Sammanfattning   Inledning: Barnfetman ökar i samhället, vilket innebär konsekvenser för folkhälsan. Socker finns tillsatt i både mat och dryck. Tidigare forskning har visat att en hög konsumtion av socker kan leda till en rad följdsjukdomar. Syftet med den här studien är att beskriva kopplingen mellan hög sockerkonsumtion och fetma hos barn i åldern 6–12 år.   Metod: Artikelsökningen genomfördes i PubMed, som är en sökmotor. 10 vetenskapliga originalartiklar valdes för denna litteraturöversikt. Artiklarna är etiskt granskade. Därefter gjordes en analys av artiklarna, som resulterade i fem olika teman.   Resultat: Resultatet visar att barns ökade sockerkonsumtion leder till fetma som i sin tur kan innebära följdsjukdomar. Det finns kopplingar mellan etnicitet och sockerkonsumtion. Det finns även samband mellan genus och hur sockerkonsumtionen ser ut.   Diskussion: Kostråden bör vara individanpassade och ta hänsyn till såväl etnicitet och genus. Mer information till föräldrar om sockrets negativa påverkan. Mer forskning behövs inom området. / Abstract   Background: Child obesity is on the increase in society, which could mean consequences for public health. Sugar is added to both food and drink. Earlier research has shown that a high consumption of sugar may lead to obesity related diseases. The aim of this study was to describe the association between high sugar consumption and child obesity in 6-12 years old.   Methods: The PubMed search engine was used to conduct the search. 10 ethically approved original articles were selected for this literature review and thereafter an analysis was made of these articles, which resulted in five different themes.   Results: The results show that the increased consumption of sugar in children may lead to obesity which in turn, may lead to other obesity related diseases. There is also an association between ethnicity and consumption of sugar and a connection between gender and how sugar is consumed.   Conclusions: Dietary advice should be personalized. Both ethnicity and gender should be taken into consideration and parents need to be constructively informed about the negative effects of sugar. More research needs to be done in this field.

INTRODUÇÃO: O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) é a segunda causa de mortalidade e a principal causa de incapacidade no mundo. Muitos fatores de riscos estão associados ao AVC, sendo o principal a hipertensão arterial. Vários estudos também mostraram a associação de um baixo status socioeconômico com altas taxas de mortalidade pelo AVC. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial da mortalidade por AVC na cidade de São Paulo de acordo com os fatores socioeconômicos. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado nos 96 distritos da cidade de São Paulo no período de 2006 a 2008. Foram analisadas taxas de mortalidade por AVC em ambos os sexos. Os fatores analisados foram % de indivíduos com escolaridade nível superior, % domicílios com três pessoas ou mais morando na residência e % de indivíduos das classes D e E em cada distrito. Aplicou-se a metodologia de agrupamento K-means para análise da distribuição da mortalidade por AVC de acordo com os fatores socioeconômicos e uma regressão linear com heterocedasticidade corrigida para avaliar a relevância de cada fator. RESULTADOS: As médias das taxas de mortalidade por AVC foram mais elevadas nos homens xx (72,7/100.000 habitantes) comparados às mulheres (48,9/100.000 habitantes). O agrupamento A possui os distritos com melhores condições socioeconômicas (51,3% possuem escolaridade superior, 47,3% moram com três pessoas ou mais, 3,23% pertencem a classe D e E) enquanto que os grupos D e E incluem distritos com piores condições socioeconômicas localizados nas áreas mais periféricas. As taxas de mortalidade por AVC foram mais elevadas no grupo E, tanto no sexo masculino (82,7/100.000 habitantes) quanto no feminino (60,2/100.000 habitantes). A regressão linear em ambos os sexos mostrou que o modelo aplicado foi adequado com r² ajustado de 0,64 para homens e 0,70 para mulheres, sendo que a escolaridade superior e três pessoas ou mais habitantes na mesma residência foram significativos (p<0,001, para ambos). CONCLUSÃO: A mortalidade por AVC apresentou uma distribuição diferenciada na cidade de São Paulo com maior mortalidade nas regiões mais pobres e periféricas mostrando uma relação inversa com o status socioeconômico / BACKGROUND: Stroke is the second cause of mortality and the main cause of disabilities in the world. Several risk factors are associated to stroke and the most important is the high blood pressure. Several studies have also showed an association between low socioeconomic status and high stroke mortality rates. The objective of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of stroke mortality according to socioeconomic status in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHOD: The study included all the 96 districts of the city from 2006 to 2008. We analyzed stroke mortality rates in both genders. Socioeconomic factors included in the analysis are: % of people with at least college education, % of houses with at least three people living together, and % of people from classes D and E (most deprived people) in the district. We used cluster analysis K-means for evaluation of the distribution of socioeconomic factors and stroke mortality rates and a linear regression with heteroskedasticity corrected to evaluate contribution of each factor on stroke mortality. RESULTS: Mean stroke mortality rate was higher in men (72.7/100,000 inhabitants) compared to women (48.9/100,000 inhabitants). Group A has the districts with better socioeconomic status (51.3% of xxii individuals with at least college, 47.3% of individuals living in a house with at least 3 people, and only 3.2% of individuals of the Classes D and E most deprived people) while groups D and E have the worst economic status living in the most peripheric areas. Stroke mortality rates were higher in group E for men (82.6/100,000 inhabitants) and women (60.2/100,000 inhabitants). For both sexes, a linear regression showed that the applied model was adequate with a adjusted r2 of 0.64 for men and of 0.70 of women with a significant difference for % of individuals with at least college education and % of houses with at least three individuals living together (p<0,001, for both). CONCLUSION: Stroke mortality presented a different spatial distribution in the city with a higher mortality in the most deprived and peripheric areas showing an inverse relationship with socioeconomic status

Orientador: Regina Celia Spadari / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T10:54:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_AglecioLuizde_M.pdf: 1332866 bytes, checksum: 5e6eb15dfbfa806199261b6c88b3e135 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Muitos estudos demonstram associação entre baixo status socioeconômico e alta prevalência de morbidade psiquiátrica. Entretanto, em países da América Latina, incluindo o Brasil, nos quais as diferenças sociais são maiores, estes estudos são escassos. Fatores psicossociais são importantes mediadores da relação entre saúde e status socioeconômico, e as respostas neuroendócrinas e imunológicas podem explicar a patogênese de morbidade psiquiátrica associada ao estresse psicossocial. Esta resposta é modulada pelo cortisol e por mediadores inflamatórios. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre índice de estresse percebido, prevalência de morbidade psiquiátrica, concentrações séricas de interleucina 6 (IL-6), fator de necrose tumoral-a (TNF-a) e proteína C reativa (PCR), bem como de cortisol salivar em indivíduos de baixo status socioeconômico. Sessenta e cinco indivíduos foram submetidos a análises psicométricas utilizando-se a Entrevista Clínica Estruturada Revisada (CIS-R), o Questionário de Estresse Percebido (QEP) e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão, e forneceram amostras de sangue e saliva para determinação da concentração dos marcadores acima mencionados. Os resultados mostraram alto índice de estresse percebido e alta prevalência de morbidade psiquiátrica, os quais apresentaram associação entre si. Os sujeitos apresentaram também alta concentração salivar de cortisol e resposta do cortisol ao acordar, sendo esta última negativamente correlacionada com a renda per capita. A concentração sérica dos marcadores inflamatórios foi maior do que a apontada na literatura em indivíduos saudáveis, porém, não houve associação entre estes marcadores inflamatórios, o estresse percebido e a prevalência de morbidade psiquiátrica. Nós concluímos que exposição crônica a estressores psicossociais, presentes no ambiente dos indivíduos avaliados, pode explicar o alto índice de estresse percebido e a alta prevalência de morbidade psiquiátrica encontrados neste trabalho. O estresse psicossocial crônico, através da concentração aumentada de cortisol, deixaria o indivíduo vulnerável à morbidade psiquiátrica. Além disso, as altas concentrações de marcadores inflamatórios encontradas indicam um estado sub-clínico de inflamação, o qual poderia contribuir para a alta prevalência de morbidade psiquiátrica e para a manutenção de concentrações elevadas de cortisol. Assim, devido às características socioeconômicas, o Brasil, comparado com países desenvolvidos, possui uma significativa parcela da população sujeita a transtornos mentais, os quais têm forte impacto negativo sobre a saúde pública, exigindo políticas de prevenção e intervenção especificamente direcionadas à população de baixo status socioeconômico / Abstract: The association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and high psychiatric morbidity prevalence has been established throughout studies performed in rich countries rather than developing countries where the social differences are huge. The aim of this work was to investigate the association between the perceived stress level, psychiatric morbidity prevalence, interleukin-6 (IL-6), a- tumoral necrose factor (a TNF) and reactive C protein (PCR) serum levels, as well as salivary cortisol concentration in individuals of low SES. Sixty-five adult male classified as belonging to low SES were submitted to a psychometric analysis by the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R), the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (QSP) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). The subjects also provided blood and saliva samples for the analysis of the biological markers of stress and inflammation. The results showed association between perceived stress level and prevalence of psychiatric morbidity, with both indicators showing high scores. The salivary cortisol concentration and the awakening cortisol response (CAR) were high and the CAR showed a negative correlation to per capita income. The inflammatory markers levels were higher compared to data for healthy subjects in the literature. However, there was no association between inflammatory markers, perceived stress and psychiatric morbidity prevalence. We concluded that chronic exposure to psychosocial stressors, present in low SES environmental, might explain the higher perceived stress level and psychiatric morbidity prevalence found in this work. The chronic psychosocial stress, through the high cortisol levels, might lead to psychiatric morbidity vulnerability. Inasmuch, the higher inflammatory markers levels indicate an inflammatory state, which probably contribute to psychiatric morbidity prevalence. Therefore, considering the socioeconomic features of the Brazilian population, there is a great percentage of people exposed to high risk of mental health diseases. This picture might have a negative impact on public health and imposes the need for public actions of prevention and of intervention specifically directed toward this socioeconomic class / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Este trabalho compreende três estudos, tendo por objetivo mais geral analisar o comportamento verbal de pré-escolares em situação de teste e de brinquedo. o primeiro estudo teve por objetivo verificar se a ordem de apresentação de uma gravura e de três séries de pranchas influenciava o comportamento verbal. Foram testadas 48 crianças, de quatro, cinco e seis anos, 50% de cada sexo, sendo todas de classe alta. A metade dos sujeitos foi apresentada inicialmente a gravura e sem seguida as pranchas, e vice-versa. A análise do material coletado não permitiu localizar diferenças entre os sujeitos que foram submetidos às duas sequências. Além disso, não foi encontrada correlação do desempenho nas duas situações. o segundo estudo teve por objetivo estudar o desempenho de 72 crianças das três faixas etárias já referidas, e de nível sócio econômico médio-alto (GA) e baixo (GB e GC} 11 \'ao descrever\' uma gravura e em seguida rotular três séries de pranchas. Quanto as os resultados indicam que: a) houve um maior número de correlações significantes entre cada uma das séries e o total do que nas séries entre si: b) a análise de acertos por Item mostrou que a frequência de palavras com mais de 75% de acerto foi igual à das palavras com menos de 25% de acerto; c) o GA apresentou a maior frequência de palavras com alto e baixo percentual de acertos; d) O GB apresentou a maior frequência de desconhecimento manifesto das pranchas apresentadas; e) a análise focalizando as variáveis faixa etária, sexo e nível sócio-econômico revelou que apenas esta última parece relevante a este tipo de tarefa. Já a avaliação do desempenho face à gravura revelou que: a) foram altas as correlações entre os vários aspectos estudados (vocábulos, come sem re petição, tato considerando o total emitido e sem considerar repetições e sentenças: b) as análises considerando as variáveis faixa etária, sexo e nível sócio-econômico mostraram que apenas esta última, parece relevante. Tão pouco neste estudo foi localizada correlação entre às duas situações. Finalmente, o terceiro estudo visou comparar o desempenho de crianças que apresentaram resultado bom (GD) ou insuficiente (GE) face às pranchas, ao interagir com as suas mães em duas situações de brinquedo, com um quebra-cabeça e com os módulos. Inicialmente os grupos extremos foram comparados, tendo os resultados indica do que eles realmente eram diferentes. Comparou-se os comportamen tos verbais emitidos pela mãe e pela criança, a sequência de inte ração e as pausas existentes nas duas situações. Além disto, con frontou-se as duas situações quanto à eliciação do ,comportamento mais reforçadores positivos, bem como um maior subtotal de estimulos discriminativos verbais: b) na situação módulo\", não foi encontrada diferença quanto aos estImulos liberados, embora tenha ocorrido diferenças quanto à emissão de informações, questões,mandos em geral, reforços positivos, comportamento ecoico e o o subtotal de respostas. todas essas favorecendo o GD. Já a comparaçao das emissões verbais das crianças demonstrou que: a) ao brincar com o quebra-cabeça as crianças de GD liberaram mais informações, tanto como estímulo quanto corno resposta, e além disso, apresentarão um maior sub-total de estimulação; c) ao brincar com o módulo houve uma diferença significante, em favor do GD quanto às informações liberadas (estímulo e resposta), questões formuladas ( também como estímulo e como resposta), frequência de mandos como resposta às solicitações maternas, frequência de respostas estimuladoras do tipo ecoico e finalmente, total de respostas emitidas. O estudo das sequências de interação revelou um padrão idêntico nas duas situações: não houve diferenças na sequência Mãe-mãe, embora tivesse havido nas sequências Mãe-criança, criança-mãe e criança- criança, todas elas favorecendo o GD. Ao considerar as pausas feitas pode ser observado que o GE apresentou períodos grandes de não verbalização nas duas situações tendo diferido significantemente do GE. O resultado do estudo correlacional, indicou que as duas situações são bastante semelhantes em termos de eliciação do comportamento verbal oral. / This work consists of 3 studies, having as a general objective the analysis of the verbal behaviour of kindergarten children playing and being tested. The first study had the objective of verifying if the order of the presentation of a picture and three series of planks influenced the. verbal behaviour. Fourth eight children were tested, four, five and six year olds, 50% of each sex They were all from upper class. Initially, to half of them, the picture was presented then the planks, and then vice-versa. The analysis of the information which was collected in this work did not permit the localization of any difference between the children which were submitted to the two sequences. Besides, no correlation was found of the performance in those two situations. The second study had the objective of studying the performance of 72 children from de same age group, medium-high social-economic level class (GA) and low (GB and GC), during the description of a picture and following the labeling of three series of planks. With respect to the planks the results indicated that: a) there were a greater number of significant correlations amongst each of the series than the total of the series themselves; b) analysis of the correct answer, by item, showed that the frequency of words with more than 75% correct were equal to the words with less than 25% correct; c) the GA showed the greater frequency of words with high and low percentage correct; d)the GB presented the greater frequency Of non-acquaintance when facing the planks; e) the analysis emphasizing the variables of age, sex and social-economic level revealed that only the latter seems to be relevant to this type of work. On the other hand, the appraisal of their performance in front of a picture revealed that: a) the high correlations amounts the various aspects studied (vocabulary with and without repetition, considering the total uttered, without considering repetitions and sentences) these correlations were high; b) considering the various ages, sex and social-economic level, the analysis showed that only the latter seems to be relevant. Even in that study the correlation between the two situations was not localized. Finally, the third study intended to compare the behaviour of children who showed result as good (GD) or insufficient (GE) in front of the planks, when they had the help of their mothers in those two play situations, with a puzzle and with the modulus. Initially the utmost groups were compared, having the results indicating than they were really different. The verbal behaviour uttered by the mother and her child, the sequence of interaction and pauses existent in the two situations were compared. Besides that, the two situations were confronted with respect to the draw out of the verbal behaviour. The analysis of the behaviour of mothers revealed that; a) in the puzzle situation GE mothers had a tendency to utter more \"mands\", command type, and more negative reinforcements, both to stimulate than the GD mothers, the latter had done more positive reinforcements, as well as a bigger sub-total of verbal discriminative stimulus; b) in the situation \"module\" it was not found difference in the liberate stimulus although differences had occourred with respect to the uttering of information, questions, mands, in general, positive reinforcements, echoic behaviour and the sub-total of answers, all these helping the GD. On the other hand, the verbal uttering of children demonstrated that; a)playing with the puzzle the GD children gave more information; as much as an encouragement and answer, and beside that, showed a bigger sub-total of encouragement; b) playing with modules there were a significant difference in favor of GD with respect to the literate liberation encouragement/answer, frequency of mands as an answer to the mother\'s request, frequency of encouragement answer, echoic type and finally total of uttered answer. The study of the interaction sequences revealed an identical pattern in the two situations; there were no difference in the sequence mother-mother, although in had happened in the sequences mother-children, children- mother and children-children, all favoring the GD. Considering the pauses done we can observe that GE presented big periods of non-verbalization in the two situations, showing a significant difference from the GD. The results of the co relational study indicated that the two situations are very similar in terms of expelling the oral/verbal behaviour.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-07T18:04:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 monicacalilborgesferreira.pdf: 2981549 bytes, checksum: 3acac42eeb4cf1c5133b9c3cd804459e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-08T13:22:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 monicacalilborgesferreira.pdf: 2981549 bytes, checksum: 3acac42eeb4cf1c5133b9c3cd804459e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-08T13:22:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 monicacalilborgesferreira.pdf: 2981549 bytes, checksum: 3acac42eeb4cf1c5133b9c3cd804459e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-28 / As hemoglobinopatias constituem o distúrbio genético de maior frequência nos seres humanos, sendo a doença falciforme (DF), com destaque para a anemia falciforme, a de maior impacto clínico, social e epidemiológico. Devido às características raciais do Brasil essas desordens genéticas passaram a representar um grave problema de saúde pública. Minas Gerais por meio da Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia (Hemominas) é pioneira na implantação de uma política de atenção aos portadores de DF, sendo que, desde 1998 a doença foi incluída na triagem neonatal (TN), enquanto que no Programa Nacional tal vinculação só ocorreu a partir de 2001. No Brasil, dos seus 27 estados apenas 18 realizam a TN para a DF. A implantação de uma triagem precoce para hemoglobinopatias não garante por si só o sucesso do Programa, pois é necessário acompanhar constantemente a rede de atenção a DF, visando avaliar e promover melhorias desde a atenção básica à saúde, com o “teste do pezinho”, até o tratamento em serviços de maior complexidade. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo que se propôs a avaliar o espaço cronológico entre as etapas da TN, assim como a frequência e caracterização socioeconômica dos casos de portadores de DF matriculados no Hemocentro Regional de Juiz de Fora (HRJF) - Hemominas, durante o período de 1998 a 2007. No período proposto, foram triados em Minas Gerais 2.549.097 recém-nascidos, sendo que, 210.696 nascidos nas 34 cidades que referenciam o HRJF como centro de tratamento da DF. As cidades que melhor representam a incidência estadual de DF são Juiz de Fora e Ubá. Das crianças estudadas com DF não houve diferença significativa entre os gêneros. Em relação ao perfil hematológico dos acompanhados pelo HRJF (n=109) a HbSS esteve presente em 42,2% pacientes, a HbFC em 27,5%, a HbFS em 23,8% e a HbS/B-talassemia em 6,4%, sendo o percentual de meninos HbSS de 48,2% para 35,8% meninas HbSS. A maioria das famílias relatou viver com renda familiar menor que um salário mínimo por mês (37%). Em relação a fonte de renda foi identificado que o pai trabalha com carteira assinada em 44,9% e as mães em apenas 18,3%. Em 7,33% das famílias o pai está desempregado e as mães em 32,1%, fato que reforça a vulnerabilidade social das crianças portadoras de DF. Outro aspecto importante é a presença da DF em mais de um filho na mesma família, constatando a presença de 56% dos irmãos com a doença, sendo que deste, em 41% o diagnóstico é de anemia falciforme. Quanto ao traço falciforme, 36,7% possuem ao menos mais um filho com traço falciforme e 6,4% desconhece a presença do traço entre os irmãos da criança entrevistada, o que demonstra a necessidade de orientação aos pais quanto ao planejamento familiar. O espaço cronológico entre a coleta de sangue e o cadastro no HRJF foi de 17 dias, período este considerado ideal. Como produto geral da pesquisa, obteve-se um maior conhecimento dos programas integrais de atenção à DF implementados pelo HRJF propiciando uma compreensão mais ampla da situação da DF no nosso Estado na tentativa de favorecer num futuro bem próximo o planejamento de políticas públicas e outras ações que possam contribuir para reduzir a morbimortalidade e melhorar a qualidade de vida do doente falciforme. Além disso, como o Programa Nacional de TN está em alguns estados brasileiros em fase inicial de implantação, em muito contribuiria para esta iniciativa uma ampla divulgação dos estudos, para que medidas de prevenção e controle sejam melhor implementadas. / Hemoglobinopathies are the most frequent genetic disease in humans, and sickle cell disease (SCD), especially for sickle cell anemia, the most clinical impact, social and epidemiological. Due to the racial characteristics of Brazil these genetic disorders now represent a serious public health problem. Minas Gerais through the Foundation Center of Hematology (Hemominas) is pioneer in implementing a policy of care for patients with SCD, and since 1998 the disease was included in newborn screening (NS), while in this National Program Binding occurred only after 2001. In Brazil, the 27 states only 18 do the NS to perform the SCD. The implementation of an early screening for hemoglobinopathies is not in itself guarantee the success of the program, it is necessary to constantly monitor the care net SCD, to evaluate and promote improvement since the primary health care, with the "Guthrie test" to the treatment services of greater complexity. This is a quantitative study aimed to evaluate the space between the chronological stages of NS, as well as the frequency and socioeconomic characteristics of the cases of patients with SCD enrolled in Regional Blood Center of Juiz de Fora (RBCJF) - Hemominas during the period 1998 to 2007. The proposed period, were screened in Minas Gerais 2,549,097 newborns, and that 210,696 newborns in 34 cities that reference the RBCJF as a center for treatment of SCD. The cities that best represent the incidence of SCD are state Juiz de Fora and Uba. From these children with SCD did not differ between genders. Regarding the hematological profile of RBCJF accompanied by (n = 109) to HbSS was present in 42.2% patients, HBFCs by 27.5% to 23.8% and HbFS HbS / B thalassemia in 6.4 %, the percentage of boys HbSS 48.2% to 35.8% HbSS girls. Most families reported living with family income less than one minimum wage per month (37%). Regarding the source of income was identified as the father works with a formal contract in 44.9% and mothers in only 18.3%. In 7.33% of families the father is unemployed and mothers in 32.1%, a fact that reinforces the social vulnerability of children with SCD. Another important aspect is the presence of SCD in more than one child in the family, noting the presence of 56% of the siblings with the disease, and this, in 41% the diagnosis is sickle cell anemia. As for the sickle cell trait, 36.7% have at least one child with sickle cell trait and 6.4% were unaware of the presence of the trait among the siblings of children interviewed, which demonstrates the need for guidance to parents about family planning. The space between the chronological collection of blood and register for RCBJF was 17 days, a period considered ideal. As a product of the research, we obtained a greater knowledge of comprehensive attention to SCD RCBJF implemented by providing a broader understanding of the situation in our state of the SCD in trying to promote in the near future planning policies and other actions that may help reduce morbidity and improve quality of life of sickle cell patients. Moreover, as the National Program for NS is in some Brazilian states in the initial deployment, greatly contribute to this initiative a wide dissemination of studies, so that prevention and control measures are best implemented.

The thesis aims at social psychological aspects of the justice motive. Its purpose is to outline the links between justice motivation and social context, primarily to socioeconomic status, social identity and culture. Major differences between implicit and explicit justice motives are presented, the focus is mainly on the belief in a just world as an important indicator of the justice motive. Distributive and procedural norms of justice are described considering their social dependences. The justice motive and evaluation are viewed from the perspectives of theory of social exchange and equity, social identity theory and theory of system justification. In the empirical part the relation between SES and BJW in Czech society is tested in two studies. The analysis results of the quota public opinion survey (Aktér 2015, N = 926) indicate that people of high SES believe explicitly in a just world more than people of low SES. The estimated contradictions to the results of studies carried out in American context are discussed. The findings from the Czech survey may be relevant especially in the context of less socially differentiated societies. The analysis of data stemming from online quasiexperimental study (N = 82) of people aged 18 - 33 does not confirm these results, possible methodological...

Background Many risk factors for stroke are well characterized and might, at least to some extent, be similar for first-ever stroke and for recurrent stroke events. However, previous studies have shown heterogeneous results on predictors and rates of stroke recurrence. Patients who survive spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) often have compelling indications for antithrombotic (AT) treatment (antiplatelet (AP) and/or anticoagulant (AC) treatment), but due to controversy of the decision to treat, a large proportion of these patients are untreated. In the absence of evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), there is need for more high- quality observational data on the clinical impact of, and optimal timing of AT in ICH survivors. The aims of this thesis were to assess time trends in stroke recurrence, to determine the factors associated with an increased risk of stroke recurrence – including socioeconomic factors – and to determine to what extent ICH survivors with and without atrial fibrillation (AF) receive AT treatment and to determine the optimal timing (if any) of such treatment.  Methods The population-based Monitoring Trends and Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) stroke incidence register was used to assess the epidemiology and predictors of stroke recurrence after ischemic stroke (IS) and ICH from 1995 to 2008 in northern Sweden. Riksstroke, the Swedish stroke register, linked with the National Patient Register and the Swedish Dispensed Drug Register, made it possible to identify survivors of first-ever ICH from 2005 to 2012 with and without concomitant AF to investigate to what extent these patients were prescribed AP and AC therapy. The optimal timing of initiating treatment following ICH in patients with AF 2005–2012 was described through separate cumulative incidence functions for severe thrombotic and hemorrhagic events and for the combined endpoint “vascular death or non-fatal stroke”. Riksstroke data on first-ever stroke patients from 2001 to 2012 was linked to the Longitudinal Integration Database for Health Insurance and Labour market studies to add information on education and income to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic status and risk of recurrence. Results Comparison between the cohorts of 1995–1998 and 2004–2008 showed declining risk of stroke recurrence (hazard ratio: 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52-0.78) in northern Sweden. Significant factors associated with an increased risk of stroke recurrence were age and diabetes. Following ICH, a majority (62%) of recurrent stroke events were ischemic.  The nationwide Riksstroke study confirmed the declining incidence, and it further concluded that low income, primary school as highest attained level of education, and living alone were associated with a higher risk of recurrence beyond the acute phase. The inverse effects of socioeconomic status on risk of recurrence did not differ between men and women and persisted over the study period. Of Swedish ICH-survivors with AF, 8.5% were prescribed AC and 36.6% AP treatment, within 6 months of ICH. In patients with AF, predictors of AC treatment were less severe ICH, younger age, previous anticoagulation, valvular disease and previous IS. High CHA2DS2-VASc scores did not seem to correlate with AC treatment. We observed both an increasing proportion of AC treatment at time of the initial ICH (8.1% in 2006 compared with 14.6% in 2012) and a secular trend of increasing AC use one year after discharge (8.3% in 2006 versus 17.2% in 2011) (p&lt;0.001 assuming linear trends). In patients with high cardiovascular event risk, AC treatment was associated with a reduced risk of vascular death and non-fatal stroke with no significantly increased risk of severe hemorrhage. The benefit appeared to be greatest when treatment was started 7–8 weeks after ICH. For high-risk women, the total risk of vascular death or stroke recurrence within three years was 17.0% when AC treatment was initiated eight weeks after ICH and 28.6% without any antithrombotic treatment (95% CI for difference: 1.4% to 21.8%). For high-risk men, the corresponding risks were 14.3% vs. 23.6% (95% CI for difference: 0.4% to 18.2%). Conclusion Stroke recurrence is declining in Sweden, but it is still common among stroke survivors and has a severe impact on patient morbidity and mortality. Age, diabetes and low socioeconomic status are predictors of stroke recurrence. Regarding ICH survivors with concomitant AF, physicians face the clinical dilemma of balancing the risks of thrombosis and bleeding. In awaiting evidence from RCTs, our results show that AC treatment in ICH survivors with AF was initiated more frequently over the study period, which seems beneficial, particularly in high-risk patients. The optimal timing of anticoagulation following ICH in AF patients seems to be around 7–8 weeks following the hemorrhage.

Bakgrund: I dagens samhälle blir ungdomar allt mer fysiskt inaktiva, samtidigt som hälsoklyftorna bland befolkningen fortsätter att öka. Den socioekonomiska statusen är en bidragande faktor till den ojämlikhet som finns idag och det är en av de faktorer som har störst påverkar för individers förutsättningar och möjligheter att uppnå en god och jämlik hälsa. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka huruvida ungdomars fysiska aktivitetsnivå skiljer sig åt beroende på kön och socioekonomisk status. Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte tillämpades en kvantitativ metod med en tvärsnittsdesign. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av en enkätundersökning där urvalet bestod av 97 gymnasieungdomar på en skola i Eskilstuna. Data analyserades i SPSS genom frekvenstabeller och chi2-test. Resultat: Resultatet visar att majoriteten av ungdomarna inte uppnår den dagliga rekommendationen om fysisk aktivitet på minst 60 minuter om dagen men att män har en högre fysisk aktivitetsnivå än kvinnor. Resultatet påvisade ingen signifikant skillnad gällande ungdomars fysiska aktivitetsnivå utifrån deras socioekonomiska status. Slutsats: Slutsatserna är att det finns en skillnad gällande ungdomars fysiska aktivitetsnivå beroende på kön men att det inte finns någon skillnad utifrån deras socioekonomiska status. / Background: In today’s society, adolescents are becoming increasingly physically inactive, while health disparities continue to increase among the population. Socioeconomic status is a contributing factor to the inequality that exists today and it’s one of the factors that have the most impact on individuals' conditions and opportunities to achieve a good and equal health. Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate whether adolescents physical activity levels differ depending on gender and socioeconomic status. Method: To answer the study’s aim, a quantitative method was applied with a cross-sectional design. The data were collected through a survey and the sample consisted of 97 high school students at a school in Eskilstuna. Data were analyzed in SPSS through frequency tables and chi-square tests. Results: The results show that the majority of adolescents don’t reach the daily recommendation of physical activity for at least 60 minutes a day, but men have a higher level of physical activity in comparison with women. The results showed no significant difference regarding the level of physical activity among adolescents based on their socioeconomic status. Conclusion: The conclusions are that there’s a difference in adolescents’ level of physical activity depending on gender, but there’s no difference based on their socioeconomic status.

Maternal mortality is a critical area of concern globally, despite the availability of accessible preventive measures. The role of sociodemographic and service delivery factors in maternal mortality in the Accra Metropolitan Area of Ghana are important to examine. As part of the United Nations (UN) Millennium Campaign, the UN implemented 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); maternal mortality reduction by 75% between 1990 and 2015 was among the fundamental MDGs to be achieved by 2015. The purpose of this case-control study was to use secondary data to assess the relationships between sociodemographic variables, service delivery factors, and maternal mortality among 8,171 women of reproductive age (15-45 years) living in the Greater Accra metropolitan area in Ghana. The health belief model and social cognitive theory provided the theoretical framework to interpret the study findings. Particularly, income (p = .023), primary (p = .035) and secondary (p = .002) education, and health insurance (p = .008) were significantly associated with maternal-related mortality. However, for survival outcome, health insurance (p = .003), prenatal care (p = .001), and presence of a skilled attendant at delivery (p = .020) were significant factors. These study results provide support for the significant effects of sociodemographic and service delivery factors on maternal mortality and survivorship in the Greater Accra metropolitan area in Ghana. The results of this study could enhance educational and outreach programs designed to lower maternal mortality rate. Further research needs to be done to advance knowledge and practice in health delivery services and public health education with respect to the importance of sociodemographic and service delivery characteristics.

The purpose of this study is to create a deeper understanding on how brands today arepart of culture, creating meaning and effects, persuading customers through hidden messages and cultural communication codes. The starting point for my studies has been a European approach, with a German brand as empirical material. As a visual communicator it is especially important to critically understand how each element in an advertising campaigncreates meaning and therewith influences consumers unconsciously. My study has the ambition to research how luxury products are portrayed by examining visual markers for taste and exclusivity that indicate that the Jil Sander advertising campaign (2018) is directed towards members of a higher social strata. This has been done by using a qualitative visual image analysis based on social semiotics. Representation, taste, status and social milieus are the theoretical key terms in this study which are linked to my image analysis which shows that the characters are members of the same scene belonging tothe same social milieu, were they share social norms, dress codes, linguistic codes such assigns and symbols. All of them are visual markers of a higher social class, taste and capital.