In the year 2007 the Swedish National Heritage Board released directions for how the contractarchaeology in Sweden should carry out their work. These directions stressed that a differentapproach to the archaeological finds should be used – that would lead to a higher degree ofselection than before. The purpose of this essay is to find the reason why this change indirections occurred, and this is done by a study of the history of the rescue archaeology inSweden. The other purpose of this essay is to examine if the excavation strategies inarchaeological excavation reports from different times, correlates with the general guidingprinciples for the contract archaeology in Sweden of that time.There are several reasons why the change in directions occurred, but it seems as the mainreasons are practical. The handling of archaeological finds is relatively expensive andarchaeological researches of today generally don’t need to take care of all the finds for theinterpretation. Consequently there is no reason to save everything. The study of theexcavation reports show that there is correlation between the excavation techniques used, andthe general guiding principles for the contract archaeology of that time.

My central concern in this thesis is to extend understandings of how the social categories of rurality, gender and class are implicated in subjective meanings and the claiming of worth (associated with paid work) for a group of rural-based wine production workers. However, this concern does not reflect a relativist stance whereby all gendered, classed and rural experiences are read as equal but different, as this would deny symbolic and material inequalities. The core research question is: What gendered classed and rural subjective meanings do women and men production workers in the wine industry give their working selves? A key impetus for this study was my desire to represent working people's lives through a dynamic model of class, gender and rurality that overcomes the limitations of analyses which portray the lives of people, who have limited access to dominant symbolic discourses and processes, solely through the lens of deficit models of class and gender (Savage 2000, 2005; Skeggs 2004a). The overall methodological approach stressed the 'qualitative'. A feminist interpretation of constructivist grounded theory methodology framed the research (Charmaz 2000). Data generation involved two in-depth, face-to-face interviews with a sample of 16 workers (8 women and 8 men) based within the production function of a rural-based corporate wine organisation in South Australia. In the first interview I used a life history orientated approach and in the second I used a semi-structured interview schedule to examine the workers' current working lives, reflecting an understanding that rather than merely having experiences, 'subjects are constituted through experience' (Skeggs 1997). Interpretative analysis (using NUDIST) of the data re-orientated my engagement with established analyses of rurality, gender and class in order to build new, empirically-driven understandings of how multiple social categories are implicated in lived experiences. Preliminary data analysis led me to engage with Bourdieu's (1984) key concept of economic, social and cultural capitals as an analytical tool to examine how rural, gendered and classed lived experiences gave meanings to these workers. I have also paid attention to Skeggs' (2004a) argument that contemporary 'class making' involves uneven value attribution, the conferring of use values on practices and goods, engagement with inscriptions of value (inscription of lack of value and contestation of this), and critique of 'undeserved' exchange-based capitals as well as unequal access to exchangeable capitals. Skeggs' theoretical contribution has been extended to gendered and rural processes to examine how workers claim worth (as a worker) through these as well as classed processes. An exploration of the workers' family and work-based trajectories (including family historical ties to the local wine region, educational experiences and working trajectories) demonstrates the multiple ways in which class, gender and rurality are involved in lived experiences. The data highlight the ongoing influences of accrual of capital values (both use and exchange) tied to family upbringing and working trajectories, while analysis of current meanings of work provides greater detail on how the workers engage with value attribution of capital values, claiming worth in their work through challenging 'undeserved' capital values of winemakers, managers and technical experts.

We live in a severely unequal world. Pressing questions are, then, what changes the global advantaged should bring about to improve the situation of the global disadvantaged, and why they should do so in the first place. Chapters 1, 2 and 3 answer the latter question whereas chapters 4 and 5 answer the former. Chapter 1 considers Peter Singer’s ‘non-relationist’ and Thomas Pogge’s ‘relationist’ approaches to global justice. The chapter argues that Pogge’s argument is more compelling than Singer’s, but that it is incomplete. To make a relationist argument more plausible, the chapter draws on two critical social theorists: Alf Hornborg and David Harvey. Based on their analyses, and employing the perspectives of ‘human time’ and ‘ecological space’, the chapter concludes that the advantaged are in violation of a stringent negative duty by being complicit in the harmful global system. The chapter also introduces two kinds of debt – ‘temporal debt’ and ‘ecological debt’ – that the advantaged may owe the disadvantaged. Chapter 2 argues that the global system is not only harmful but severely harmful: it is likely to reproduce ‘absolute harm’ (a harm that infringes upon minimum human well-being). Chapter 3 discusses what positive action the advantaged ought to take because of the negative-duty violation and the problem-solving ability they have. Focusing on two kinds of action – reparation and remedy – the chapter argues that achieving reparation may face practical problems, but that the advantaged should act immediately to provide remedy – in particular, institutional remedy – for the disadvantaged. In doing so, the chapter commends the ‘advantaged remedy’ principle. Chapters 4 and 5 consider remedial institutions which the advantaged should strive to create and uphold. Chapter 4 focuses on one which we already have: the UN Global Compact. The chapter argues that this institution is necessary in the light of present global circumstances and also advances a set of principles appropriate to protect minimum human well-being. But it concludes that this reformist institution may turn out to be insufficient. Based on this conclusion, chapter 5 supports a more radical proposal: a market-socialist proposal offered by Leslie Sklair. Sklair’s account, however, does not explain why it is market socialism, rather than a non-market alternative, that should be pursued. Neither does it show how market-socialist institutions would remedy the global-systemic problems that are likely to afflict the disadvantaged. The chapter offers answers to these questions by drawing on David Miller (for the first question) and David Schweickart (for the second question). The chapter then argues that market socialism, if accompanied by an appropriate ethos, would serve to remedy the situation of the global disadvantaged. Meanwhile, the shift to market socialism would, and should, take time. So, this project concludes by considering a supplementary institution that may need to be implemented in the meantime: an ecological space tax.

A pornografia centralizou boa parte dos debates públicos sobre políticas sexuais nos Estados Unidos da América entre as décadas de 1970 e 1980. Largamente mobilizado por parte do movimento feminista, as políticas anti-pornografia do período levaram ao surgimento de uma contra-proposta singular: a chamada pós-pornografia, ou, como é mais frequentemente conhecida, a pornografia feminista. Esta dissertação é sobre o surgimento deste movimento bem como sobre seu projeto: analisarei, deste modo, o contexto sociopolítico que possibilitou o aparecimento da pós-pornografia, as implicações e associações teórico-ideológicas da mesma, as transformações ocorridas em sua ideação desde seu aparecimento até os dias atuais, e, finalmente, as relações entre este movimento e as teorias sociais discutidas e perpetradas pelas Ciências Sociais. / Pornography has centralized much of the public debate about sexual policies in the United States between the 1970s and 1980s. Widely deployed by the feminist movement, the anti-pornography policies of the time led to the emergence of a natural counter-proposal: the so called post-pornography, or, as is more often known, the feminist pornography. This dissertation is about the rise of this movement as well as on its project: I will analyze, therefore, the socio-political context that enabled the rise of the post-porn, the implications and, theoretical and ideological associations of it, the changes that occurred in its ideation since its appearance until the present day, and finally the relationship between this movement and the social theories discussed perpetrated by the Social Sciences.

abstract: There is much at stake with the smart city. This urban governance movement is predicated on infusing information-and-communication technology into nearly all aspects of the built environment, while at the same time transforming how cities are planned and managed. The smart city movement is global in scale with initiatives being rolled out all over the planet, driven by proponents with deep pockets of wealth and influence, and a lucrative opportunity with market projections in the billions or trillions of dollars (over the next five to ten years). However, the smart city label can be nebulous and amorphous, seemingly subsuming unrelated technologies, practices, and policies as necessary. Yet, even with this ambiguity, or perhaps because of it, the smart city vision is still able to colonize urban landscapes and capture the political imaginations of decision makers. In order to know just what the smart city entails I work to bring analytic clarity to the actions, visions, and values of this movement. In short, the arc of this project moves from diving into the "smart city" discourses; to picking apart the ideologies at its heart; to engaging with the dual logics—control and accumulation—that drive the smart city; and finally to imagining what an alternative techno- politics might look like and how we might achieve it. My goal is that by analyzing the techno- politics of the smart city we will be better equipped to understand these urban transformations— what logics drive them, what they herald, and what our role should be in how they develop. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Human and Social Dimensions of Science and Technology 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:12:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 605336 bytes, checksum: 31a7e130e865032cc5b4db7da6ab7ead (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis has the aim to present and discuss Marx´s criticism to religion in his writings between 1840 and 1846. It divided into two parts. In the first part we worked on the theoretical base which are present in the construction to the marxist criticism to religion. We started from materialism/atomicism by Demócrito and Epicuro, though the satiric criticismo of religion by Luciano and Voltaire up to the religion conception of german idealism by Hegel and Feuerbach. In the second part we analysed Marx´s texts, religion done by the western theologicalmetaphysical thought to socio-political realm. The german philosopher begins a modern criticism of religion and opens a new horizon for social theory in the religious phenomena studies. / A tese tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir a crítica de Marx à religião nas obras escritas entre 1840 a 1846. Está dividida em duas partes. Na primeira trabalhamos os fundamentos teóricos presentes na construção da crítica marxiana à religião. Partimos do materialismo/atomismo de Demócrito e Epicuro, passamos pela crítica satírica da religião de Luciano e Voltaire até chegarmos à concepção de religião do Idealismo alemão de Hegel e Feuerbach. Na segunda parte analisamos os textos de Marx, tendo em vista demonstrar como a crítica marxiana desloca a tradicional leitura da religião elaborada pelo pensamento ocidental teológico-metafísico para o campo sócio-político. O filósofo alemão inaugura uma crítica moderna da religião e abre um novo horizonte para a teoria social nos estudos do fenômeno religioso.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente trabalho deseja construir uma perspectiva acerca das tendências dos movimentos e mobilizações sociais organizados na América Latina contemporânea, e as considerações da teoria social aos novos sujeitos sociais emergentes. Para tanto, abordaremos as trajetórias boliviana e argentina, as quais nos informam sobre algumas das principais formas de ação coletiva engendradas após os avanços do neoliberalismo no subcontinente. Ademais, são enfocadas leituras de tal processo, elaboradas por algumas correntes da teoria social contemporânea, as quais contribuem para a formulação de uma interpretação mais próxima ao contexto latino-americano atual. Pretendemos, desta forma, apontar alguns dos principais desafios colocados às Ciências Sociais do subcontinente, a partir da observação de um dos fatores mais significativos para as transformações dos países da região. / This study wants to build a perspective on the trends of movements and social movements organized in contemporary Latin America, and the considerations of social theory to new emerging social subjects. To do so, we discuss the trajectories Bolivian and Argentine, which tell us about some of the main forms of collective action engendered after the development of neoliberalism in the subcontinent. Moreover, they are focused readings of such a process, developed by some currents of contemporary social theory, which contribute to the formulation of an interpretation closer to the Latin American context today. We intend, therefore, to point out some of the main challenges for Social Sciences of the subcontinent, from the observation of one of the most significant factors for the transformation of the region.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação é uma análise da justificação sociológica dos valores de E.Durkheim. No primeiro capítulo é realizada uma exposição sistemática da teoria da argumentação de Chaïm Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca, com os objetivos, por um lado, de apresentar alguns elementos indispensáveis para a análise da argumentação da sociologia durkheimiana e, por outro lado, de formar um repertório que possibilite futuras prospecções com o fim de estabelecer uma lógica sistemática da justificação sociológica dos valores fundada numa teoria da linguagem e do simbolismo. No segundo capítulo é realizada a análise da obra de Durkheim. No primeiro tópico, apresento o contexto sócio-histórico da fundação da sociologia, seus interlocutores, o conflito de valores e o compromisso político-moral do autor. A exposição é feita tendo como referência o que chamo de processo do individualismo, sendo um debate que versava sobre o problema da legitimidade das regras morais e intelectuais num mundo crescentemente individualista em que as antigas formas de autoridade perderam seu valor. São extraídos dessa discussão problemas sistemáticos que se fundam na oposição entre razão e vida. No segundo tópico, passo para a análise do argumento ontológico de Durkheim, apresentando-o por meio de seus raciocínios dialéticos e de suas analogias, que farão com que a concepção de vida adquira centralidade factual e valorativa na sua sociologia. No terceiro tópico, apresento a antropologia durkheimiana, que dará inteligibilidade para a concepção ontológica, permitindo entender a passagem das forças sociais às formas simbólicas. No quarto tópico, mostro como ocorre a formação simbólica do social, o que dará sentido à missão da sociologia, que é entendida como devendo descrever e explicar as diversas formas de autoridade moral. No quinto e último tópico, apresento a concepção durkheimiana de ciência, que será vista como uma ciência viva da vida. Por fim, concluo encaminhando-me em direção a uma abertura simbólica, fazendo um balanço sobre a sociologia durkheimiana e a sua teoria do simbolismo, o que permitirá ramificar a pesquisa para as mais diversas explorações no campo da teoria da linguagem e do simbolismo.

A pornografia centralizou boa parte dos debates públicos sobre políticas sexuais nos Estados Unidos da América entre as décadas de 1970 e 1980. Largamente mobilizado por parte do movimento feminista, as políticas anti-pornografia do período levaram ao surgimento de uma contra-proposta singular: a chamada pós-pornografia, ou, como é mais frequentemente conhecida, a pornografia feminista. Esta dissertação é sobre o surgimento deste movimento bem como sobre seu projeto: analisarei, deste modo, o contexto sociopolítico que possibilitou o aparecimento da pós-pornografia, as implicações e associações teórico-ideológicas da mesma, as transformações ocorridas em sua ideação desde seu aparecimento até os dias atuais, e, finalmente, as relações entre este movimento e as teorias sociais discutidas e perpetradas pelas Ciências Sociais. / Pornography has centralized much of the public debate about sexual policies in the United States between the 1970s and 1980s. Widely deployed by the feminist movement, the anti-pornography policies of the time led to the emergence of a natural counter-proposal: the so called post-pornography, or, as is more often known, the feminist pornography. This dissertation is about the rise of this movement as well as on its project: I will analyze, therefore, the socio-political context that enabled the rise of the post-porn, the implications and, theoretical and ideological associations of it, the changes that occurred in its ideation since its appearance until the present day, and finally the relationship between this movement and the social theories discussed perpetrated by the Social Sciences.

A presente pesquisa pretende sustentar que a reflexão precoce sobre a sociologia durkheimeana cumpre um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento do pensamento de Georges Canguilhem sobre as ciências da vida e, por conseguinte, na elaboração da sua filosofia biológica. Como se buscará mostrar, essa importância se deve ao fato de que a teoria social de Durkheim procurou satisfazer às exigências científicas de objetividade e de quantificação dos fenômenos incorporando da biologia de Comte e da fisiologia de Claude Bernard a teoria da identidade essencial entre os estados normais e patológicos. Será a partir da crítica a essa teoria que o conceito de normatividade vital, núcleo da filosofia da vida canguilhemeana, se elaborará na tese de doutoramento de Canguilhem, em 1943, Essai sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal et le pathologique. Finalmente, concluiremos sugerindo que essa nova concepção de vida permitirá ao filósofo retornar ao campo da teoria social, nas Nouvelles réflexions, para recusar a identificação entre organismo e sociedade que ele denunciara em Durkheim. / The present research intends to sustain that the early reflection on Durkheims sociology plays an important role in the evolution of George Canguilhems thought about the life sciences, and, consequently, in the development of his biological philosophy. As this research purports to show, this importance arises from the fact that Durkheims social theory attempted to satisfy the scientific demands for the objectivity and quantification of the phenomena by incorporating, from Comtes biology and Claude Bernards physiology, a theory about the essential identity between normal and pathological states. It is by taking the critique of this theory as a starting point, that the core of Canguilhems life philosophy, namely, his concept of vital normativity, will be developed in his 1943 doctorate thesis, Essai sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal et le pathologique. Finally, by way of conclusion, we suggest that this new conception of life will allow the French philosopher to return, in his Nouvelles réflexions, to the social theory field, in order to deny the same identification between organisms and society that he denounced in Durkheim.