Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:35:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ClaudiaSRSR.pdf: 3854621 bytes, checksum: ee658ff597e1b92db291c54dde771957 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-28 / The purpose of this study is to understand what are the matrix elements in which everyday activities of social author/authors, actor/actors and actress/actresses are embedded, in order to carry out the Escola da Ponte s political and pedagogic process (PPP). Thus, the object of this study is to reflect on an experience developed in a public school supported by the Portuguese State within the scenario of institutions that are committed to building up a school of the people by investing in democratization and community participation in their management process. The methodological course of action was targeted at the presuppositions of qualitative research (WOODS, 1999; BURGESS, 1997; MILLS, 1982; OLIVEIRA, 1998; BOGDAN and BIKLEN, 1994; MACEDO, 2000; CASAL, 1996; GEERTZ, 2000), with data collected from random word association (MACHADO and CARVALHO, 2003), the discourse of the interviewed (KAUFMANN, 1996; SILVA, 2006; 2002), observation notes and documents (ELIAS, 1997). Based on a multiple reference and theoretical framework, the investigation revealed elements that are construed as the raw material and pillars supporting the bridge of a school of the people, as well as the self-organization of the school community which emerges as a dimension that binds together all the elements and brings new arrangements into the school dynamics by moving from the individual to the society (DUPUY, 1990). Along this line, the central argument is that in the short and long run the public school quality does not spring from macro educational policies, nor from ephemeral mass-production programs, projects or governmental policies, but from the intent of the professionals working there in becoming authors and characters in the process of building up and carrying out the PPP. The Project has been conceived in the light of the needs and intentionality of the community whose support comes from the participation and social control held by the students families and the community s power to force to action public administration central agencies aiming at having the State fulfill its responsibilities / O presente estudo tem por objetivo compreender quais sejam os elementos matriciais que permeiam a pr?tica cotidiana dos (as) autores (as), atores e atrizes sociais, para a efetiva??o do projeto pol?tico-pedag?gico (PPP) da Escola da Ponte. Constitui-se, portanto, em objeto deste estudo, uma reflex?o sobre a experi?ncia desenvolvida numa escola p?blica, mantida pelo Estado portugu?s, inscrita no cen?rio das institui??es que assumem o compromisso com a constru??o de uma escola de todos (as), pelo investimento na democratiza??o e participa??o da comunidade em seus processos de gest?o. O percurso metodol?gico foi norteado pelos pressupostos da pesquisa qualitativa (WOODS, 1999; BURGESS, 1997; MILLS, 1982; OLIVEIRA, 1998; BOGDAN e BIKLEN, 1994; MACEDO, 2000; CASAL, 1996; GEERTZ, 2000), com dados produzidos a partir da t?cnica da associa??o livre de palavras (MACHADO e CARVALHO, 2003), das falas dos (as) entrevistados (as) (KAUFMANN, 1996; SILVA, 2006; 2002), notas de observa??es e documentos (ELIAS, 1997). Ancorada por um quadro te?rico multireferencial, a investiga??o apontou elementos considerados mat?ria-prima e pilares da ponte para a escola de todos (as), bem como a auto-organiza??o da comunidade escolar que surge como dimens?o que liga todos os elementos, imprimindo novas ordena??es na din?mica escolar a partir do movimento entre o individual e o social (DUPUY, 1990). Nesta linha, o argumento central ? de que, a curto e m?dio prazo, a qualidade da escola p?blica n?o ? tribut?ria de pol?ticas educacionais macros, tampouco de massificados e ef?meros programas, projetos ou pol?tica de governo, mas sim da decis?o dos (as) profissionais que nela trabalham de tornarem-se autores (as) e protagonistas, no processo de constru??o e implementa??o do PPP. Projeto concebido ? luz das necessidades e intencionalidades da comunidade e cuja defesa passa, sobretudo, pela participa??o e controle social das fam?lias dos (as) estudantes e pelo poder de press?o que a comunidade possa exercer junto aos ?rg?os centrais da gest?o p?blica, no sentido de fazer com que o Estado cumpra com as suas responsabilidades

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:54:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DennisBA_TESE.pdf: 1043376 bytes, checksum: 6b47eea8aa7b8a53ea716b636db4663b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / We propose a new paradigm for collective learning in multi-agent systems (MAS) as a solution to the problem in which several agents acting over the same environment must learn how to perform tasks, simultaneously, based on feedbacks given by each one of the other agents. We introduce the proposed paradigm in the form of a reinforcement learning algorithm, nominating it as reinforcement learning with influence values. While learning by rewards, each agent evaluates the relation between the current state and/or action executed at this state (actual believe) together with the reward obtained after all agents that are interacting perform their actions. The reward is a result of the interference of others. The agent considers the opinions of all its colleagues in order to attempt to change the values of its states and/or actions. The idea is that the system, as a whole, must reach an equilibrium, where all agents get satisfied with the obtained results. This means that the values of the state/actions pairs match the reward obtained by each agent. This dynamical way of setting the values for states and/or actions makes this new reinforcement learning paradigm the first to include, naturally, the fact that the presence of other agents in the environment turns it a dynamical model. As a direct result, we implicitly include the internal state, the actions and the rewards obtained by all the other agents in the internal state of each agent. This makes our proposal the first complete solution to the conceptual problem that rises when applying reinforcement learning in multi-agent systems, which is caused by the difference existent between the environment and agent models. With basis on the proposed model, we create the IVQ-learning algorithm that is exhaustive tested in repetitive games with two, three and four agents and in stochastic games that need cooperation and in games that need collaboration. This algorithm shows to be a good option for obtaining solutions that guarantee convergence to the Nash optimum equilibrium in cooperative problems. Experiments performed clear shows that the proposed paradigm is theoretical and experimentally superior to the traditional approaches. Yet, with the creation of this new paradigm the set of reinforcement learning applications in MAS grows up. That is, besides the possibility of applying the algorithm in traditional learning problems in MAS, as for example coordination of tasks in multi-robot systems, it is possible to apply reinforcement learning in problems that are essentially collaborative / Propomos um novo paradigma de aprendizado coletivo em sistemas multi-agentes (SMA) como uma solu??o para o problema em que v?rios agentes devem aprender como realizar tarefas agindo sobre um mesmo ambiente, simultaneamente, baseando-se em retornos fornecidos por cada um dos outros agentes. Introduzimos o paradigma proposto na forma do algoritmo de aprendizado por refor?o, denominando-o de aprendizado por refor?o com valores de influ?ncia. Cada agente aprendendo por refor?o avalia a rela??o existente entre o valor do seu estado atual e/ou a a??o executada no estado (cren?as atuais) junto com a recompensa obtida ap?s todos os agentes que est?o interagindo executarem suas a??es (resultado da interfer?ncia dos outros). O agente pondera as opini?es de todos os seus colegas na tentativa de mudar os valores dos seus estados e/ou a??es. A id?ia ? que o sistema como um todo deve chegar a um equil?brio, onde todos os agentes se sentem satisfeitos com os resultados obtidos, significando que os valores dos estados ou pares estado/a??o casam-se com a recompensa obtida por cada agente. Esta forma din?mica de atualizar o valor dos estados e/ou a??es faz deste novo paradigma de aprendizado por refor?o o primeiro a incluir, naturalmente, o fato de que a presen?a de outros agentes no ambiente o torna din?mico. Como resultado direto, inclu?mos implicitamente o estado interno, as a??es e a recompensa obtida por todos os outros agentes dentro do estado interno de cada agente. Isso faz de nossa proposta a primeira solu??o completa para o problema conceitual que surge ao aplicar aprendizado por refor?o em sistemas multi-agente, causado pela diferen?a existente entre o modelo do ambiente e o modelo do agente. Com base no modelo proposto, criamos o algoritmo IVQ-Learning, testado exaustivamente em jogos repetitivos com dois, tr?s e quatro agentes e em jogos estoc?sticos que exijam coopera??o e em jogos que exijam colabora??o. Este algoritmo mostra-se como uma boa op??o na tentativa de obter solu??es que garantam a converg?ncia para o equil?brio de Nash ?timo em problemas cooperativos. Os experimentos realizados deixam claro que o paradigma proposto ? te?rica e experimentalmente superior aos paradigmas tradicionais. Ainda, com a cria??o deste novo paradigma, o conjunto de aplica??es de aprendizado por refor?o em SMA foi ampliado. Ou seja, al?m da possibilidade de aplicar os algoritmos nos problemas tradicionais de aprendizado em SMA, como por exemplo coordena??o de tarefas em sistemas multi-rob?, ? poss?vel aplicar aprendizado por refor?o nos problemas essencialmente colaborativos

Investigamos algumas capacidades computacionais de sistemas constituídos de mapas acoplados. Particularmente, exploramos o uso desses sistemas no tratamento de três problemas: a identificação de simetria de reflexão em imagens planas; a formação de clusters de elementos síncronos em redes com topologias do tipo small-worlds; e a construção de figuras que obedecem a uma regra de composição. Para a identificação de simetria, motivados por modelos biológicos construímos uma rede de mapas em que, acoplamentos locais e globais permitem verificar a simetria de reflexão de uma imagem plana através do sincronismo dos elementos do sistema. Em particular, esse sistema apresenta a habilidade de não requerer sua reinicialização para novas identificações e permite, assim, a identificação de simetrias em cenas que se modificam no tempo. Sistemas estendidos de mapas acoplados são, em geral, construídos conectando-se todos os elementos ou pela formação de uma malha uniforme de conexões. A dinâmica desses sistemas pode apresentar a formação de grupos de elementos síncronos. Esse comportamento de auto-organização pode ser encontrado em diversos sistemas complexos reais que, entretanto e mais comumente, exibem topologias de conexões não uniformes entre seus elementos. Mostramos aqui, a capacidade de mapas acoplados, em diferentes topologias de small-worlds, exibirem a formação de grupos de elementos síncronos com um número de conexões próximo ao das malhas com acoplamento local mas com uma significativa redução da distância média entre os elementos da rede. Por último consideramos o uso de sistemas de mapas como sistemas programáveis. Normalmente, para formação de padrões e figuras no plano, sistemas de funções iteradas são empregados com um conjunto fixo de contrações lineares no plano. Aqui, mostramos a possibilidade do uso de mapas mais gerais na produção de tais padrões e figuras, incluindo estruturas biológicas e fractais. Funções de troca são empregadas para alterar a dinâmica do sistema segundo ou o contexto ou o estado, e fornecem, desse modo, uma forma de programação. / We investigated some computational abilities of systems composed by coupled maps. Here, we explored the use of those systems in dealing with three problems: the identification of reflection symmetry in bidimensional images; the appearing of clusters of synchronous elements in networks with small-worlds topologies; and in constructing figures obeying a composition rule. For the symmetry identification problem, we were motivated by biological models to built a network of coupled maps, with local and global couplings, that verify reflection symmetry of plane images through the synchronism of the elements from the system. In matter, this system presents the ability to perform a new identification without re-initializing the system. This feature allows the identification of symmetries in scenes that can change during the time. In general extended coupled map systems have all elements connected, or the connections lying over a uniform lattice. The dynamics of these systems can present the formation of clusters with synchronous elements. Such auto-organization behavior can be found in several actual complex systems. However, more commonly, these systems do not exhibit uniform connections among their elements. Here, we investigated the capacity of coupled map systems, in different topologies of small-worlds, exhibiting the formation of clusters with synchronous elements, by using a number of connections close to the number in regular lattices but with a significant reduction of the mean distance among their elements. Last we considered the use of systems of maps as programmable systems. Usually, for formation of patterns and geometric figures in the plan, iterated function systems work with a fixed set of linear contractions in the plan. Here, we showed that is possible to use more general maps to the production of patterns and geometric figures, and biological patterns and fractals are generated. Shift functions are used to change the dynamics of the map system due to either the context or the state, giving a way of programming the system.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-01T13:17:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 isabelacostadasilva.pdf: 696658 bytes, checksum: 08de4dce4966b7e52cb5eaa5330a65c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-03-03T14:36:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 isabelacostadasilva.pdf: 696658 bytes, checksum: 08de4dce4966b7e52cb5eaa5330a65c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T14:36:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 isabelacostadasilva.pdf: 696658 bytes, checksum: 08de4dce4966b7e52cb5eaa5330a65c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas (MMC) é um movimento social feminista e camponês, que tem empreendido lutas pelos direitos das mulheres e pela efetivação de um Projeto Popular para a Agricultura no Brasil. Esta dissertação de Mestrado tem por objetivo a análise das lutas e das concepções políticas deste movimento, bem como sua atuação no campo da Via Campesina. Para tal propósito, num primeiro momento, faremos apontamentos sobre os movimentos sociais e a questão agrária brasileira. Em um segundo momento, discorreremos sobre as bases da exploração-dominação das mulheres na sociedade atual, sobre a organização destas no movimento feminista e sobre a relação entre feminismo e socialismo, trazendo a contribuição teórica tanto de marxistas clássicos como das estudiosas de gênero da contemporaneidade para a compreensão dessas questões. No trabalho também apresentaremos os resultados da pesquisa de campo realizada junto ao MMC, que aborda temas como a auto-organização das mulheres, a compreensão do Movimento a respeito da realidade de dominação-exploração feminina, as suas principais reivindicações e lutas, além de sua contribuição política à Via Campesina - visto que o MMC é o único movimento autoorganizado de mulheres em seu interior. Por fim, serão apresentados alguns desafios postos aos movimentos de mulheres na atualidade. / The Movement of Peasant Women (MMC) is a feminist and peasant movement, wich has waged struggles for women's rights and the realization of a Popular Project for Agriculture in Brazil. This Master's thesis aims to analyze the struggles and political ideas of this movement and its activities at Via Campesina. For this purpose, at first, we will do notes on social movements and agrarian issue. In a second stage of the dissertation , we will discuss the basics of exploitation -domination of women in modern society, the organization of these in the feminist movement and the relationship between feminism and socialism, bringing the theoretical contribution both Marxists classics as scholars of gender to the contemporary understanding of these issues . That work also presents the results of field research about the MMC , which covers topics such as self - organization of women , understanding the movement about the reality of female exploitation , their main demands and struggles, and their political contribution to the Via Campesina - since the MMC is the only self-organized movement of women inside. Finally, we will present some challenges faced by women's movements today.

Collective decision making can be seen as a means of designing and understanding swarm robotics systems. While decision-making is generally conceived as the cognitive ability of individual agents to select a belief based only on their preferences and available information, collective decision making is a decentralized cognitive process, whereby an ensemble of agents gathers, shares, and processes information as a single organism and makes a choice that is not attributable to any of its individuals. A principled selection of the rules governing this cognitive process allows the designer to define, shape, and foresee the dynamics of the swarm.We begin this monograph by introducing the reader to the topic of collective decision making. We focus on artificial systems for discrete consensus achievement and review the literature of swarm robotics. In this endeavor, we formalize the best-of-n problem—a generalization of the logic underlying several cognitive problems—and define a taxonomy of its possible variants that are of interest for the design of robot swarms. By leveraging on this understanding, we identify the building-blocks that are essential to achieve a collective decision addressing the best-of-n problem: option exploration, opinion dissemination, modulation of positive feedback, and individual decision-making mechanism. We show how a modular perspective of a collective decision-making strategy allows for the systematic modeling of the resulting swarm performance. In doing so, we put forward a modular and model-driven design methodology that allows the designer to study the dynamics of a swarm at different level of abstractions. Successively, we employ the proposed design methodology to derive and to study different collective decision-making strategies for the best-of-n problem. We show how the designed strategies can be readily applied to different real-world scenarios by performing two series of robot experiments. In the first series, we use a swarm of 100 robots to tackle a site-selection scenario; in the second series, we show instead how the same strategies apply to a collective perception scenario. We conclude with a discussion of our research contributions and provide futuredirection of research. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ce travail est dédié à l'étude du comportement agrégatif chez la fourmi Lasius niger afin de caractériser le phénomène au niveau collectif, par l'étude de la dynamique et de la structure agrégative, et au niveau des mécanismes sous-tendant le phénomène par l’analyse des comportements individuels des fourmis. Nous avons montré expérimentalement et vérifié par la modélisation que l’agrégation est essentiellement liée à un phénomène amplificateur :plus l’agrégat est de grande taille, plus les fourmis y restent longtemps. Nos résultats indiquent que le niveau d’agrégation et la structure formée sont dépendants de plusieurs facteurs comme la densité et la surface disponible :une évolution de la structure agrégative des nourrices est observée, passant d’un grand agrégat stable pour les petites densité-surface à plusieurs agrégats à hiérarchie de taille moins marquée pour les grandes densité-surface. L’agrégation est aussi influencée par la caste éthologique des fourmis, les nourrices s’agrégeant en un agrégat stable de grande taille, les fourrageuses en quelques petits agrégats instables. Cette différence s’explique par une probabilité plus faible des fourrageuses à rester dans l’agrégat. Dans les groupes mixtes, les fourmis gardent les caractères propres à leur caste, ne semblant pas influencées par la caste de l’individu rencontré. Enfin, l’agrégation diffère quantitativement mais non qualitativement selon l’espèce utilisée :nos études sur Crematogaster scutellaris, Atta sexdens-rubropilosa, Solenopsis invicta, Pheidole pallidula, Linepithema humile, Myrmica rubra et M. ruginodis montrent une grande variété de réponses, en nombre et en taille d’agrégats, qui est aussi fonction de la caste de fourmis utilisée. Une constance, cependant, apparaît dans nos résultats :les nourrices paraissent mieux s’agréger que les fourrageuses. Ces résultats sont discutés en fonction de leur valeur adaptative pour la colonie et d’un lien possible avec la distribution spatiale des individus à l’intérieur du nid./This work is dedicated to the study of the aggregative behaviour in the ant Lasius niger in order to characterize the phenomenon at the collective level by a study of the dynamic and the collective structure, and at the individual level to understand the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon. We demonstrated experimentally and verified by a model that aggregation is essentially due to an amplificatory phenomenon: the greater the ant numbers in a cluster, the greater the time spent by an ant inside this cluster. Our results indicate that the aggregation level and the form of the collective structure depend on different factors such as the density and the surface: for brood-tenders, an evolution of the aggregative structure is observed shifting from a large stable aggregate for low density-surface to several smaller clusters with a less pronounced hierarchical size for the greater density-surface. Aggregation is also influenced by the ethological caste of the ant: the brood-tenders aggregate in a big stable cluster and the foragers in some unstable clusters. This difference is explained by a smaller probability of foragers to stay inside the cluster. In mixed groups, ants keep their own characteristics, not appearing to be influenced by the caste of the individual encountered. Finally, aggregation is influenced by the ant species: our studies on Crematogaster scutellaris, Atta sexdens-rubropilosa, Solenopsis invicta, Pheidole pallidula, Linepithema humile, Myrmica rubra and M. ruginodis show us a large variety of responses, in the number and the size of the clusters, which is also a function of the caste of ants which is used. A constant result, nevertheless, appears in our results: brood-tenders seem to aggregate better than foragers. These results are discussed in term of their adaptive value for the colony and a possible link with the spatial distribution of ants inside the nest. / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie animale / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Que ce soit dans une rue commerçante, un supermarché ou un aéroport, les phénomènes de foule sont incontournables et nous affecte au quotidien. Elle constitue un système complexe dont la dynamique collective, résultant des interactions individuelles, est difficile à appréhender et a toujours intrigué les scientifiques de différents domaines. Grâce au progrès technologique, il est aujourd'hui possible de modéliser les mouvements de foule et de les reproduire en simulation. Les simulations de mouvement de foule permettent aux chercheurs de plusieurs disciplines, comme les sciences sociales ou la biomécanique, de mieux étudier et comprendre les mouvements des piétons et leurs interactions. Quant aux sciences de la sécurité et du transport, ils y voient des applications concrètes comme le développement de modèles de foule capables de simuler l'évacuation d'un lieu public de moyenne ou de forte affluence, afin que les futures constructions ou aménagements publics puissent offrir une qualité de sécurité et de service optimale pour les usagers. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons travaillé sur le perfectionnement du modèle discret proposé et développé par l'équipe dynamique du laboratoire Navier. Dans ce modèle, les actions et les décisions de chaque piéton sont traitées individuellement. Trois aspects du modèle ont été traités dans cette thèse. Le premier concerne la navigation des piétons vers leurs destinations. Dans notre modèle, un piéton est représenté par une particule ayant une direction et une allure souhaitées. Cette direction est obtenue par la résolution d'une équation eikonale. La solution de cette équation permet d'obtenir un champ de vitesses qui attribue à chaque piéton, en fonction de sa position, une direction vers sa destination. La résolution de l'équation une fois ou à une période quelconque donne la stratégie du chemin le plus court ou le plus rapide respectivement. Les effets des deux stratégies sur la dynamique collective de la foule sont comparés. Le deuxième consiste à gérer le comportement des piétons. Après avoir choisi son chemin, un piéton doit interagir avec l'environnement (obstacles, topologie, ...) et les autres piétons. Nous avons réussi à intégrer trois types de comportement dans notre modèle: (i) la poussée en utilisant une approche originale, basée sur la théorie des collisions des corps rigides dans un cadre thermodynamique rigoureux, (ii) le passage agressif (forcer son chemin) modélisé par une force sociale répulsive et (iii) l'évitement ``normal'' en adoptant une approche cognitive basée sur deux heuristiques. Les performances des trois méthodes ont été comparées pour plusieurs critères. Le dernier aspect concerne la validation et la vérification du modèle. Nous avons réalisé une étude de sensibilité et validé le modèle qualitativement et quantitativement. À l'aide d'un plan d'expérience numérique nous avons réussi à identifier les paramètres d'entrée ayant les effets principaux sur les résultats du modèle. De plus, nous avons trouvé les différentes interactions entre ces paramètres. En ce qui concerne la validation qualitative, nous avons réussi à reproduire plusieurs phénomènes d'auto-organisation. Enfin, nous avons testé la capacité de notre modèle à reproduire des résultats expérimentaux issus de la littérature. Nous avons choisi le cas du goulot d'étranglement. Les résultats du modèle et ceux de l'expérience ont été comparés. Ce modèle de foule a également été appliqué à l'acheminement des piétons dans la gare de Noisy-Champs. L'objectif de cette application est d'estimer le temps de stationnement des trains dans la gare / Crowds are present almost everywhere and affect several aspects of our lives. They are considered to be on of the most complex systems whose dynamics, resulting from individual interactions and giving rise to fascinating phenomena, is very difficult to understand and have always intrigued experts from various domains. The technological advancement, especially in computer performance, has allowed to model and simulate pedestrian movement. Research from different disciplines, such as social sciences and bio-mechanics, who are interested in studying crowd movement and pedestrian interactions were able to better examine and understand the dynamics of the crowd. Professionals from architects and transport planners to fire engineers and security advisors are also interested in crowd models that would help them to optimize the design and operation of a facility. In this thesis, we have worked on the imporvement of a discrete crowd model developed by the researchers from the dynamics group in Navier laboratory. In this model, the actions and decisions taken by each individual are treated. In its previous version, the model was used to simulate urgent evacuations. Three main aspects of the model were addressed in this thesis. The first one concerns pedestrian navigation towards a final destination. In our model, a pedestrian is represented by a disk having a willingness to head to a certain destination with a desired direction and a desired speed. A desired direction is attributed to each pedestrian, depending on his position from the exit, from a floor field that is obtained by solving the eikonal equation. Solving this equation a single time at the beginning of the simulation or several times at during the simulation allows us to obtain the shortest path or the fastest path strategy respectively. The influence of the two strategies on the collective dynamics of the crowds is compared. The second one consists of managing pedestrian-pedestrian interactions. After having chosen his/her direction according to one of the available strategies, a pedestrian is bound to interact with other pedestrians present on the chosen path. We have integrated three pedestrian behaviors in our model: (i) pushing by using an original approach based on the theory of rigid body collisions in a rigorous thermodynamics context, (ii) forcing one's way by introducing a social repulsive force and (iii) "normal" avoidance by using a cognitive approach based on two heuristics. The three methods are compared for different criteria. The last aspect is the validation and verification of the model. We have performed a sensibility study and validated the model qualitatively and quantitatively. Using a numerical experimental plan, we identified the input parameters that are the most statistically significant and estimated the effects of their interactions. Concerning qualitative validation, we showed that our model is able to reproduce several self-organization phenomena such as lane formation. Finally, our model was validated quantitatively for the case of a bottleneck. The experimental results are very close to the ones obtained from simulations. The model was also applied to pedestrian movement in the Noisy-Champs train station. The objective of the study was to estimate the train dwell time. The simulation results were similar to the observations

Dans les systèmes parcourus par un flux d’énergie ou de matière, des phénomènes d’auto-organisation sont possibles. Le système quitte son état d’équilibre thermodynamique, ses composants s’organisent en « structures dissipatives », aussi appelées des « patterns ». En optique, on observe de tels « patterns » dans les dimensions transverses des faisceaux laser lors de leur propagation dans certains matériaux nonlinéaires.Nous étudions ici les patterns observés dans un système photoréfractif à simple rétroaction optique. Le faisceau incident et le faisceau réfléchi par le miroir interfèrent dans le cristal photoréfractif et modifient ses propriétés électro-optiques. Cette modification influence en retour la propagation des faisceaux. Si le faisceau incident est suffisamment intense, le système dépasse le seuil dit d’ « instabilité de modulation » : l’observation du faisceau retour montre que l’intensité lumineuse s’est auto-organisée en structures géométriques remarquables, en patterns.Deux axes de recherche sont approfondis. Premièrement, nous étudions l’influence d’un moment angulaire orbital du faisceau incident (appelé alors un faisceau « vortex ») sur le pattern. Cette propriété du faisceau influe sur le phénomène d’auto-organisation et sur la dynamique des structures transverses obtenues. Un modèle numérique du mélange d’onde donne des résultats cohérents avec l’expérience. Deuxièmement, nous étudions le régime très fortement non linéaire, c’est-à-dire dans le cas d’un pompage gaussien classique mais très intense. Nous montrons par une analyse statistique que l’état turbulent observé loin du seuil est parcouru par des événements intenses, des ondes scélérates. / In systems through which flows of energy or matter propagate, it is possible to observe self-organization phenomena. The system can leave its thermodynamical equilibrium state. Its components self-organize themselves in « dissipative structures », also called « patterns ». In optics, we observe such patterns in the transverse dimensions of laser beams during their propagation in certain nonlinear materials.This thesis aims to study the patterns observed in a photorefractive single feedback system. The forward beam and the beam reflected by the mirror interfere in the photorefractive crystal and modify its electro-optical properties. This modification influences in return the propagation of the beams. If the incident beam is sufficiently powerful, the system reaches the « modulation instability » threshold : the observation of the backward beam reveals that the intensity has self-organized in patterns.Particularly, we deal in depth with two axes of research. Firstly, we study the influence of an orbital angular momentum of the input beam (therefore called a « vortex » beam) on the pattern formation process. This property influences the self-organization phenomenon and the dynamics of the transverse structures. Moreover the results provided by a numerical model of the wave mixing process are in a good accordance with the experimental observations. Secondly, we study the highly nonlinear regime obtained with a classical gaussian pump but very powerful. We show by a statistical analysis that the turbulent state far from the instability threshold contains some extreme events, also called « rogue waves ».

Les cellules eukaryotes sont compartimentées par des structures intracellulaires nommées organites. On peut citer le réticulum endoplasmique, l'appareil de Golgi, le réseau endosomal et lyzosomal. Ces structures délimitées par des membranes cellulaires sont hautement dynamiques, structures dont les composants s'échangent sans cesse entre les différents compartiments. Malgré cette dynamique, les structures qui composent les réseaux d'organites sont très stables et robustes, de sorte que l'on peut décrire un état stationnaire pour ces systèmes hors équilibre et auto-organisés. Bien qu'ils soient robustes en conditions physiologiques, ces compartiments peuvent subir des modification de structures en condition pathologiques ou sous l'effet de traitements pharmacologiques. L'auto-organisation de systèmes à l'équilibre et relativement bien compris par le biais de diagrammes de phases, où l'on peut représenter lesdites phases en fonctions de paramètres physiques, tels que la concentration, ou les interaction entre les différents composants. La situation est bien moins prédictible pour des systèmes hors équilibre. C'est là donc une question scientifique intéressante que de comprendre les mécanismes contraignant l'organisation intracellulaire, où transports actifs et modification biochimiques des composant, tout deux consommant de l'énergie, sont en compétition avec des phénomènes passifs telle que la diffusion. Nous étudions, aussi bien numériquement qu'analytiquement, des modèles d'auto-organisation et de transport, dans des systèmes où un nombre réduit de composants s'organisent par le biais de réaction stochastiques, en des structures de grandes tailles. La question principale que nous posons est de comprendre comment les dynamiques d'échanges entre compartiments (par le biais de vésiculations et de fusion) jouent de concert avec les cinétiques de maturation des composants d'organites, permettent la mise en place d'un réseau robuste. A cette fin, nous nous focalisons sur un organite type, multi-compartiments, doté d'une dynamique riche de transport et de maturation de ses composants : l'appareil de Golgi. Nous décrivons et analysons l'état stationnaire de ces systèmes, en des termes de tailles et de pureté des compartiments le composant - sont ils gros ou petit, triés dans leur composition ou mixés. De cet état stationnaire émerge spontanément un transport de vésicules entre les compartiments, dont la directionnalité est intimement liée à l'état stationnaire. Ce transport est antérograde dans les régimes triés, rétrograde dans les régimes mixés. Des interactions locales, entre les compartiments et ce qu'ils renferment (protéines dont le nom générique est cargo), suffisent à biaiser ces dynamiques de transport. Cela impacte à la fois le temps de résidence des cargos, mais aussi leur localisation dans le système. La capacité de cet organite à trier ces cargos dépend cependant grandement de l'état stationnaire précédemment décrit. / Eukaryotic cells are highly compartmentalized into intracellular organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, endosomes and lysosomes. These are dynamical structures bounded by lipid membranes, within which components undergo biochemical modification by enzymes, and between which components are constantly being exchanged. Despite their highly dynamical nature, their spatial organization is fairly well conserved over time, so that they could be seen as stationary states of a highly non-equilibrium, and multi-component system. On the other hand, this organization has been observed to be totally disorganized in pathologies or drug treatments. Self-organization in equilibrium systems is fairly well understood by means of phase diagrams where the occurrence of different phases (dispersed, condensed, phase separated) depends on physical parameters (concentrations, interaction energy between components). The situation is much less clear for non-equilibrium systems. It is therefore an exciting challenge to reach a quantitative understanding of the mechanisms dictating the intra-cellular organization, where active transport and biochemical modification by energy-consuming enzymes compete with purely passive phenomena such as diffusion. We design and study, both analytically and numerically, simple models of self-organization and transport in systems where a limited number of components may self-organize into larger structures by means of stochastic reactions. Our main fundamental question is to determine how the interplay between the dynamics of inter-organelle exchange (by means of vesicle secretion, transport and fusion) and the kinetics of biochemical maturation within organelles may yield a precise and robust organelle network. To this end we focus on one "stereotype" organelle, that is already multi-compartments and with a very rich dynamics of vesiculation, fusion and maturation: the Golgi Apparatus. We describe and understand the steady-state organization of such systems, in term of compartments' size and purity - how big and well sorted are the different compartments. From this steady-state, a vesicular transport spontaneously emerges, whose directionality is linked to the steady-state organization. It is anterograde in a pure regime, and retrograde in a mixed configuration. Local interaction between components being transported, and membranes are sufficient to bias those transport. This both change the kinetics of transport in the system, and thus their location in the compartments. How efficient the system is in sorting these elements, strongly relies on the steady-state organization and the vesicular transport.

La division cellulaire est un élément clé du développement. Pendant ce processus, le matériel génétique (chromosomes) est distribué entre les deux cellules filles. Cette distribution est effectuée par le fuseau mitotique ou méiotique ; une mauvaise formation de cette structure peut être critique. Le cytosquelette joue un rôle prédominant dans la division cellulaire. Malgré des progrès importants dans la compréhension de son rôle dans le processus de division cellulaire, de nombreuses questions restent encore sans réponse et des progrès techniques pour étudier ces phénomènes sont nécessaires. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié le rôle de l’auto-organisation de l’actine cytoplasmique dans deux systèmes modèles : les extraits cellulaires de Xénope et les ovocytes de souris. En utilisant une approche interdisciplinaire, nous avons développé de nouveaux outils expérimentaux et analytiques pour étudier le rôle de l’actine cytoplasmique pendant la division cellulaire. En encapsulant les extraits cellulaires de Xénope dans des gouttes, nous pouvons mimer le volume cellulaire. Nous utilisons ce système pour étudier les interactions entre l’actine et les microtubules. Dans un premier projet, nous avons montré que l’auto-organisation de l’actine peut déclencher des cascades de signalisation. Grâce à l’ingénierie de deux propriétés de l’actine, nous avons démontré que l’auto-organisation de ce polymère peut permettre l’assemblage de microtubules. Dans un deuxième projet, nous avons montré que la dynamique de l’actine cytoplasmique peut induire des contraintes sur l’organisation et la dynamique des microtubules. Nos résultats suggèrent que les propriétés dynamiques du réseau d’actine sont un facteur important pour l’assemblage des microtubules. Dans l’ovocyte de souris, nous avons développé une méthode pour suivre de manière automatique le mouvement d’objets passifs avec des tailles variables. Nous avons utilisé ce système pour étudier l’effet de l’actine cytoplasmique sur le transport à longue portée. Nous avons ainsi validé l’existence d’un mécanisme de centrage non spécifique de gros objets pendant la prophase. Nous avons aussi démontré que ce mécanisme de centrage reste présent pendant le reste de la méiose, en même temps que la migration du fuseau vers le cortex de l’ovocyte. / Cell division is a key element of the development of an embryo throughout all his life. During cell division, the genetic material (chromosomes) is distributed between the two daughter cells. This distribution is achieved by the spindle and a misbehavior in the formation of this structure can be critical. The cytoskeleton polymers are playing a predominant role in cell division. Despite important progresses in the understanding of their role in cell division process, numerous questions still have to be answered and technical progresses to study these phenomena are still needed. In this PhD work, we studied the role of cytoplasmic F-actin self-organization in two model systems: Xenopus egg extracts and mouse oocytes. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we developed new experimental and analytical tools to study the role of cytoplasmic F-actin during cell division. By encapsulating Xenopus actin-intact egg extracts in droplets, we are able to mimic cellular environment. We use this system to study interactions between F-actin and microtubules. In a first project, we showed that F-actin self-organization can trigger signaling pathways. By engineering two properties of the microfilament self-organization and using Ran dependent microtubule nucleation, we found that F-actin dynamics promotes the robust assembly of microtubules. In a second project, we showed that the dynamics of cytoplasmic F-actin can induce constraints on the microtubule organization and dynamics in aster and spindle structures. Our results suggest that the dynamic properties of cytoplasmic F-actin meshwork are of a primary importance for the proper assembly of microtubule structures.In the mouse oocyte, we set-up a method to automatically track the movement of passive objects with tunable size. We used this system to examine the effect of cytoplasmic F-actin on long-range transport. We thus validated the existence of a non-specific mechanism for large objects centering during Prophase. We also demonstrated that this centering mechanism is still present during the rest of meiosis, coexisting with the spindle migration toward the cortex.