the Extended SSA (ESSA) and the Proportional Covariate Model (PCM), were developed by the candidate to meet the needs identified previously, in an effective manner. These new methodologies/models are expected to rectify the identified limitations of current models and significantly improve the accuracy of the reliability prediction of existing models for repairable systems. The characteristics of the reliability of a system will alter after regular preventive maintenance. This alternation makes prediction of the reliability of complex repairable systems difficult, especially when the prediction covers a number of imperfect preventive maintenance actions over multiple intervals during the asset's lifetime. The SSA uses a new concept to address this issue effectively and splits a system into repaired and unrepaired parts virtually. SSA has been used to analyse system reliability at the component level and to address different states of a repairable system after single or multiple preventive maintenance activities over multiple intervals. The results obtained from this investigation demonstrate that SSA has an excellent ability to support the making of optimal asset preventive maintenance decisions over its whole life. It is noted that SSA, like most existing models, is based on the assumption that failures are independent of each other. This assumption is often unrealistic in industrial circumstances and may lead to unacceptable prediction errors. To ensure the accuracy of reliability prediction, interactive failures were considered. The concept of interactive failure presented in this thesis is a new variant of the definition of failure. The candidate has made several original contributions such as introducing and defining related concepts and terminologies, developing a model to analyse interactive failures quantitatively and revealing that interactive failure can be either stable or unstable. The research results effectively assist in avoiding unstable interactive relationship in machinery during its design phase. This research on interactive failures pioneers a new area of reliability prediction and enables the estimation of failure probabilities more precisely. ESSA was developed through an integration of SSA and AMIF. ESSA is the first effective method to address the reliability prediction of systems with interactive failures and with multiple preventive maintenance actions over multiple intervals. It enhances the capability of SSA and AMIF. PCM was developed to further enhance the capability of the above methodologies/models. It addresses the issue of reliability prediction using both failure data and condition data. The philosophy and procedure of PCM are different from existing models such as the Proportional Hazard Model (PHM). PCM has been used successfully to investigate the hazard of gearboxes and truck engines. The candidate demonstrated that PCM had several unique features: 1) it automatically tracks the changing characteristics of the hazard of a system using symptom indicators; 2) it estimates the hazard of a system using symptom indicators without historical failure data; 3) it reduces the influence of fluctuations in condition monitoring data on hazard estimation. These newly developed methodologies/models have been verified using simulations, industrial case studies and laboratory experiments. The research outcomes of this research are expected to enrich the body of knowledge in reliability prediction through effectively addressing some limitations of existing models and exploring the area of interactive failures.

Tolkens uppgift är att överföra budskapet från ett språk till ett annat på ett ekvivalent sätt. För att göra det måste tolken koordinera samtalet. Tolkens koordineringsarbete och tolkens förmåga att navigera mellan de olika modaliteterna där talad svenska och teckenspråk förekommer är avgörande för en funktionell tolkning. Den här uppsatsen har fokuserat på sekvenser där tolken i sitt koordineringsarbete ägnar sig åt att förflytta sig mellan olika samtalsramar. Detta kallas för change of footing (sv. tolkens fotombyte). I det filminspelade materialet har fyra kategorier av change of footing påträffats. Den första handlar om den förändrade deltagarstatusen som uppstår när tolken från väntläge går in i rollspelet. Den andra kategorin handlar om tolkens självpresentation som för teckenspråkstolkar innebär att hantera en oväntad direkt fråga. Den tredje kategorin handlar om när tolken själv tar initiativ till omfrågning för att försäkra sig om innehållet och/eller innebörden av det som yttrats. Den fjärde och sista kategorin handlar om den förändrade deltagarstatusen som tolken förflyttar sig till när rollspelet avslutas. Just avrundning av pågående samtal är ofta en process som kan pågå i flera minuter där både de primära parterna och tolken signalerar detta på en rad olika sätt. / The task of an interpreter is to convey the message from one language to another in an equivalent way. In order to do that the interpreter needs to coordinate the interaction. The coordination and the ability to navigate between the different modalities that spoken Swedish and Swedish sign language are part of is decisive to achieve a functional interpretation. This thesis has focused on sequences where the interpreter in her work moves between different interactional frames. This movement is called change of footing. In the film-recorded data, four different categories of change of footing have been found. The first one concerns the changes in participation status, which occur when the interpreter moves from a “waiting position” into the roleplay. The second category is about the interpreters’ self-presentation, which for sign language interpreters is an unexpected direct question to handle. The third category deals with an interpreter-initiated repair in order to make sure the meaning of an utterance or a word is correctly understood. The fourth and final category is about the changed participation status when the interpreter moves out of ongoing roleplay as it ends. Finishing an ongoing interaction is often a process that might go on for several minutes and that is signalled by both the primary parties and the interpreter in a number of different ways.

A presente dissertação analisa como se configura a Competência Interacional (He; Young, 1998) de aprendizes adultos brasileiros durante um curso de italiano durante conversa espontânea. Os dados foram coletados durante um semestre, com foco em conversas livres, isto é, em interações imprevisíveis, sem duração definida e cujos temas nasciam a partir de algum acontecimento em sala de aula, sem planejamento prévio. A análise dos dados teve dois focos principais: a análise do sistema de turnos e dos reparos, procurando verificar de que forma a construção desses recursos determina aspectos da interação e do desempenho de papeis de professor e de aluno em sala de aula. Os dados foram analisados com base na disciplina, fortemente empírica, da Análise da Conversa; de modo mais específico, foram utilizadas as categorias encontradas por Sacks, Schegloff e Jefferson (1974) e por Schegloff, Jefferson e Sacks (1977), para análise do sistema de turnos e dos reparos, respectivamente. A análise dos dados indicou que os aprendizes utilizaram o sistema de turnos de forma parecida com o da conversa fora da sala de aula, já que na maioria dos casos se auto-selecionam como próximos falantes, o que nos levou a identificar uma postura autônoma e a percepção, por parte dos aprendizes, de um ambiente mais próximo ao genuíno de comunicação. Por outro lado, nota-se que os turnos dos aprendizes têm, quase sempre, menor duração do que os do professor, possivelmente, por causa de uma menor competência linguístico-comunicativa. Os dados evidenciam ainda, que os alunos utilizam pouco, muito menos que o professor, a seleção de um outro falante. Quanto à análise do sistema de reparos, verificaram-se duas tendências principais. Em primeiro lugar, os alunos, frequentemente, pedem para ser corrigidos, mas, ao mesmo tempo, há muitas ocorrências em que eles não esperam que alguém responda a esses pedidos e continuam a conversa. Em segundo lugar, o professor, na maioria dos casos, não corrige os desvios linguísticos dos alunos e, quando o faz, não parece existir uma lógica que guie essas ações. Se olharmos com mais atenção para os dados analisados, configura-se uma situação complexa, em que os alunos, por exemplo, corrigem outros alunos, ou em que eles interrompem o professor. Em conclusão, a detalhada análise das interações evidencia que, em vários momentos, os papeis de professor e alunos estão bem marcados, mas estão longe de ser os papeis tradicionais em que o professor é quem avaliava e distribui os turnos, e os alunos estão em posição mais passiva. Isso nos permite afirmar que a conversa é uma atividade de sala de aula em que os participantes têm liberdade de ação e na qual os recursos interacionais são aspectos essenciais não apenas na configuração da interação, como também na construção da competência interacional dos aprendizes e na compreensão do processo de ensino-aprendizagem de línguas em sala de aula. / This study analyzes the nature of Interactional Competence (He; Young, 1998) of adult Brazilian learners, attending a Italian language course, during spontaneous conversation. The data, collected during a semester, focused on unplanned conversations, which had no defined duration and whose topics emerged from anything occurring in the classroom. The analysis of the data consists of two main foci: speaker selection and repairs. They were analyzed in order to verify how their construction could determine aspects of interaction and how it influences the roles that the professor and the learners play in the classroom. The data were analyzed based on the, strictly empirical, discipline of Conversation Analysis; in particular, were used the categories found by Sacks, Schegloff e Jefferson (1974), and Schegloff, Jefferson e Sacks (1977), for speaker selection and repair, respectively. The analysis of the data revealed that the learners use speaker selection in a way that similar to that outside classroom, that is to say, they mainly selected themselves in order to take the floor. This learners skill is viewed as evidence of autonomous stance; furthermore, it indicates that they perceive the classroom as characterized by genuine communication. On the other hand, it can be noticed that learners turns are mainly shorter than professors, probably due to their lesser linguistic-communicative competence. In addition, the data show that the learners select the other participants fewer times than the teacher. Examination of the system of repairs revealed two main trends. Firstly, in spite of the fact that the learners frequently ask for a linguistic repair, they frequently do not wait for somebody to realize that repair and keep on speaking. Secondly, the teacher, in most of the cases, does not repair the learners linguistic problems and when it occurs, the fact does not seem to be supported by any underlying logic. At a closer look, the data show a complex situation in which the learners use the other-repair resource or interrupt the teacher. Finally, the detailed conversation analysis shows that even though many times the roles teacher and learners play are well defined, they are not even close to the traditional ones in which the teacher used to evaluate and distribute the turns, and the learners had a passive attitude. The analysis serve as evidence to affirm that conversation is a classroom activity in which students can perform freely and in which the interactional resources are aspects essential, not only to better understand and categorize the interaction, but also to the construction of the learners interactional competence and for the understanding of the foreign language classroom teaching process.

Continuous growth in transport performance leads to deterioration of the transport infrastructure and there is also a need for states to raise funds to cover the costs of repairs, maintenance and modernization of this infrastructure. One option is to charge users of such infrastructure. In the Czech Republic there is a system of charges only for the use of road and rail transport routes. There is no charging of waterways in the Czech Republic, but it exists in some european countries. This diploma thesis deals with the issue of the charging of waterways in the European Union and thus points out the existence of an alternative possibility of financing expenditures for repairs, maintenance or modernization of the transport infrastructure serving the Czech water transport. The first three chapters contain the theoretical background, focusing in particular on the importance of freight water transport and European policy. The other chapters include an analysis of the established charging system for waterways in Germany. Subsequently, the total revenue from the charging of users of waterways for freight transport is calculated. From this analysis, the thesis is also based on the creation of a model for charging the Elbe waterway in the Czech Republic. After creating the preconditions for charging the Elbe waterway, the potential revenue obtained by this charging was also calculated and compared with the average annual cost of repairs and maintenance of watercourses in the Czech Republic.

The aim of this thesis is to design maintenance work for a small transport aircraft. This thesis is focused on an overview of the activities, which are carried out in the maintenance of small transport aircraft with a capacity about fifty passengers. The first part of this thesis is conceived as a theoretical part and summarizes the activities used during maintenance - maintenance methods, a typical part failures, diagnostics, network analysis and equations for the calculating of the cost of maintenance. At the beginning are showed the basic characteristics of selected representatives of this category and regulatory requirements on them. The design of maintenance work is in the second half of the thesis. It includes the visualization of the database that could be used for the maintenance of aircraft and which could be subsequently evaluated. This is a general description of the maintenance work, which ca be performed during the pre-flight inspection, re-inspection for repeated flights, preliminary preparation and periodic maintenance.