Inflytande och delaktighet utgör det första målområdet i svensk folkhälsopolitik och anses vara grundläggande för människors hälsa. Sambandet mellan delaktighet och hälsa är etablerat, men framför allt bland vuxna. Hur sambandet mellan delaktighet, och i synnerhet hur olika komponenter av delaktighet, och hälsa ser ut bland gymnasieungdomar är inte lika väl undersökt. Syftet med studien var att dels undersöka samband mellan delaktighet i form av vilja att påverka frågor i kommunen samt föreningsaktivitet och självskattad hälsa bland gymnasieungdomar, dels hur sambanden förändras vid kontroll av andra faktorer. Studien hade en tvärsnittsdesign och baserades på befolkningsenkäten Liv och hälsa ung i Uppsala län från 2013. Urvalet bestod av 2453 gymnasieelever. Sambanden analyserades med hjälp av binär logistisk regression. Att vilja påverka frågor i kommunen hade ett svagt samband med självskattad hälsa, men vid justering av sociodemografiska, sociala samt skolrelaterade faktorer försvann sambandet. Föreningsaktivitet var däremot signifikant associerat med självskattad hälsa, där föreningsinaktivitet var förknippat med högre odds för självskattad ohälsa. Faktorer närmare ungdomarnas liv hade emellertid starkare samband med deras självskattade hälsa. Riktningen i sambanden kunde inte fastslås, men baserat på tidigare forskning, indikerar resultatet att föreningsaktivitet kan vara ett område att rikta folkhälsoinsatser mot. Både som ett sätt att främja hälsa, men också för att öka demokratist deltagande och inflytande. / Influence and participation is the first target area in the Swedish public health policy and is considered essential to people’s health. The link between participation and health is established, but especially among adults. How participation, and in particular how various components of participation, are related to health among high school students is not as well investigated. The aim of the study was partly to investigate if participation in terms of wanting to influence issues of the municipality and also engagement in different associations relate to self-rated health among high school students, partly how the relationships change when adjusting for other factors. The study had a cross-sectional design and was based on the population survey Liv och hälsa ung in Uppsala County from 2013. The study population consisted of 2453 high school students. The correlations were analysed using binary logistic regression. Wanting to influence issues in the municipality had a weak correlation with self-rated health, and when adjusting for socio-demographic, social and school-related factors, the relationship disappeared. Engagement in an association, however, was significantly associated with self-rated health. Not being engaged in an association was associated with higher odds of self-rated health less then good, although factors closer to the adolescents had a stronger relationship with their self-rated health. The direction of the relationship could not be confirmed, but based on previous research, the results suggest that public health initiatives aimed at increasing the involvement in associations may be relevant, both as a step to promote health and to increase democratic participation and influence.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / Crowdsourcing is a new phenomenon, giving companies the ability to tap into the wisdom of crowds in order to solve complex problems, often at a fraction of the cost. In this document, the viability of crowdsourcing from the supply side is investigated with a market research questionnaire at the core of the research. Firstly, an overview of the current online crowdsourcing landscape is given with a focus on the big players, followed by a literature study on the motivation of solvers and their associated compensation needs. Because of the nature of crowdsourcing, an assumption is made that knowledge workers will be the biggest contributors in the form of solvers; this presumption is demonstrated by analysing responses to the questionnaire. The following research question is answered: What are the needs and profile of the solvers (supply side) of an internet platform that uses the principle of crowdsourcing to solve complex problems? It also answers the questions of many online crowdsourcing enthusiasts with regards to the typical solver and what their needs are, specifically with regards to compensation structures on these platforms. The typical solver profile was found to be predominantly male between the ages of 19 and 37, with a tertiary education or busy earning a degree of some sort and a strong will to become wealthy through applying this knowledge. These typical solvers have a primary objective to earn money with 100 per cent of the incentive paid to one „winner‟. They will participate more than three times even if they do not „win‟ the challenge and expect to earn more that R1 000 but less than R10 000 per day for this type of work. Certain limitations of the study are also addressed, like the clear self-selection bias and difficulty to generalise the findings to a well-defined group of people, as became evident from analysing questionnaire findings.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

Objective(s): The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of fatigue on quality of life (QOL), physical function, and participation in social, recreational, and daily living activities (ADLs) in women living with HIV. Methods: HIV-infected women (n=15; age 44±8 years) were recruited from the Clinical Immunological Outpatient Clinic (CIOC) and the HIV/AIDS Regional Services (HARS) in Kingston. Four questionnaires were completed to obtain information on demographics, fatigue (HIV-Related Fatigue Scale, HRFS), QOL (Medical Outcomes Survey HIV Healthy Survey (MOS-HIV), and valued social, recreational and daily living activities. Participants then performed the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) to assess their physical function. Assessments were conducted in the CIOC or in a gymnasium at another location. Results: Mean length of HIV infection was 12±5 years and 14 of the 15 women were on anti-retroviral therapy. Seven of the 15 women did not have significant issues with fatigue on the HRFS. The other 8 reported that fatigue severely interfered with ADLs, socialization and mental functioning. QOL scores were significantly lower in the fatigued group compared with the non-fatigued group in 8 of 11 sub-scales of the MOS-HIV; the values being approximately 50% of those in the non-fatigued group. Socializing with friends, walking, grocery shopping and cleaning were listed as activities in which participants experienced limitations. No significant differences were found between the fatigued and non-fatigued groups for the distance walked in the 6MWT or for the percent of predicted distance walked. Conclusions: Half of the women with HIV in this study reported that fatigue interfered with daily functioning and participation in day to day activities, impacting their QOL. These findings suggest that fatigue can be a major issue impacting QOL in this population; therefore, fatigue reduction should be one of the priorities of HIV-related medical management. / Thesis (Master, Rehabilitation Science) -- Queen's University, 2013-08-29 13:51:52.993

Introduction: An increasing number of children in need of special support are included in mainstream schools. The roles of teaching assistants have changed with the inclusion of these children. Social partic-ipation is an essential aspect of inclusion, possible to be achieved in schools. In the literature social participation in elementary schools is studied in terms of friendships and relationships, contacts and inter-actions, perception of pupil with special education needs and acceptance by classmates. The impact that teaching assistants have on social participation has been questioned due to low or no education or training to work with children in need of special support. The aim is to investigate the social participation dimen-sions and the impact that teaching assistants have on the social participation of children in need of special support in mainstream elementary schools.Method: A systematic literature review was performed exploring four databases.Results: Nine studies in total were found. Seven studies examined social participation dimensions of con-tact and interactions, four – perception of pupil with special education needs. Friendships and relationships and acceptance by classmates were examined in two studies. Six studies identified negative impact of teaching assistants on social participation of children in need of special support, and three showed positive and negative results. The impact is attributed to the roles of teaching assistants, and participation in class.Conclusion: All four dimensions of social participation were studied in the articles, but no studies explored all dimensions at once, therefore complete impact of teaching assistants cannot be entirely realized yet. Nevertheless, the negative trend of teaching assistants’ impact on the social participation of children in need of special support found in this systematic review implicates two possible approaches. The role of teaching assistants could be shifted and adapted to suit the abilities of teaching assistant. Education and training of teaching assistants are necessary to support social participation of children in need of special support.

La presente investigación plantea que hay diferencias en la calidad de vida, según la participación social, en personas adultas mayores. Considerando 60 participantes para la muestra de personas adultas mayores del distrito de Ate, de las cuales 30 personas participan en un grupo social de la Parroquia Nuestra Señora Esperanza en Salamanca, y las otras 30 personas que no participan de algún grupo social. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida Whoqol – Bref, por el cual se pudo calcular los niveles de calidad de vida en ambos grupos, como así mismo, confirmar que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas como se había considerado. The following study aims to show the differences in life quality in relation to social participation among elders. The study counted with the participation of 60 elders from Ate district in Lima, Peru. The first group consisted of 30 elders, who participate in a social group in Nuestra Sra. de la Esperanza parrish. The second group consisted of 30 elders who did not participate in any social group. The Whoqol - Bref Life Quality test was used to measure different levels of life quality in both groups. At the same time, it helped to determinate differences in: social environment, relations, physical health and mental health, it also helped to confirm that there aren´t statistically significant differences like it was considered before.

Introdução: Paradoxalmente, a literatura gerontológica utiliza indicadores de participação social como parâmetros de avaliação de uma boa velhice ao mesmo tempo em que apresenta tendências de afastamento social como normativos. Compreender os fatores que se associam à manutenção da participação pode lançar luz sobre esse aparente paradoxo. A manifestação de propósito de vida na velhice tem sido sugerida como uma das variáveis explicativas da manutenção em participação social, porém pouco testada empiricamente. Objetivo: Descrever indicadores de participação social entre idosos comunitários. Testar se há associações diretas e indiretas com as variáveis sexo, idade, escolaridade, número de doenças e mobilidade mediadas por propósito de vida. Método: Estudo realizado a partir de dados de 109 idosos (média= 78,48 [+4,30] anos; 63,3 % feminino) participantes do estudo de seguimento FIBRA (Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros) em Ermelino Matarazzo. Características sociodemográficas e econômicas, preservação de mobilidade, saúde, respostas à Escala de Propósito de Vida e ao Inventário de participação em atividades sociais foram selecionados do banco de dados. Foi utilizada a estratégia de Análise de Equações Estruturais (Path Analysis) para testar o modelo explicativo da participação social, com destaque para a variável, propósito de vida como mediadora dessas relações. Resultados: Houve maior manutenção em atividades sociais com interação face-a-face e associações diretas entre escolaridade, mobilidade e propósito de vida e participação social e indireta entre idade e participação social, mediada por propósito de vida. Conclusão: Os dados sugerem uma realocação da frequência em atividades sociais na velhice, sem que isso represente desengajamento social. Embora alterações de mobilidade e baixa escolaridade relacionem-se com menor participação, propósito de vida potencialmente amplia as possibilidades de manutenção das atividades sociais mesmo com o avanço da idade / Introduction:. Paradoxically, the gerontological literature uses indicators of social participation as parameters of evaluation of a good old age while it presents tendencies of social withdrawal as normative. Understanding the factors associated with maintaining participation can shed light on this apparent paradox. The manifestation of life purpose in old age has been suggested as one of the explanatory variables of maintenance in social participation, but little empirically tested. Objective: To describe indicators of social participation among community elders. To test whether there are direct and indirect associations with the variables sex, age, schooling, number of diseases and mobility mediated by purpose of life. Method: Data from 109 elderly (mean = 78.48 [+4.30] years, 63.3% female) were enrolled in the follow-up FIBRA (Fragility in Brazilian Elderly) study in Ermelino Matarazzo. Socio-demographic and economic characteristics, mobility preservation, health, Life Purpose Scale responses and Social participation participation were selected from the database. The analysis of Path Analysis was used to test the explanatory model of social participation, with emphasis on the variable life purpose as a mediator of these relationships. Results: There was greater maintenance in social activities with face-to-face interaction and direct associations between schooling, mobility and life purpose, and social and indirect participation between age and social participation, mediated by life purpose. Conclusion: The data suggest a reallocation of the frequency in social activities in old age, without this representing social disengagement. Although mobility changes and low schooling are associated with less participation, life purpose potentially broadens the possibilities of maintaining social activities even with advancing age

Introdução: Embora participação social seja considerada um dos pilares das políticas de promoção de um envelhecimento ativo, uma trajetória de declínio de participação na velhice avançada tende a ser mais difundida na literatura. Dada a ausência de consenso teórico, identifica-se a necessidade de especificar a restrição em participação segundo tipos e níveis de atividades sociais e os motivos apresentados por idosos em idade avançada. Objetivo: Identificar motivos relatados por idosos em idade avançada e residentes na comunidade para restrição em participação social, considerando tipos e níveis específicos de atividades sociais. Método: Estudo transversal e descritivo a partir de dados de 205 idosos pertencentes à amostra de seguimento do estudo Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros realizadas com indivíduos com mais de 80 anos (FIBRA80+; 2016-2017) coletadas em Campinas (SP) e no Subdistrito de Ermelino Matarazzo (SP, capital). Foram extraídas a) informações sociodemográficas e econômicas; b) indicadores de participação social a partir de um inventário de atividades avançadas de vida diária selecionados e classificadas em níveis hierárquicos de participação; c) respostas abertas relativas aos motivos para a restrição em atividades indicadas pelos idosos. Resultados: Houve maior restrição em atividades de níveis intermediários e distais. Derivou-se seis categorias de motivos para a restrição em participação: Motivos psicológicos, motivos sociais, motivos de saúde, motivos por incapacidades, motivos econômicos e motivos ambientais. Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre idade, escolaridade, renda e corresidência com a atribuição de motivos psicológicos, sociais e de incapacidade. Conclusão: Há variabilidade em participação social na velhice avançada, sendo que os idosos amostra apresentaram maior permanência em atividades de níveis proximais. Entre os que restringem as atividades o fazem em níveis intermediários e distais, com maior atribuição a motivos psicológicos, sociais e de incapacidade / Introduction: Although social participation is considered one of the pillars of active aging promotion policies, a homogeneous path of declining participation in advanced old age tends to be taken as a normative phenomenon. Given the lack of theoretical consensus, we identify the need to specify the restriction on participation according to types and levels of social activities and the motives attributed by elderly individuals. Objective: To identify motives reported by elderly individuals and residents of the community to restrict social participation, considering specific types and levels of social activities. Method: Cross-sectional and descriptive study of data from 205 elderly individuals from the follow-up sample of the Fragility Study in Brazilian Elderly individuals over 80 years old (FIBRA80 +, 2016-2017) collected in Campinas and in the Sub-district of Ermelino Matarazzo in the state of São Paulo. information was extracted on a) sociodemographic and economic data; b) indicators of social participation based on an inventory of advanced activities of daily living selected and classified according to hierarchical levels of participation according to theoretical criteria; c) open answers regarding the motives for restriction on activities indicated by the elderly. Results: There were greater maintenance of participation in proximal activities and greater restriction in activities of intermediate and distal levels. By means of content analysis, we derived six categories of motives for the restriction of participation: psychological, social, health, disability, economic and environmental. Significant correlations were found between sex, age, schooling, income and correspondence with the attribution of psychological, social and disability motives. Conclusion: The study revealed variability in social participation in advanced old age with positive maintenance indexes. Among those who restrict activities, they do so at intermediate and distal levels, with greater attribution to psychological, social, and disability motives

Introdução: O Projeto Viva Seu Bairro (PVSB) foi uma iniciativa desenvolvida em seis regiões urbanas da cidade de Campo Grande MS, no período de 2001 a 2004, nas áreas de maior risco social, identificadas pelas equipes de agentes comunitários de saúde e saúde da família. O projeto teve como objetivo a redução das desigualdades sociais por meio de ações que atuaram sobre Determinantes Sociais da Saúde (DSS). Objetivo: A pesquisa buscou conhecer a relação entre o PVSB e os determinantes sociais da saúde, bem como identificar a presença da participação social e da intersetorialidade nas ações desenvolvidas. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais com gestores da administração municipal e com técnicos da Unidade Técnica Central (UTC), responsável pelo gerenciamento do projeto. Seis grupos focais foram realizados, um em cada região urbana que teve a implementação da iniciativa, com representantes dos Conselhos Regionais Urbanos (CRU). Além disto, foi feita a análise de documentos relacionados ao PVSB. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo, por meio da análise temática com a triangulação dos dados obtidos. Resultados: Os resultados da pesquisa apontam uma série de ações que incidiram sobre as condições materiais e psicossociais nas quais as pessoas vivem e trabalham, como proposto pelo modelo adotado nas recomendações do Relatório Final da Comissão Nacional sobre Determinantes Sociais da Saúde (2008). As mais descritas pelos participantes foram as que visaram assegurar saneamento básico, habitação adequada, emprego, serviços de saúde e de educação de qualidade. Verificou-se o protagonismo do setor saúde no desencadeamento da iniciativa. Conclusões: A participação social foi fortalecida na cidade durante e após a iniciativa. Quanto à intersetorialidade, houve a busca por parcerias e o reconhecimento, por parte dos representantes de governo, da necessidade de se implementar redes sociais, o que, no entanto, não se institucionalizou como práticas da administração municipal. A discussão sobre a sustentabilidade ocorreu de modo insuficiente e a avaliação da iniciativa começou um ano e meio após o seu início, o que comprometeu a avaliação de processo. Os participantes da pesquisa reconheceram que o PVSB interferiu na melhoria da qualidade de vida da população local. Conclui-se que o PVSB configurou-se como iniciativa do campo da promoção da saúde, atuou sobre os DSS, fortaleceu os mecanismos de participação nos CRU e buscou mecanismos de ação intersetorial / Introduction - The Project \"Viva Seu Bairro\" (PVSB) was an initiative developed in six urban regions of the city of Campo Grande - MS, from 2001 until 2004, in the areas of greater social risk, identified by the teams of community health and family health agents. The project had as its aim to reduce the social inequalities through actions, which acted on the Social Determinants of Health (SHD). Objective - The research tried to know the relation between PVSB and the Social Determinants of Health, as well as to identify the presence of the social participation and the intersectoriality in the developed actions. Material and Methods - It is about a research of qualitative approach. Individual interviews were performed with managers of the municipal administration and with technicians from Central Technical Unity, responsible for the project administration. Six focal groups were carried out, one in each urban region that had the initiative implementation, with representatives from the Urban Regional Councils. Moreover, an analysis of the documents related to PVSB was done. The Content Analysis was used for the analysis of the data through the thematic analysis and then the triangulation of the obtained data. Results - The results of the research point out a series of actions that occurred to the material and psychosocial conditions in which the people lived and worked, as proposed by the model adopted in the recommendations of the Final Report of the National Commission on Social Determinants of Health (2008). The items most described by the participants were the ones that targeted to assure basic sanitation, appropriate dwelling, employment, health and education services of quality. It was verified the prognostic of the health sector in the breaking of the initiative. Conclusions - The social participation was strengthened in the city during and after the initiative. In relation to the intersectoriality, there was a search for partnerships and the recognition, from the government representatives, of the necessity to implement social nets, which however, was not institutionalized as a practice in the municipal administration. The discussion about the sustainability occurred in an insufficient way and the initiative evaluation started one year and a half after its beginning, which compromised the process of evaluation. The research participants recognized that PVSB interfered in the improvement of the local population life quality. It was concluded that PVSB configured as an initiative in the field of health promotion, acted on SHD, strengthened the mechanisms of participation in the CRU and looked for mechanisms of intersectorial action.

A democracia sanitária exige que as normas do direito à saúde sejam derivadas de processos deliberativos que permitam a troca de argumentos que, por sua vez, conduzam à formação da vontade política, sendo que essa vontade deve ser constantemente submetida à confirmação em debates públicos para garantir a responsividade do governo e o controle do exercício do poder político. A partir dessa noção, pretendíamos verificar se, caso fosse aprovado o projeto de Marco para colaboração com os atores não estatais, no seio da reforma da Organização Mundial da Saúde, seriam criadas instituições e processos deliberativos que oportunizassem a participação democrática da sociedade civil internacional. Para tanto, realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa, e, por meio do método da análise documental, estudamos os documentos básicos e documentos oficiais concernentes à reforma da Organização Mundial da Saúde. A conclusão alcançada foi que, embora o instrumento analisado não promovesse a democracia sanitária em conformidade com o marco teórico adotado no trabalho, ele criaria novas instâncias em que a sociedade civil internacional poderia exercer sua influência. / Health democracy requires that the norms of right to health are derived from deliberative processes that allow the exchange of arguments which, in turn, conduct to the formation of the political will, and this will must be constantly subject to confirmation in public debates to ensure the responsiveness of government and control of the exercise of political power. Based on this notion, we intended to verify whether, if it were approved the draft Framework for engagement with non-state actors, within the reform of the World Health Organization, it would create institutions and decision-making processes that would enable democratic participation of international civil society. To this end, we conducted a qualitative research, and through the method of document analysis, we studied the basic documents and official documents concerning the reform of the World Health Organization. The conclusion reached was that, although the analyzed instrument did not promote health democracy in accordance with the theoretical framework adopted at this work, it would create new instances in which the international civil society could exert their influence.