Le béton auto-plaçant renforcé de fibres (BAPF) est l’un des récents développements dans le monde de la technologie du béton combinant les performances de l’auto-consolidation avec la ductilité post-pic et les nombreux avantages face à la fissuration grâce à la présence des fibres dans le béton. L’utilisation de BAPF accroît l’efficacité économique globale de la phase de construction en réduisant la main d’oeuvre, ou la consommation d’énergie requise, en accélérant la vitesse de construction, la réduction ou l’élimination de ferraillage conventionnel et à la simplification des détails et placement du ferraillage. Le BAPF a gagné en popularité dans ses utilisations durant les dernières années telles dans les tabliers de ponts, les poutrelles et les poutres. En dépit de preuve d’amélioration de synergie entre la technologie d’auto-placement et l’ajout de fibres dans le BAPF, il est obligatoire de déterminer les propriétés convenables de ce matériau pour trouver les caractéristiques inappropriées dans le béton à l’état frais et durci. A cet égard, les défauts, tels l’agglomération de fibres, la ségrégation et la performance d’écoulement et le placement incorrects à cause de propriétés rhéologiques inappropriées à l’état frais, entraînent une réduction dans la résistance évaluée. L’objectif principal de cette étude est d’évaluer les propriétés du béton auto-plaçant (BAP), des mélanges intégrant différentes teneurs en granulats et du BAPF (avec insertion de différents types et teneurs de fibres). Ceci peut aider au développement de BAPF avec une rhéologie adaptée et une performance mécanique adéquate incluant une résistance d’adhésion et de cisaillement convenable pour des applications structurelles. Dans le but d’évaluer l’effet des fibres sur les propriétés rhéologiques de BAP à l’état frais, des mélanges intégrant quatre types de fibres avec différents élancement (L/D) seront étudiés. Ces fibres incluent des crochets d’acier (STH 55/30), du fil d’acier tréfilé (STN 65/13), de la macro-fibre synthétique de propylène (PP 56/38) et de l’alcool polyvinylique (PVA 60/12) avec différentes teneurs volumiques (0.25%, 0.5%) ajoutées au BPA de référence. Tous les mélanges ont un rapport w/b fixé à 0,42 et la teneur en granulats grossiers est respectivement de 29, 32 et 35% par volume de béton. Les caractéristiques de béton frais ont été évaluées en considérant l’affaissement, l'évaluation du temps d’écoulement (V-funnel), l'amplitude à l'écoulement du BAP (J-Ring), le tassement de surface et le rhéomètre ConTec. Les propriétés du béton durci, en particulier la résistance à la compression, la résistance à la traction par fendage, la résistance à la flexion, et le module élastique ont été évaluées. L’effet des types de fibres, des teneurs en fibres et en granulats sur la résistance à la rupture et la robustesse du BAP au cisaillement des mélanges optimisés, incluant le BAP de référence, le SCCAGG (32% and 35%), le FRSCC ST-H (0.25% and 0.5%), le FRSCCPP (0.25% and 0.5%), le PVA (0.25% and 0.5%) et le ST-N (0.25% and 0.5%) ont été testés en utilisant l’essai de cisaillement direct pour évaluer la résistance en cisaillement et la résistance résiduelle du béton. Les résultats des essais prennent en considération la capacité portante en cisaillement de l’élément structurel fabriqué à partir de BAPF. Les résultats des essais montrent que l’ajout de fibres était beaucoup plus efficace que l’accroissement de la teneur en agrégats sur la résistance au cisaillement du BAP. L’amélioration de la contrainte au cisaillement à la rupture comparée au mélange de référence est plus grande avec 16.3% pour l’ajout de fibre de type STN 0.5%, 15.8% pour l’ajout de fibre de type STH 0.5%, 14.92% pour l’ajout de fibre de type PP 0.5% et 7.73% pour l’ajout de fibre de type PVA 0.5%. De plus, l’ajout de fibres améliore le comportement post-pic en cisaillement du BPA en comparaison à l’augmentation de la teneur en granulats. L’augmentation de la teneur en fibres de 0.25% à 0.5%, par volume de béton, a amélioré la résistance et la ténacité au cisaillement, le comportement en flexion peu importe le type de fibres. Cette amélioration a été la plus élevée dans le cas du STH 0.5% et la plus basse pour des valeurs de PVA0.5%. La réponse de la résistance à l’adhésion des barres d’armatures localisées à différentes hauteurs de l’élément de mur (effet top-bar) a été étudiée pour des mélanges optimisés; le BPA de référence, les mélanges ST-H 0.5, et PP 0.5 ont été testés à travers l’essai d’arrachement direct des barres coulées dans le large élément de mur. Utilisation de fibres de propylène et de fibres à crochets d’acier au BPA a légèrement augmenté le facteur de modification à l’adhérence (effet top-bar) de 1 dans le cas du BPA jusque 1,1 et 1,2 pour les fibres de propylène et de crochets d’acier respectivement. Les éléments de mur fabriqués à partir du mélange de BPA de référence a montré la distribution de résistance la plus uniforme avec moins de 5% de réduction de sa résistance à l’adhérence sur la hauteur. Ces pertes de résistance à l’adhérence pour les éléments de mur coulés avec du BPA intégrant les de fibres de propylène et de fibres à crochets d’acier sont respectivement de 10% et 20%. / Abstract : Fiber reinforced self-consolidating concrete (FR-SCC) is one of the recent developments in the world of concrete technology which combines the self-consolidating performance with the post-peak ductility and multiple cracking advantages due to presence of fiber reinforcement in concrete. The use of FR-SCC increases the overall economic efficiency of the construction process by reducing the workforce, or energy consumption required, increasing speed of construction, reduction or elimination of the conventional reinforcement and to the simplification of reinforcement detailing and placement. The FR-SCC has gained increasing popularity applications in the last few years such as bridge decks, girders and beams. Despite the improvement evidence of synergy between self-consolidating technology and fiber addition in the FR-SCC, finding adequate properties of this material is mandatory to find any improper characteristics in the fresh and hardened states. In this regards, defects, such as fiber clustering, segregation and improper flow performance and placement due to improper rheological properties in the fresh state, which leads to reduction in strength, are evaluated. The main objective of this study is to evaluate some rheological and mechanical properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) mixtures with different aggregate contents and FR-SCC (incorporating different fiber types and contents). This can help to develop of FR-SCC with adapted rheology and proper mechanical performance including bond strength and shear strength for structural application. In order to evaluate the effect of fibers on rheological properties of SCC in the fresh state, mixtures incorporating four types of fibers with different aspect ratio (L/D) were investigated. The fibers included steel hooked (STH 55/30), steel drawn wire needles (STN 65/13), synthetic macro-fiber propylene (PP 56/38) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA 60/12) with variety of volume content (0.25%, 0.5%) added to the SCC reference. All mixtures has a fixed w/b ratio of 0.42 and different coarse aggregate contents of 29, 32 and 35%, by volume of concrete. The fresh concrete characteristics were evaluated by considering the slump flow, V-funnel, J-Ring, surface settlement and ConTec rheometer. The hardened properties, mainly compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, flexural toughness, and modulus of elasticity were evaluated. The effect of fiber type, fiber content, and coarse aggregate content on ultimate shear load and shear toughness of the optimized mixtures. The mixtures including SCC reference, SCC with aggregate volume of 32% and 35% (SCCAGG 32% and SCCAGG 35%), SCC incorporating ST-H fibers with the dosages of 0.25% and 0.5% (FRSCC ST-H 0.25% and FRSCC ST-H 0.5%), SCC incorporating PP fibers with the dosages of 0.25% and 0.5% (FRSCC PP 0.25% and FRSCC PP 0.5%), SCC incorporating PVA fibers with the dosages of 0.25% and 0.5% (FRSCC PVA 0.25% and FRSCC PVA 0.5%) and SCC incorporating ST-N fibers with the dosages of 0.25% and 0.5% (FRSCC ST-N 0.25% and FRSCC ST-N 0.5%) were tested using the direct shear push-off test to evaluate shear strength and residual shear strength of the concrete. These test results could be used in the shear load carrying capacity of the structural element made by FRSCC. The test results show that adding fiber was much more effective than increasing aggregate content on the shear strength behaviour of SCC. The ultimate shear stress improvement of the mixtures incorporating fiber compared to the SCC reference mixture were 16.3% for STN 0.5%, 15.8% for STH 0.5%, 14.92% for PP 0.5%, and 7.73% for PVA 0.5% mixture. Moreover, adding fibers improved the post-peak shear behaviour of SCC compared to addition of aggregate content. Increasing the fiber content from 0.25% to 0.5%, by volume of concrete, improved shear strength, shear toughness and flexural toughness behaviour regardless of the fiber types. This enhancement was highest in the case of STH 0.5% and lowest values for PVA0.5%. The bond strength response of rebars located at different heights of the wall element (top-bar effect) investigated for optimized mixtures, including SCC reference, ST-H 0.5, and PP 0.5 mixtures was tested through direct pull-out test of rebars cast in the large wall elements. Adding propylene and steel hooked fibers to SCC is found to slightly increase the bond modification factor (top-bar effect) from 1 in the case of SCC up to 1.1 and 1.2 for propylene and steel hooked fibers, respectively. The wall elements made with SCC reference mixture showed the most uniform bond strength distribution and had less than 5% reduction of bond strength along the height. These bond strength losses for wall element cast with SCC incorporating 0.5 % of steel hooked fiber and that of propylen fiber with the same volume are 10% and 20%, respectively.

KBS-3 and very deep borehole (VDH) concepts are two major types of long-term geologicaldisposal methods for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) isolating from the biosphere. TheKBS-3V concept for isolating the HLW at the depth of 400-500 m, is the officially proposedoption in Sweden and has been the subject of considerable research in the past few decades,while the VDH concept was considered as an option in the 1950s but later became discouragedbecause of insufficient experience in drilling technology. The greatest merit of the VDHconcept is that the almost stagnant groundwater in the deep boreholes prevents the transport ofthe possible release of radionuclides into the rock or up to the ground level. Since variousdisadvantages of the KBS-3V concept were found in previous research, the superiority of VDHconcept attracted the researchers to continue studying it into the late 1980s.The geological repositories of both of KBS-3V and VDH types primarily consist of a naturalbarrier (host rock) and of an engineering barrier (also known as a buffer/backfill barrier).According to the principle of IAEA and national relative research organizations, thebuffer/backfill material should have low permeability and good expandability, as well assuitable physical and sealing properties.The thesis concerns the VDH concept and is focused on the construction and performance ofthose parts of the sealed repository that are not affected by high temperature or gamma radiation.In the lower part of a VDH repository, the clay packages containing HLW will be exposed tohigh temperature (100-150 􀄇 ) in the borehole and to highly saline groundwater. In theinstallation phase of HLW, the groundwater will be pumped out and replaced by medium-softsmectite clay mud in which the HLW packages are installed vertically. During the hydrationand maturation of the clay components, the microstructural reorganization, water transport,migration of clay particles and redistribution of the density of the components take place. Thematuration determines the transient evolution of the clay seals and influences the rheologicaland soil mechanical behavior in the installation phase. The maturation of clay system alsodetermines their ultimate sealing potential of VDH repositories.This study presents the work carried out for investigating the maturation of the buffer-backfillclay in the HLW deep borehole. Initially in the study three types of clays, the Namontmorillonite,magnesium-rich and illite-smectite mixed layer clays, were examined for estimating their performance as the barrier candidate material. This is mainly presented in theliterature review. The experimental study was conducted on montmorillonite GMZ clays andI/S mixed-layer Holmehus clay. The expandability and permeability tests were carried out forinterpretation of the recorded swelling development and assessment of the effect of the salineconditions, with the goal of deriving a relationship between swelling pressure and hydraulicconductivity for different dry densities. The maturation tests of initially fully-saturatedHolmehus clay and partly saturated GMZ clay were performed. During the tests, the shearstrength mobilised by the relative movement of densified mud and migrated dense clay -contained in a perforated central tube - were determined. According to the results of shearstrength tests, the maximum operation time or the number of clay packages to be placed in asingle operation was evaluated, whilst the suitable saturation degree of the dense clay wasdiscussed as well.A model of the maturation of initially water-saturated clay seals based on Darcy’s law wasworked out and the evolution of the clay components in a lab-scale borehole using Holmehusclay were performed and compared with the experimental recordings. Good agreementsbetween the physical behaviors of the theoretical simulations and the measurements wasachieved by which the validity of the model was verified. Using the results, the hydration andsoil migration in the entire maturation process were presented in diagram. The model was alsoused for preliminary evaluation of the maturation products in real boreholes by assuming thesame Holmehus clay as used in the tests. Two constellation of borehole and dense clay withdifferent diameters, 80 cm borehole /60 cm clay and 80cm/50cm, were assumed. The resultsrespecting dry density and hydraulic conductivity of the ultimate maturation products, and thedegree of homogeneous of the buffer and backfill clay system in the assumed boreholes, arepresented and discussed. The options of different mineral types and initial physical propertiesof the candidate buffer clays provide a reference for engineering barrier design of HLW disposalin VDH.

[pt] A Lei da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos exigiu a extinção dos lixões e aterros controlados nos municípios brasileiros. Embora a lei date de 2010, até agora a maioria dos municípios brasileiros ainda não conseguiu implantar aterros sanitários. A situação não é diferente no Estado de Roraima, onde nenhum de seus 15 (quinze) municípios possui um aterro sanitário em operação. Este trabalho visa a minimizar esta ocorrência, à medida que estuda as propriedades e índices geotécnicos de um solo siltoso de uma jazida do município de Rorainópolis que poderá ser empregado como material de construção de barreiras minerais de um possível Aterro Consorciado que atenderá os municípios que compõem a Região Metropolitana do Sul de Roraima, a saber: Rorainópolis, São João da Baliza, São Luís e Caroebe. O solo siltoso foi submetido a um extenso programa experimental que consistiu de ensaios de condutividade hidráulica, compressão simples e contração em corpos de prova, com diferentes relações massa-volume-umidade, compactados nas energias Proctor normal, intermediária e modificada. O programa experimental objetivou estabelecer uma faixa de variação de valores da relação massa-volume-umidade que atendesse aos critérios usualmente empregados na especificação de construção de barreiras minerais, i.e. condutividade hidráulica igual ou inferior a potência de 10 elevado a menos 9 m/s, resistência à compressão simples superior a 200 KPa e contração volumétrica inferior a 4 por cento. Os resultados do programa experimental demostraram que o solo deverá possuir um peso específico de 14,75 mais ou menos 0,5 KN/m ao cubo e um teor de umidade de 28,0 mais ou menos 3,0 por cento, a fim de atender aos critérios de condutividade hidráulica e resistência. Os resultados mostraram que não é possível atender ao critério de contração volumétrica, face à presença de argilominerais 2:1 na composição do solo estudado. Não obstante, é possível empregá-lo com essa finalidade, desde que cuidados sejam adotados para evitar a sua dessecação. Adicionalmente, foram determinados os parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento do solo através de ensaios de cisalhamento direto a fim de possibilitar a análise de estabilidade de taludes. / [en] The Law of the National Solid Waste Policy demanded the extinction of controlled dumps and landfills in Brazilian municipalities. Although the date 2010 law, so far most municipalities have yet to deploy landfills. The situation is no different in the state of Roraima, where none of his fifteen (15) municipalities has a landfill in operation. This work aims to minimize this occurrence, as studying the properties and geotechnical contents of a clay soil deposit of Rorainópolis municipality that may be used as a building material mineral barriers of a possible Syndicated landfill that will serve the municipalities that make up the metropolitan area of southern Roraima, namely: Rorainópolis, São João da Baliza, São Luís and Caroebe. The clay soil was subjected to an comprehensive experimental program consisting of hydraulic conductivity tests, simple compression and contraction on specimens with different mass-volume-moisture relations, compacted in standard, intermediate and modified energies. The experimental program aimed to establishing a range of variation of volume-mass-moisture values that met the criteria usually employed in the construction specification of mineral barriers, i.e. hydraulic conductivity equal to or less than power from 10 high less 9 m / s, compressive resistance higher than 200 KPa and volumetric shrinkage of less than 4,0 per cent. The results of the experimental program demonstrated that the soil must have a specific weight of 14.75 more or less 0.5 KN / m to cube, and a moisture of 28.0 more or less 3.0 per cent content, in order to meet the criteria hydraulic conductivity and resistance. The results show that the volumetric shrinkage criterion cannot be meet due to the presence of 2: 1 clay soil composition studied. Nevertheless, it is possible to use it as a building material mineral barrier, as long as care is adopted to prevent desiccation. In addition it was determined the soil shear parameters of resistance through direct shear tests to enable the slope stability analysis.

This study was undertaken to develop an analytical model that is capable of predicting the torque requirements of a rotavator fitted with commercially available L-shaped blades. An analytical approach based on the limit equilibrium analysis was used to develop the proposed model. The proposed model was verified by comparing the model and measured torque requirements at predetermined rotavator blade angular positions from the horizontal for a down-cut rotavator. The study findings indicated that there was an optimum set tillage depth for each rotavator configuration and operational conditions at which the resultant horizontal thrust generated was greatest. This unique depth was influenced by the bite length. The validation of the proposed model showed that the predicted and measured torque requirements, at different angular blade positions from the horizontal, correlated reasonably well for all the set tillage depths. As the depth of tillage increased, however, the curve for the measured torque requirements exhibited a cyclic behaviour after the peak torque requirements value had been recorded. The cyclic behaviour was probably due to the re-tilling and the instability of the tool-frame carrier, which increased with the set tillage depth. The knowledge contributed by this research will afford the designers of active tillage tools a better understanding of the operations of the rotavator, particularly in deep tillage. The modelling approach, and instrumentation technique used in this research, can be extended to analyze the performance of rotavators fitted with other types of commercial blades. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Civil Engineering / unrestricted

Geosynthetics are used in conjunction with soil/particulate materials to serve various functions like reinforcement, drainage, filtration and containment. The shear behavior of soil-geosynthetic interfaces hugely depends upon on the morphological properties of particulate materials and surface characteristics of geosynthetics. However, many researchers have ignored the effects of morphology, owing to the difficulty in finding the morphological characteristics of sand particles. Few of them used visual, manual and imaged based quantifications, which are not very effective. Also, the effects of particle size and morphology are often combined and the individual effect of these parameters cannot be easily separated. In addition to this, there are very few studies which have given importance to quantitative understanding of surface features/roughness of geosynthetics and almost all of them are limited to 2D surface measurements. The objective of this thesis is to understand the interface shear mechanisms of sand-geosynthetic systems through modified large interface direct shear tests coupled with morphological characterization of sands using advanced image based and optical techniques and surface topographical analysis of geosynthetics using 3D interferometry. The individual effects of particle size and morphology on interface shear mechanism are investigated by carefully selecting the sands having specific size fractions and different morphological characteristics. A new computational method based on image analysis is proposed in this study to quantify the morphology of sands (roundness, sphericity and roughness) more accurately by writing several algorithms and implementing them in MATLAB. The roundness and sphericity of sand particles in this method are quantified as per Wadell (1932) and Krumbein and Sloss (1963) respectively and the root mean square roughness is used as a measure of surface roughness. Out of total four sands, namely coarse sand (CS), medium sand (MS), fine sand (FS) and angular coarse sand (ACS) used in this study, CS, MS and FS have similar morphology and different particle sizes, whereas CS and ACS have same size and dissimilar morphology. The effects of size and morphology of sand particles on the interface shear behavior are examined through direct shear tests on dilative and non-dilative interfaces. After examining the boundary effects on deformation patterns analyzed using shear bands in conventional, fixed box and symmetric interface direct shear tests, symmetric interface direct shear test is observed to show uniformity in stresses and deformations across the shear box and hence the same is adopted in this thesis. Test results revealed that the peak interface friction and dilation angles in case of dilative interfaces are hugely dependent upon the interlocking between the sand particles and the asperities of geosynthetic material, which in turn depend on the relative size of sand particles and asperities. Highest interface shear strength is observed when the asperity size of the geosynthetic material matches with the mean particle size of sand, which is also manifested in terms of highest shear band thickness. Direct shear tests on non-dilative interfaces (sand-smooth geomembrane) revealed that interface friction angle depends on the number of effective contacts rather than the particle size. Morphology of sands is found to have major influence on the interface shear strength among all the parameters investigated. Results from interface shear tests are examined in the light of topographical analysis of sand particles and shear induced surface changes in geomembrane. Possible shearing mechanisms at the interface and the influence of particle size, morphology and normal stress on sliding or plowing are brought out from 3D surface roughness measurements using 3D optical profilometer. The stress-shear displacement response of sand-geomembrane interfaces are correlated to the surface changes on sheared geomembranes through visual observations and roughness quantifications. Medium sand used in this study could make more number of effective contacts with deeper grooves, resulting in highest interface friction. The number of grooves are less in case of coarse sand and the depth of grooves is less in case of fine sand, resulting in lesser interface friction for these two sands compared to medium sand, supporting the results of interface shear tests.

In the light of extreme events of natural disasters (earthquakes or hurricanes) and accidents (fire or explosion), repairing and strengthening of existing concrete structures has become more common during the last decade due to the increasing knowledge and confidence in the use of composite advanced repairing materials. The past experience from real fires shows that it is exceptional for a concrete building to collapse as a result of fire and most fire-damaged concrete structures can be repaired economically rather than completely replacing or demolishing them. In this connection an experimental study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of fibre reinforced polymer jackets for axial compressive and seismic shear performance of post-heated columns. This study also investigates the effectiveness of ferrocement laminate for the repairing of post-heated reinforced concrete columns.A total of thirty-five reinforced concrete columns were constructed and then tested after categorising them into three main groups: un-heated, post-heated and post-heated repaired. The post-heated columns were initially damaged by heating (to a uniform temperature of 500°C). The concrete cubes were also heated to various temperatures to develop the relation between compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity. The residual compressive strength of the concrete cubes and reinforced concrete columns were determined by ultrasonic testing. The post-heated columns were subsequently repaired with unidirectional glass or carbon fibre reinforced polymer and ferrocement jackets. The experimental programme was divided into two parts. The columns of experimental part-1 were tested under axial compressive loading. The columns of experimental part-2 with a shear span to depth ratio of 2.5 were tested under constant axial and reversed lateral cyclic loading. The results indicated that the trend of reduction in ultrasonic pulse velocity values and in residual compressive strength of concrete was similar with increasing temperature. The reduction in residual stiffness of both post-heated square and circular columns was greater than the reduction in ultimate load. The circular sections benefited more compared to the square cross-sections with fibre reinforced polymers for improving the performance of post-heated columns in terms of compressive strength and ductility tested under axial compression. GFRP and CFRP jackets performed in an excellent way for increasing the shear capacity, lateral strength, ductility, energy dissipation and slowed the rate of strength and stiffness degradation of fire damaged reinforced concrete square and circular columns tested under combined constant axial and reversed lateral cycle loading. However, the effect of a single layer of glass or carbon fibre reinforced polymer on the axial stiffness of post-heated square and circular columns was negligible. The use of a ferrocement jacket for the repairing of post-heated square and circular columns enhanced the axial stiffness and ultimate load carrying capacity of columns significantly.

Orientador: Luis Roberto Marcondes Martins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T21:42:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PedrosaFilho_CelsodeFreitas_D.pdf: 1514708 bytes, checksum: 68479f75bac6f0d3bdbb5ec943719f31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste estudo avaliou-se a resistência ao cisalhamento por extrusão de pinos de fibra de vidro, reembasados ou não com compósito, cimentados com cimento resinoso em dentina intra-radicular, avaliando os segmentos cervical, médio e apical. Selecionaram-se 20 incisivos bovinos com dimensões semelhantes, removendo a porção coronária, padronizando o comprimento das raízes em 16 mm. Após, incluiu-se as raízes em resina acrílica, realizando tratamento endodôntico e, então o preparo dos espaços para os pinos, dividindoas, em seguida, aleatoriamente em dois grupos com dez amostras cada. Os elementos do grupo 1 receberam pinos de fibra de vidro somente cimentados, e do grupo 2 pinos de fibra de vidro reembasados com compósito e posteriormente cimentados. Ao término dos procedimentos de cimentação, realizou-se a secção dos segmentos radiculares, submetendo, então, os corpos-de-prova ao teste push-out em máquina de ensaios universal, através de ponta ativa cilíndrica com 1 mm de diâmetro, à velocidade de 0,5 mm/min, até extrusão do retentor. Obteve-se os seguintes valores médios de resistência de união, em MPa: grupo 1, terços cervical = 6,24 ± 2,68(b), médio = 4,27 ± 2,00(b) e apical = 4,46 ± 2,82(b); grupo 2, terços cervical = 11,83 ± 1,69(a), médio = 11,81 ± 3,86(a) e apical = 10,39 ± 2,44(a). Submeteram-se os valores à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey com nível de significância de 5%, indicadas acima através de letras diferentes. Os pinos de fibra de vidro reembasados com compósito apresentaram valores estatisticamente superiores de união em todos os segmentos radiculares quando comparados com pinos somente cimentados. Observou-se também a ausência de diferença significativa entre os terços radiculares avaliados para cada grupo distintamente. Os resultados demonstraram que a técnica de reembasamento mostrou-se efetiva em melhorar a retenção do pino de fibra de vidro estudado / Abstract: This study evaluated the bond strength of fiber posts, relined or not with composite resin, luted with resinous cement to radicular dentin, evaluating cervical, median and apical root segments. Twenty bovine incisors, with similar dimensions, were selected and cut 16 mm from the apical limit. The roots were embedded in acrylic resin and the radicular canals were root treated and post space prepared with a depth of 9 mm. Samples were randomly assigned to two groups of ten roots each. Group 1 received glass fiber posts (Fibrekor) luted with dual-cure resin cement (RelyX ARC) in association with a bonding system (Adper Single Bond). In Group 2 the same type of posts were relined with composite (P-60) for further cementation with the same materials used in Group 1. After cementation procedures roots were sectioned transversally and three sections, from cervical, medium and apical thirds were obtained. Push-out test was performed in a universal testing machine with a 1 mm diameter steel rod at cross-head speed of 0,5 mm/min until post extrusion. Collected data was statistically analyzed by twoway ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (p<0,05). The measured retention strengths for cervical, medium and apical thirds were: Group 1, 6.24 ± 2.68(b), 4.27 ± 2.00(b) and 4.46 ± 2.82(b) ; Group 2, 11.83 ± 1.69(a), 11.81 ± 3.86(a) and 10.39 ± 2.44(a). Glass fiber composite relined posts presented statistically higher retention values in cervical, medium and apical thirds when compared to non-relined posts. Within each group, no differences were found among radicular thirds. The results indicate that the tested technique showed effective improvement of glass fiber post retention strength / Doutorado / Dentística / Doutor em Clínica Odontológica

Objetivo: Comparar in vitro la resistencia adhesiva a dentina de tres sistemas adhesivos universales con y sin aplicación de una sustancia neutralizadora de la capa inhibida de oxígeno. Materiales y métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 90 dientes bovinos, distribuidos aleatoriamente en 6 grupos (n=15): G1-Ambar™ Universal, G2-Tetric® N-bond, G3-Scotchbond™ Universal sin aplicación de sustancia inhibidora: alcohol Isopropílico y G4-Ambar™ Universal, G5-Tetric® N-bond, G6-Scotchbond™ Universal con aplicación de sustancia inhibidora. Los procedimientos adhesivos se realizaron según las indicaciones de cada fabricante y los procedimientos restauradores con cilindros (matrices tipo Tygon 4 x 2 mm) de resina compuesta Filtek™ Z350XT-A2. Las muestras fueron almacenadas en una estufa a 37°C (+/- 5°C) por 24 horas. Se evaluó la resistencia al cizallamiento a dentina en una máquina de ensayos universal Instrom (velocidad 0.5 mm/min/500N). Los resultados fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva (Media y desviación estándar) e inferencial (U Mann Whitney, Kruskal Wallis). Resultados: La media y desviación estándar registrada para los grupos con y sin aplicación de alcohol Isopropílico fue; Ambar™ Universal (13.7±5.7) (14.0±5.2), Tetric® N-Bond Universal (16.5±7.2) (14.2±3.9) y Scotchbond™ Universal (13.6±4.5) (18.3±7.5) respectivamente. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la resistencia adhesiva a dentina de los adhesivos universales con (p=0.528) y sin (p=0.193) aplicación de la sustancia neutralizadora. Conclusión: Los valores de resistencia adhesiva a dentina de los sistemas adhesivos universales con y sin aplicación de alcohol Isopropílico como sustancia neutralizadora de la capa inhibida de oxígeno no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. / Objective: Compare in vitro bond strength to dentin of three universal adhesive systems with and without application of an oxygen-inhibited layer neutralizing substance. Materials and methods: The sample was composed by 90 bovine teeth, randomly distributed in 6 groups (n=15): G1-Ambar™ Universal, G2-Tetric® N-bond, G3-Scotchbond™ Universal without application of inhibiting substance: Isopropyl alcohol and G4-Ambar™ Universal, G5-Tetric® N-bond, G6-Scotchbond™ Universal with application of inhibiting substance. Then, the adhesive phase was made according to each group and restorative procedures with composite resin Filtek™ Z350XT-A2, according to the manufacturer´s instructions. It was made of tygon composite resin (4 x 2 mm). The samples were stored in an incubator at 37°C (+/- 5°C) for 24 hours. Subsequently, dentin shear strength was evaluated on an Instrom universal testing machine (speed 0.5 mm/min/500N load). The results were analyzed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (U Mann Whitney, Kruskal Wallis) statistics. Results: Mean and standard deviation registered for the groups with and without application of Isopropyl alcohol was; Ambar™ Universal (13.7±5.7) (14.0±5.2), Tetric® N-Bond Universal (16.5±7.2) (14.2±3.9) and Scotchbond™ Universal (13.6±4.5) (18.3±7.5) respectively. No found statistical significant differences between bond strength in dentin of the universal adhesives with (p=0.528) and without (p=0.193) application of the neutralizing substance. Conclusion: The values of bond strength in dentin of the universal adhesive systems with and without application of Isopropyl alcohol as neutralizing substance of the oxygen inhibited layer did not show statistically significant differences. / Tesis

Cieľom diplomovej práce je príprava polymerných kompozitov vyztužených sklenenými vláknami s riadenou medzifázou za použitia metódy plazmochemickej depozície z plynnej fáze a monomeru tetravinylsilanu. Teoretická časť je zameraná na literárnu rešerš o plazme, plazmovej polymerácií, tenkých vrstvách a kompozitoch. Experimentálna časť popisuje použité materiály a aparaturu použitú na povrchovú modifikáciu sklenených vlákien a prípravu vláknom vyztužených kompozitov. Povrchová úprava sklenených vlákien prebiehala za rôznych depozičných podmienok. Chemické a mechanické analýzy vytvorenej medzivrstvy prebiehali za použitia FTIR spektrometrie a vrypového testu. Vliv povrchovej úpravy bol zistený pomocou získanej interlaminárnej šmykovej sily použítím testu krátkych trámečkov.

An investigation of the variability of engineering properties of municipal solid waste as a function of placement conditions was conducted. Limited data have been reported for the engineering properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) as a function of placement conditions. Wastes have high variability of engineering properties due to heterogeneity in composition and component size; influence from time based effects; and presence of compressible solids. Control of moisture content of MSW at the time of waste placement provides opportunity for increased capacity at a given landfill site due to higher compacted unit weight as well as for control of other geotechnical properties. A laboratory experimental test program was conducted on manufactured municipal solid waste (MMSW) that was representative of waste stream in the United States. Large scale test equipment was used to minimize the effects of scaling on results. The experimental program included compaction, compressibility, hydraulic conductivity, and shear strength testing over moisture contents ranging from 11% to 110%. Baseline compaction curves were developed for different compactive efforts. Similar to soils, the MMSW had bell shaped compaction curves that peaked at a maximum dry unit weight and associated optimum moisture content. The compaction curve generated at modified compactive effort had a maximum dry unit weight of 5.1 kN/m3 and optimum moisture content of 66%. Four times modified compactive effort testing resulted in a maximum dry unit weight of 5.9 kN/m3 and corresponding optimum moisture content of 56%. The compaction curve generated for four times modified compactive effort was used as a baseline for subsequent testing. Compression index was calculated from the strain-log stress curves for total stress conditions and is referred to as apparent compression index. Apparent compression index decreased from 1.1 to 0.34 with increasing moisture content. Secant modulus of elasticity was calculated between 1% and 25% strain and ranged from approximately 200 kPa to 4,800 kPa over the range of tested moisture contents. Tangent modulus ranged from 400 kPa to 6,200 kPa between 1% and 25% strain. Both the secant and tangent modulus peaked between 30% and 56% moisture content. Wet of optimum, the moduli of elasticity decreased with increasing moisture content. The hydraulic conductivity was measured under constant head at a hydraulic gradient of 1 and decreased asymptotically from approximately 1.3x10-2 cm/s to 8x10-5 cm/s as the moisture content was increased to optimum. The hydraulic conductivity of the MMSW increased slightly wet of optimum. The internal angle of friction of the MMSW was measured at 15% shear strain and decreased from approximately 40° to 30° with increasing moisture content. Test results demonstrated that both the molding moisture content and dry unit weight have significant impact on the MMSW geotechnical properties, although it appears that molding moisture content ultimately controls the behavior. Based on the results of the tests it was speculated that, similar to clay soils, increases in moisture content allowed for breakdown of the fabric and physical rearrangement of waste components which in turn controlled geotechnical behavior. Overall trends were comparable for MMSW and soil and included: increased dry density and increased stiffness to optimum moisture content; decreased hydraulic conductivity with increased compaction moisture content; and decreased shear strength with increased compaction moisture content. The results of the test program have environmental and economic implications for design and operation of landfills as well as post closure use.