[pt] A motivação é um dos construtos mais estudados em psicologia geral na esfera científica mundialmente. Entender o porquê determinado comportamento ocorre parece instigar inúmeros pesquisadores que se debruçam na investigação de seus componentes. Do mesmo modo, identificar as influências motivacionais dos agentes sociais determinantes para o clima motivacional esportivo, como treinadores, pais e pares/colegas de time, parece nevrálgico na prática esportiva, ainda mais a partir da percepção do atleta no contexto do esporte de alto rendimento. Clima motivacional pode ser definido como o estado ambiental da prática esportiva que influencia os níveis de motivação. Diante disso, esta pesquisa foi estruturada a partir de dois estudos empíricos com o objetivo de desenvolver, aplicar e validar instrumento de medida multidimensional para avaliação de clima motivacional em atletas de alto rendimento. No estudo 1, de design qualitativo, 23 (n=23) atletas de alto rendimento, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 33 anos, ambos os gêneros, praticantes de 5 modalidades esportivas - judô, futebol, nado artístico, Mixed Marcial Arts (MMA) e vôlei de praia - foram entrevistados por meio de grupos focais, em formato semiestruturado, para investigar as influências motivacionais de treinadores, pais e pares/colegas de time na prática esportiva. A análise de conteúdo foi realizada através do software Iramuteq. A partir dos resultados obtidos na porção qualitativa e seguindo as etapas de construção de instrumentos, validação de conteúdo, análise de juízes e análise semântica, foi desenvolvido o Questionário Multidimensional de Clima Motivacional (QMCM). No estudo 2, o novo instrumento foi aplicado em uma amostra de 166 sujeitos (n=166), de ambos os gêneros, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 59 anos, todos atletas de alto rendimento de diversas modalidades esportivas, individual e coletiva (futebol; futsal; basquete; rugby; artes marciais). Análises psicométricas foram realizadas e os resultados indicam que o QMCM apresenta evidências de validade e fidedignidade compatíveis com a finalidade deste estudo. Pretendeu-se, com este questionário, instrumentalizar psicólogos e profissionais do esporte ampliando a consciência sobre a importância da identificação e mensuração do clima motivacional em atletas de alto rendimento. / [en] Motivation is one of the most studied constructs in general psychology in the scientific sphere worldwide. Understanding why a certain behavior occurs seems to instigate countless researchers who are focused on investigating its components. Likewise, identifying the motivational influences of social agents that determine the sports motivational climate, such as: coaches, parents and peers/teammates, seems to be critical in sports practice, especially from the athlete s perception in the context of high performance sport. Motivational climate can be defined as the environmental state of sports practice that influences motivation levels. Therefore, this research was structured from two empirical studies with the aim of developing, applying and validating a multidimensional measurement instrument for evaluating the motivational climate in high-performance athletes. In study 1, of qualitative design, 23 (n=23) high performance athletes, aged between 18 and 33 years, both genders, practitioners of 5 sports: judo, soccer, artistic swimming, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) and beach volleyball were interviewed through focus groups, in a semi-structured format, to investigate the motivational influences of coaches, parents and peers/teammates on sports practice. Content analysis was performed using the Iramuteq software. From the results obtained in the qualitative portion and following the steps of instrument construction, content validation, judge analysis and semantic analysis, the Multidimensional Motivational Climate Questionnaire (MCMCM) was developed. In study 2, the new instrument was applied to a sample of 166 subjects (n=166), of both genders aged between 18 and 59 years, all high-performance athletes from various sports, individual and collective (soccer; futsal; basketball; rugby; martial arts). Psychometric analyzes were performed and the results indicate that the QMCM presents evidence of validity and reliability compatible with the purpose of this study. The aim of this questionnaire was to equip psychologists and sports professionals, increasing awareness of the importance of identifying and measuring the motivational climate in high-performance athletes.

Self-construal (SC) refers to the way people perceive their identities in relation to self and others (Markus & Kitayama, 1991b). It has been found in the literature to influence thinking, decision-making, and preferences (e.g., Sung, Choi, & Tinkham, 2012) which suggests that a person's SC may affect her/his preference on psychological interventions. However, no empirical studies can be located that examined this relationship. The study examined the effects of independent SC, interdependent SC, general autonomy (GA), and sport autonomy (SA) on athletes' preferences and desire to use the interventions in the future, especially how these relations might vary as a function of the type of intervention. It was hypothesized that the relationship between each of the predictors and preference for and desire to use intervention would be moderated by the type of intervention received. Four hundred and thirty-one current and former athletes were recruited to participate in this study. Participants completed a questionnaire that measured SC, GA, and SA and were then randomly assigned to receive one of two self-talk interventions, representing either a self- or other-focused intervention. Participants were asked to rate their preference for and desire to use the given intervention in the future. Results found positive significant relationships with all predictors and intervention preference, in both self- and other-focused groups. Initial hierarchical multiple and logistic regression analyses did not support a significant moderation effect of intervention type on the relationships between the independent and dependent variables. However, a post-hoc analysis that conducted a hierarchical multiple regression with participants separated by gender found a significant moderation effect of intervention type on the relationship between independent SC and preference for intervention for females only. Additional post-hoc analyses were conducted to replicate Sung et al.'s (2012) analysis procedures in which the SC continuous variables were transformed into categorical ones, and a 2x2 ANOVA and Pearson chi-square analyses were conducted. Post-hoc analyses revealed significant interaction effects of intervention type and participants' dominant self-construal type on their desire to use intervention. Limitations, implications for counseling/consulting, and future research directions are discussed.

No description available.

Participants were 15 professional sailors, ranging in age from 23-49 years (M age = 35.9 years; SD = 7.4), who competed in the 2005/06 VOR. After receiving approval from the Temple University Institutional Review Board, the researcher recruited participants who were subsequently required to provide informed consent to participate in the study. Using a semi-structured interview format, face-to-face interviews were completed with three sailors in Miami, FL, and with nine sailors in Valencia, Spain (three interviews with individual participants, one interview with two participants, and a focus group with four participants). Three interviews were completed via telephone. All interviews were transcribed verbatim. Each transcript was then analysed through an inductive open coding process. Data analysis revealed nine major themes (Background, Skiffs on Steroids, Boat Breakdowns, Managing Self, Pressure, Tragedy, Extreme, Team, and Reflecting) with associated subthemes, and three dimensions (Resonance, Edgework, and Performance Capacities) with associated subdimensions. A framework for understanding the experiences of the sailors was conceived in the form of a model depicting the dimensions of resonance (a passion for adventure and the VOR in particular), edgework (a desire and ability to perform in high-risk, life threatening situations), and performance capacities (team, individual, and boat). The model suggests an interplay between the dimensions of edgework and resonance, against which is set the performance dimension. This study is the first to take a glimpse inside the experiences of professional ocean racing sailors who compete in fully crewed around-the-world races. Findings confirm the widely held belief that the VOR is an extreme and unique event in the world of sport. / Kinesiology

Text in Afrikaans / The main objective of this investigative study was to determine the motivational strategies of sport coaches within the South African context. The theoretical investigation indicated that the setting of goals and feedback seem to be the two most popular methods used by sport coaches to motivate their athletes. Different motivational theories, as well as the possible role of these theories within the sporting realm, were addressed. For the empirical investigation the motivational theories elucidated in the theoretical investigation, were used as point of departure . A factor analysis of the gathered data gave rise to the emergence of four motivational strategies, namely reward, winning, a cognitive approach and self-confidence. An ANOVA procedure led to the following findings: Sport coaches show meaningful differences in their accentuation of these motivational strategies based on types of sport, gender and whether they have received formal training in Sport Psychology or not. No meaningful differences were found when institutions, qualifications and experience as sport coach were considered as variables. / Psychology / M. Sc. (Psychology)

Dans le contexte pastoral évangélique, il est très difficile de s’expliquer qu’un croyant puisse aimer et servir Dieu avec passion pour constater, quelques années plus tard, que la motivation qui le pousse vers Dieu a été étouffée. Bien qu’ils utilisent des termes différents, les entraineurs sportifs posent essentiellement la même question : comment inciter les personnes sous leur charge à fournir un rendement correspondant à leur potentiel. Si la motivation est le moteur du comportement, pour bien des personnes, les émotions en constituent le volant. Il semble que par nature l’humain oriente son comportement vers les émotions agréables et s’éloigne des émotions désagréables. C’est aussi vrai pour le sportif que pour le croyant. Cette étude propose une réflexion interdisciplinaire entre la théologie et la psychologie au sujet du plaisir, de la motivation et de l’action humaine, à la fois dans le sport moderne et dans la spiritualité, qui permette d’aborder notre problématique sous un nouvel éclairage. Les premiers chapitres ont pour objectifs d’identifier la rencontre entre le sport et la spiritualité (chapitre 1), de situer la problématique dans son contexte anthropologique à partir de la compréhension psychologique contemporaine de l’émotion (chapitre 2) et de la motivation (chapitre 3). Les chapitres qui suivent examinent la motivation humaine chez les sportifs à partir de la psychologie du sport (chapitre 4), avant de consulter deux théologiens protestants Jürgen Moltmann du courant libéral et John Piper, évangélique conservateur (chapitre 5) pour introduire la discussion théologique. Bien que la psychologie contemporaine ait été une discipline longtemps figée dans un paradigme darwinien ou humaniste, décriant l’empiètement de la théologie sur sa compréhension de l’humain, le chapitre 6 présente des exemples où une discussion théologique de l’humain, dépourvue de toute validité empirique, peut apporter une vision complémentaire à la psychologie contemporaine et contribuer au bien-être du sportif comme à celui du croyant. Ainsi, la contribution de la psychologie, qui est acceptable à une interprétation évangélique, peut apporter un éclaircissement sur les raisons possibles d’un changement de motivation chez le croyant dans son amour et son service envers Dieu. Le dernier chapitre se veut le prolongement de cette étude dans d’autres domaines, comme les études bibliques et le counseling auprès des croyants et des sportifs et dans le cadre de l’aumônerie militaire. / For a pastor in the Christian Evangelical tradition, it is difficult to explain how a believer, who once loved and served God with passion, finds that a few years later his motivation directed towards God has waned. Though using different terminology, coaches ask essentially the same question concerning some of their athletes. How can they incite those under their supervision to perform in light of their full potential? If motivation is the motor of behaviour, for the majority of people emotions are the steering wheel. People, by nature, tend to steer their behaviour in a direction that reinforces desirable emotions and avoids those that are undesirable. This is true for both athletes and believers. This thesis proposes a reflection on motivation as it relates to two fields of study: theology and psychology. More precisely it looks at the subject of pleasure, motivation, and human action in the areas of modern sport and spirituality, with the intention of shedding new light on our problem. The first few chapters seek to identify the common ground between sport and spirituality (chapter 1), and to situate our problem in its anthropological context by defining the basic concepts of emotion (chapter 2) and motivation (chapter 3) according to modern psychology. The chapters that follow examine motivation from an understanding of sport psychology (chapter 4) before moving on to its counterpart from a theological perspective (chapter 5) by consulting two protestant theologians: Jürgen Moltmann of a liberal persuasion and John Piper, a conservative evangelical. Though contemporary psychology is known as being a discipline fixed in a Darwinian or Humanist paradigm which disassociates from any theological understanding of human beings, chapter 6 presents examples of how a theological discussion, outside of empirical confirmation, may bring a complementary vision to contemporary psychology and contribute to the well being of both athlete and believer. The chapter also proposes how an understanding of psychology, acceptable to an evangelical interpretation, may shed light on the possible changes in motivation a believer may experience in his love and service for God. The last chapter projects the ideas of this study to other fields of interest such as Bible study, the counseling of believers and athletes, and the work of military chaplains.

L’entraînement délibéré joue un rôle essentiel dans le développement de l’excellence sportive. Cette pratique est décrite comme étant une activité menée dans un but d’amélioration exigeant un niveau élevé d’effort et de concentration et n’étant pas nécessairement plaisante. Bien que les aspects quantitatifs de la pratique délibérée aient grandement été explorés, peu d’études se sont attardées à qualifier ce processus de façon précise. Ainsi, l’objectif de la présente étude est de définir précisément ce qu’est un entraînement de qualité ainsi que le processus psychologique s’y rattachant. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-structurées ont été menées auprès de douze patineurs élites québécois. L’analyse des données, par théorisation ancrée, démontre qu’un entraînement de haute qualité est le résultat d’une interaction dynamique de plusieurs facteurs liés à l’athlète, à son environnement, au contenu de son entraînement et à son état psychologique. Plus précisément, la confiance, la motivation, la concentration et l’attitude positive sont les habiletés psychologiques qui peuvent affecter l’entraînement. En fait, l’analyse démontre qu’un processus psychologique important s’opère lors de l’entraînement délibéré. Tout d’abord, des stratégies cognitives et comportementales comme l’imagerie mentale, la fixation d’objectifs et la routine sont utilisées par les athlètes pour se préparer à l’entraînement. Puis, lorsque son état psychologique est affecté négativement, l’athlète a recours à différentes stratégies afin d’optimiser cet état. Si ces stratégies s’avèrent efficaces, la qualité de l’entraînement est maintenue et l’athlète en ressort avec l’impression d’avoir progressé autant sur le plan technique, mental qu’émotionnel. / Deliberate practice plays an important role in the development of sport excellence. This practice is described as being aimed at the improvement of performance and requires a high level of effort and concentration and is not inherently enjoyable. The quantitative aspect of deliberate practice has been explored in several studies, but very few studies have examined the qualitative side of this process. Thus, the goal of the present study is to describe precisely what deliberate training is and the psychological process underlying it. To reach those goals, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve elite Quebec figure skaters . Data analyse, using grounded theory, demonstrate that high quality training is the result of a dynamic interaction among many factors related to the athletes, their environment, the content of their training and their psychological state. Specifically, confidence, focus, motivation and positive attitude are psychological skills that can affect performance. In fact, the results show that an important process occurred during deliberate training. First, cognitive and behavioral strategies such as mental imagery, goal setting and routine are used by athletes to prepare themselves to train. Then, when the athletes' psychological state is negatively affected, they use different strategies to try to optimize this state. If these strategies are efficient, they help maintain the quality of training and the athletes experience the perception of having progressed technically, mentally, and emotionally.

La stagnation est un phénomène fréquent dans le domaine de la natation, bien qu’inexpliqué et incompris, pour lequel peu de solutions sont proposées. Malgré quelques recherches sur ce phénomène, notamment au baseball, la littérature sur le sujet demeure incomplète et ne permet pas de bien cerner le problème de la stagnation. Ainsi, cette étude a pour but premier d’identifier et de comprendre les causes possibles de la stagnation, les changements émotionnels, physiques et sociaux engendrés par un tel phénomène et les stratégies utilisées par les athlètes pour gérer la stagnation. Le deuxième objectif de cette étude est de jeter un regard sur l’impact de l’optimisme sur la résolution de la stagnation. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-structurées ont été menées auprès de onze nageurs ayant compétitionné au niveau national canadien. Les nageurs étaient divisés en trois groupes: les nageurs ayant résolu leur stagnation et qui continuent de nager, les nageurs ayant cessé la compétition de natation suite à une stagnation non résolue et ceux qui nagent encore malgré une stagnation non résolue. Les candidats sélectionnés ont complété deux questionnaires sur l’optimisme, le LOT-R et l’ASQ. L’analyse des résultats, réalisée grâce à la théorisation ancrée, a permis de déterminer un ensemble d’émotions vécues par les athlètes et d’identifier des stratégies afin de résoudre la stagnation. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent qu’une balance entre l’optimisme et le pessimisme, une motivation intrinsèque ainsi qu’une auto-détermination chez l'athlète sont des éléments importants afin de surmonter une stagnation. / Even if unexplained and misunderstood, a slump is a frequent phenomenon among high level swimmers for which few solutions are proposed. Despite some previous research especially in the sport of baseball, the literature on this topic is fairly incomplete and does not provide a complete understanding of the problem. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to get a better understanding of the possible causes of a slump and the emotional, mental, physical and social changes generated by this phenomenon and the strategies used by swimmers in order to break through their slumps. The second goal of this study is to examine the impact of optimism on the resolution of a slump. To reach these goals, semi-structured interviews were held with eleven swimmers who competed at the national level in Canada. Swimmers were divided into three groups: swimmers who resolved their slumps and are still swimming, swimmers who stopped competitive swimming because of an unresolved slump and swimmers who are still swimming even though they are still enduring a slump. Subjects selected were also asked to complete two optimism questionnaires (LOT-R and ASQ). Data analysis, using the grounded theory, identified an emotional patterns experienced by swimmers and certain strategies used by swimmers to resolve their slump. Finally, the results of this study suggest that a balance between optimism and pessimism, an intrinsic motivation and a perception of auto-determination are important elements when trying to overcome a slump.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:29:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Istvan de Abreu.pdf: 425003 bytes, checksum: fc219a405570e06c29aee4f39c310d58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-08 / Sport Psychology has been studying the group dynamics in sporting teams, by analyzing the inter-personal relationships among athletes, or the leaders' and coaches' influence on the team, while other researches study the influence of indirect participants' of the sporting atmosphere comprising, for instance, relatives, friends and spouses. The researches have been analyzing the process of group communication on a one-way direction, and not considering the athlete as an active and not passive individual, where his/her behavior is a direct result of the incentives presented by the environment. It is believed that to understand the productions of the subjective senses and how the communication processes in a sporting team are organized are relevant to lead us understand the subjective configurations, both of the group subjectivity and of the athletes individually. Those two levels of the subjectivity go through processes of constant transformation aiming at looking for a balance to consider the individual and group needs simultaneously [at the same time]. That study had as objective to analyze the relation and the production processes of subjective sense between coach and athletes of a triatlo team, considering: i) the organization of the team communication processes to understand the athlete-team, athlete-athlete, coachteam, coach-athlete relationship; ii) the understanding of the group climate and how that affects the athletes' subjectivity; iii) and how these processes influence the sporting performance. The present study emphasizes the constructive-interpretative and dialogical character of the knowledge, starting from Gonz?lez Rey's interpretation over qualitative research. The field research comprised a five-month follow-up of 8 athletes and a coach of a triatlo team, in a town of the state of S?o Paulo countryside that participates in regional, national and international competitions. For the accomplishment of this study the tools used were: conversational dynamics, term used to emphasize the procedural and open character of the relationships with the participant; complement of sentences, which allowed acquiring information about the production of sense of the individual; and a field diary. The tools supplied indicators of subjective sense, which, in our analysis, took us to the construction of the following subjective senses nuclei: i) the impact of the coach's subjectivity in the team constitution; ii) the competitive moment and its influence in the team subjective configuration; and iii) the family interference in the athlete s subjective formation. The impact of each one of those subjective sense nuclei on the athlete and the team were the main results of this research, where the coach s production of subjective sense had strong influence in the communication process among him and the athlete, the team, and the athlete s family. The coach's dispute for the attention and recognition of the direct and indirect participants created an atmosphere of intra-personal competition, generating individualism, jealousy and envy. Those indicators when associated to others existent in the competitive atmosphere, as the winner's exaltation, the depreciation of the defeated and the promptness configure a social subjectivity, which represents the contemporary society. / A Psicologia do Esporte, tem estudado as din?micas grupais em equipes esportivas, analisando as rela??es inter-pessoais entre atletas, ou a influ?ncia de l?deres e t?cnicos sobre a equipe, enquanto outras pesquisas estudam a influ?ncia dos participantes indiretos do ambiente esportivo, constitu?do, por exemplo, por familiares, amigos, c?njuges. As pesquisas t?m analisado o processo de comunica??o grupal de modo unidirecional, e desconsiderando o atleta como um sujeito ativo, e n?o passivo, onde seu comportamento ? resultado direto dos est?mulos apresentados pelo meio. Acredita-se que compreender as produ??es dos sentidos subjetivos, e como se organizam os processos de comunica??o em uma equipe esportiva, s?o relevantes para compreendermos as configura??es subjetivas, tanto da subjetividade grupal, como dos atletas individualmente.Tanto a subjetividade individual como a grupal passam por processos de constante transforma??o de forma a buscar um equil?brio que considere as necessidades individuais e grupais ao mesmo tempo. Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar a rela??o e os processos de produ??o de sentido subjetivo entre t?cnico e atletas de uma equipe de triatlo, considerando: i) a organiza??o dos processos de comunica??o da equipe, a entender a rela??o atleta - equipe, atleta - atleta, t?cnico - equipe, t?cnico atleta; ii) a compreens?o do clima grupal e de que modo ele afeta a subjetividade dos atletas; iii) e de que forma estes processos influenciam no desempenho esportivo. O presente estudo enfatiza o car?ter construtivo interpretativo e dial?gico do conhecimento, a partir da interpreta??o de Gonz?lez Rey sobre pesquisa qualitativa. A pesquisa de campo constituiu-se por um acompanhamento de cinco meses de 8 atletas e um t?cnico de uma equipe de triatlo, em uma cidade do interior de S?o Paulo, e que participa de competi??es regionais, nacionais e internacionais. Para a realiza??o deste estudo os instrumentos utilizados foram: din?mica conversacional, termo utilizado para enfatizar o car?ter processual e aberto das rela??es com o participante; complemento de frases, que permitiu adquirir informa??es sobre a produ??o de sentido do sujeito; e um di?rio de campo. Os instrumentos forneceram indicadores de sentido subjetivo, que em nossa an?lise, nos levou `a constru??o dos seguintes n?cleos de sentidos subjetivos: i) o impacto da subjetividade do t?cnico na constitui??o da equipe; ii) o momento competitivo e sua influ?ncia na configura??o subjetiva da equipe; e iii) a interfer?ncia da fam?lia na forma??o da subjetiva do atleta. O impacto de cada um desses n?cleos de sentido subjetivo sobre o atleta e a equipe foram os principais resultados dessa pesquisa, onde a produ??o de sentido subjetivos do t?cnico teve forte influ?ncia no processo de comunica??o entre ele com o atleta, equipe, e familiares do atleta. A disputa do t?cnico pela aten??o e reconhecimento dos participantes diretos e indiretos, criou um ambiente de competi??o intra-pessoal, gerando individualismo, ci?me e inveja. Esses indicadores quando associados a outros existentes no ambiente competitivo, como a exalta??o do vencedor, desvaloriza??o do derrotado e o imediatismo, configuram uma subjetividade social, que representa a sociedade contempor?nea.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiola Matarazzo.pdf: 7649108 bytes, checksum: e8e469f3ebb0ea3d182297edf8f4e135 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-14 / The present work has as its main objective to understand the process of Art Therapy as a resource to psychological preparation regarding athletes taking into account Jungian theory reference. Such research has been performed in a city located in the countryside of São Paulo and its integrants, 22 female athletes, all around 21 years old, participating in sports (volleyball, handball and judo). The qualitative method based on eight meetings on Art Therapy. The work was analyzed in the light of Jungian Psychology. The Instruments used were the following: socio demographic questionnaire, tipology assessment, Art Therapy process and final assessment questionnaire (closing). The results revealed Art Therapy recourses used favored development and improvement of important psychology abilities towards the athlete as well as being a contribution to the possibility of a balanced relationship between opposing parts cohabitating in a competitive environment recognizing potentials and finding satisfaction and pleasure in such a path fulfilled of psychological and sports growth / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo compreender o processo da Arteterapia como um recurso na preparação psicológica de atletas a partir do referencial teórico junguiano. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em uma cidade do interior de São Paulo com 22 atletas do sexo feminino pertencentes a 3 modalidades esportivas (voleibol, handebol e judô) com uma média de 21 anos de idade. Foi utilizado o método qualitativo, baseado em oito encontros de Arteterapia analisados à luz da Psicologia Junguiana. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário sociodemográfico e esportivo, questionário de avaliação tipológica, o processo de Arteterapia e o questionário de avaliação (fechamento). Os resultados revelaram que os recursos arteterapêuticos utilizados favoreceram o desenvolvimento e o aperfeiçoamento de habilidades psicológicas importantes ao atleta, bem como contribuíram com a possibilidade de uma relação harmoniosa entre os opostos vivenciados no ambiente competitivo reconhecendo potenciais, encontrando satisfação e prazer neste caminho de crescimento psicológico e esportivo