Human capital is recognized as the foundation of a firm's competitive advantage (Messenböck et al., 2015; Berthon et al., 2005). However, startups are put in a competitive disadvantage in comparison to established companies, as they have limited resources, legitimacy issues and operate under higher levels ofuncertainty (Aldrich and Auster, 1986; Moser et al.,2015). Since startups are important from a labor dynamic perspective for long-term employment growth (Haltiwanger et al., 2008) it is vital to understand what makes them attractive as employers, as such knowledge would help them develop strong and competitive Employer Brands. Through a combination of exploratory and descriptive research, this study aims to answer the research question: "What are the dimensions of employer attractiveness in startups and their perceived levels of importance among startup employees?". Based on the literature review, a framework model has been conceptualized, containing 29 employer attractiveness attributes. Through an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EF A), the model has been tested on a sample of 169 employees in Swedish startups, who ranked each attribute on a 7-point Likert scale. The results of the study suggest that some of the most important employer attractiveness attributes are "interesting and challenging work", "the company both values and makes use of your creativity" and "a high level of flexibility". And the least attractive ones were the "opportunity to teach others what you have leamed" and the "opportunity to apply what was leamed at a tertiary institution". The EF A revealed that the model has seven underlying dimension of attractiveness. Five were discovered in previous studies as well: Social, Interest, Economic, Application, and Development. And the presence of startup specific attractiveness attributes lead to the creation of two new dimensions of attractiveness: Entrepreneurial and Challenge. / Mänskliga resurser är erkända som en grundförutsättning för en organisations konkurrenskraft (Messenböck et al., 2015; Berthon et al., 2005). Startups hamnar dock i en konkurrensnackdel jämfört med etablerade företag då de har begränsade resurser, legitimitetsfrågor och arbetar under högre nivåer av osäkerhet (Aldrich and Auster, 1986; Moser et al.,2015). Eftersom startups är viktiga ur ett arbetskraftsdynamiskt perspektiv för långsiktigt positiv utveckling av sysselsättningsgrad (Haltiwanger et al., 2008) är det nödvändigt att förstå vad som gör dem attraktiva som arbetsgivare, eftersom sådan kunskap hjälper dem att utveckla starka och konkurrenskraftiga varumärken. Genom en kombination av utforskande och beskrivande forskning avser denna studie att besvara frågan: "Vilka är dimensionerna av arbetsgivares attraktions kraft i startups och dessas upplevda nivå av betydelse bland anställda i startups?" Baserat på genomgången av litteratur, har en rammodell har tagits fram, innehållande 29 attribut för arbetsgivares attraktionskraft. Modellen har testats genom en Exploratory Factor Analysis (EF A) på ett urval av 169 anställda i svenska startups, vilka rankade varje attribut på en 7-punkts Likert-skala. Resultaten av studien tyder på att några av de viktigaste attributen för arbetsgivares attraktionskraft är "intressant och utmanande arbete", "företaget både värdesätter och använder sig av din kreativitet" och "en hög nivå av flexibilitet". Och de minst attraktiva är "möjligheten att undervisa andra i andra vad du har lärt dig" och "möjligheten att tillämpa det man lärt sig vid universitet/högskola". EFA avslöjade att modellen har sju underliggande dimensioner av attraktionskraft. Fem upptäcktes även i tidigare studier: Sociala, Intresse, Ekonomiska, Tillämpning, och Utveckling. Förekomsten av attribut specifika för startups attraktionskraft leder till skapandet av två nya dimensioner av attraktionskraft: Entreprenörskap och Utmaning.

In modern, fast moving business environments it is crucial for established corporations to find new sources of innovativeness in order to secure their competitiveness and long-term survival. Startups could be such a new source of innovativeness. Unfortunately, it is difficult for startups and corporations to cooperate. Mostly, this is because of the companies’ organization and the different way they operate. To overcome this gap, corporations started to get engaged with business incubators. Even though this phenomenon can be observed in practice already, little research has been done to better understand the forms this collaboration could have or the motives leading to such a cooperation. By studying an incubator that is engaged with established companies in many different ways, various forms of relationships could be identified. Moreover, based on the descriptions of those types of collaboration and in depth interviews, the motives leading corporations and incubators to get involved in various ways could be identified. The empirical contribution of this thesis is to better understand how established corporations can get engaged with entrepreneurial activity and startups in particular.

Startups har fördelar när det gäller innovation och kreativitet jämfört med stora företag. Införandet av struktur och processer kan hämma innovationsprocessen och företagens anpassningsbarhet. För att vara fortsatt innovativ och snabb kan en startup arbeta med att främja en entreprenöriell kultur i syfte att främja dessa egenskaper. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur en startup kan arbeta för att främja en entreprenöriell kultur när företaget växer och får ökat behov av struktur. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ studie genomförts där data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien visar att studieobjektet, i och med att det vuxit, fått en ökad grad av struktur på grund av implementering av system och processer. Utifrån det teoretiska ramverket kan studieobjektet klassas som en startup och organisationskulturen kan liknas vid en entreprenöriell kultur. Slutsatsen är att enentreprenöriell kultur kan främjas genom bland annat rekrytering av målinriktade och entreprenöriella personer, gemensamma värderingar, aktiviteter och språkbruk.

Esta tese investiga heurísticas de criação de oportunidades empreendedoras em startups. Pesquisas sobre ação empreendedora com base em heurísticas são desenvolvidas tendo como premissa que o mercado oferece várias oportunidades, prontas para serem selecionadas. Tais pesquisas não investigam como se dá a ação empreendedora quando há a necessidade de criação de uma nova oportunidade. Pesquisas sobre ação empreendedora com base em heurísticas também não exploram conceitualmente e empiricamente a criação de oportunidades empreendedoras por startups. Para preencher essas lacunas, esta tese se propõe a analisar a aderência da tipologia proposta por Bingham e Eisenhardt (2011) na criação de oportunidades empreendedoras por startups. A proposição que se faz é a seguinte: a tipologia proposta por Bingham e Eisenhardt não prevê heurísticas de gestão para a criação de novas oportunidades, já que tem como premissa que o mercado dispõe de várias oportunidades prontas para serem capturadas. Com base nesta análise, a seguinte pergunta dirige esta tese: Quais as heurísticas presentes na criação de oportunidades empreendedoras? Para responder a esta pergunta, esta tese constrói um quadro conceitual a partir da literatura e emprega a abordagem de pesquisa empírica, através da análise de ações empreendedoras unindo percepções, decisões e ações através de estudos de múltiplos casos realizados em oito startups. A contribuição central desta tese é a proposição de uma tipologia de heurísticas relacionadas à criação de oportunidades empreendedoras, adaptando a tipologia proposta por Bingham e Eisenhardt. Enquanto a tipologia de Bingham e Eisenhardt determina que empresas aprendem heurísticas dos tipos seleção, processual, prioridade e temporal, esta tese determina que empresas também aprendem heurísticas do tipo \'criação\' e propõe uma nova tipologia de heurísticas para a criação de oportunidades empreendedoras: \'startups aprendem heurísticas dos tipos criação, processual, prioridade e temporal\', uma vez que necessitam criar uma oportunidade que o mercado ainda não dispõe. / This thesis investigates heuristics creating entrepreneurial opportunities for startups. Research on entrepreneurial action based on heuristics are developed with the premise that the market offers several opportunities, ready to be selected. Such surveys do not investigate how is the entrepreneurial action when there is a need to create a new opportunity. Research on entrepreneurial action based on heuristics did not explore conceptually and empirically creating entrepreneurial opportunities for startups. To fill these gaps, this thesis aims to analyze the adherence of the typology proposed by Bingham and Eisenhardt (2011) in creating opportunities for entrepreneurial startups. The proposition that does is the following: the typology proposed by Bingham and Eisenhardt does not provide management of heuristics to create new opportunities, as it is premised that the market offers many opportunities ready to be captured. Based on this analysis, the following question directs this thesis: What heuristics present at the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities? To answer this question, this thesis builds a conceptual framework from the literature and employs empirical research approach through the analysis of entrepreneurial activities linking perceptions, decisions and actions through multiple cases performed in eight startups studies. The main contribution of this thesis is to propose a typology of heuristics related to creating entrepreneurial opportunities, adapting the typology proposed by Bingham and Eisenhardt. While the typology of Bingham and Eisenhardt requires that companies learn heuristics types selection, procedure, priority and time, this thesis requires that companies also learn heuristics like \'creation\' and proposes a new typology of heuristics to create opportunities entrepreneurial: \'startups learn heuristics types creation, procedure, priority and time\', since they need to create an opportunity that the market does not yet have.

The present Study deals with the establishment of growth companies (Startups) under the assumption, which not only the innovative product leads to the success of the new Company but a Combination of innovative products and innovative organizational design. First the five decision areas of a predecessor company (Leadership (management), financing, controlling, marketing and human resources) were examined, and then five hypotheses identified, which were then analyzed by an empirical study of their validity. The results of the theoretical part are five proposals for the innovative design of the five areas of decision. Complementary occupied founding team for the leadership, bootstrapping for the financing, BSC for controlling, Alpha-communicators to the marketing and finally an employee share ownership for the human resources. Ten founders of the following technology fields: biotechnology, nanotechnology, navigation technology, satellite communications, Network-software-technology, medical technology, internet, technology and funding-Software-development were asked to participate on a questionnaire and then on an expert interview to the above design proposals. The study results have shown that there is a significant correlation between success on one side and the organization of a growth company on the other side. They have also shown that the proposed method and instruments for shaping the decision-making areas because of their particular suitability contributions to the success of the Establishment and ensure the survival of the company.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, 2015. / Submitted by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2015-10-26T19:09:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_JosédeJesusJoãoFerreira.pdf: 1272352 bytes, checksum: 8b493b636bbeb9aefd6e15285745776b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marília Freitas(marilia@bce.unb.br) on 2015-12-20T15:42:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_JosédeJesusJoãoFerreira.pdf: 1272352 bytes, checksum: 8b493b636bbeb9aefd6e15285745776b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-20T15:42:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_JosédeJesusJoãoFerreira.pdf: 1272352 bytes, checksum: 8b493b636bbeb9aefd6e15285745776b (MD5) / Os novos negócios de base inovadora e tecnológica, as startups, têm conferido uma alavancagem para a economia dos países. Apesar disso, estão mais suscetíveis a fracassarem devido à sua vulnerabilidade inicial, considerando que enfrentam mais riscos, possuem menos recursos e têm pouca legitimidade. Dessa forma, identificou-se a relevância em analisar os fatores que influenciam no desempenho das startups. Este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar a relação do desempenho das startups com as variáveis ambientais, atratividade da indústria e percepção da incerteza ambiental, bem como das variáveis organizacionais, estrutura, tomada de decisão estratégica e experiência, sendo a relação destas com o desempenho moderadas pela incerteza ambiental. O modelo teórico foi estruturado com base na fundamentação teórica das variáveis ambientais e organizacionais. O método utilizado foi o levantamento (survey), o qual foi enviado para mais de 700 startups em todo o Brasil, obtendo o retorno de 92 respondentes válidos. A análise dos dados foi baseada na modelagem de equações estruturais, realizada por meio do software SmartPLS. Os resultados indicaram ausência de significância estatística nas hipóteses analisadas, indicando que não há relação entre as variáveis ambientais e organizacionais com o desempenho das startups. Este estudo contribui para os estudos organizacionais ao apresentar uma diferença nas relações com o desempenho no contexto das startups, contribuindo assim para compreender melhor os fatores que influenciam ou não no desempenho destas. Adicionalmente, apresenta a relevância da análise da incerteza ambiental nas startups. Espera-se que os resultados da presente pesquisa gere questionamentos e que possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estudos sobre startups. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The businesses based in innovative and technology, as known as startups, have given a greater leverage to countries’ economy. However, they are more likely to fail due to their liability of newness, because, in general, have more risks, fewer resources and little legitimacy. Thus, we identified relevance in analyze the factors of incluence in the startups performance. This study aimed to analyze the relationship with startups performance with environmental variables, as industry attractiveness and perceive environmental uncertainty, and internal variables, as structure, strategic making decisions and experience, these ones moderated by environmental uncertainty. The theoretical model was developed and analyzed based on the theoretical foundations of environmental and organizational variables. The method used was a survey, applied to more than 700 startups in Brazil and we got the return of 92 valid respondents. Data analysis was structural equation modeling, performed by SmartPLS software. The results indicated no statistical significance in the analyzed cases, indicating no relationship between environmental and organizational variables with startups performance. This study contributes to organizational studies by introducing a difference in relations with the performance in the context of startups, thus contributing to better understand the factors that influence whether or not the performance of these. In addition, shows the relevance of environmental uncertainty analysis for startups. It is expected that the results of this research can contribute to the panorama of startups studies.

Esta tese investiga heurísticas de criação de oportunidades empreendedoras em startups. Pesquisas sobre ação empreendedora com base em heurísticas são desenvolvidas tendo como premissa que o mercado oferece várias oportunidades, prontas para serem selecionadas. Tais pesquisas não investigam como se dá a ação empreendedora quando há a necessidade de criação de uma nova oportunidade. Pesquisas sobre ação empreendedora com base em heurísticas também não exploram conceitualmente e empiricamente a criação de oportunidades empreendedoras por startups. Para preencher essas lacunas, esta tese se propõe a analisar a aderência da tipologia proposta por Bingham e Eisenhardt (2011) na criação de oportunidades empreendedoras por startups. A proposição que se faz é a seguinte: a tipologia proposta por Bingham e Eisenhardt não prevê heurísticas de gestão para a criação de novas oportunidades, já que tem como premissa que o mercado dispõe de várias oportunidades prontas para serem capturadas. Com base nesta análise, a seguinte pergunta dirige esta tese: Quais as heurísticas presentes na criação de oportunidades empreendedoras? Para responder a esta pergunta, esta tese constrói um quadro conceitual a partir da literatura e emprega a abordagem de pesquisa empírica, através da análise de ações empreendedoras unindo percepções, decisões e ações através de estudos de múltiplos casos realizados em oito startups. A contribuição central desta tese é a proposição de uma tipologia de heurísticas relacionadas à criação de oportunidades empreendedoras, adaptando a tipologia proposta por Bingham e Eisenhardt. Enquanto a tipologia de Bingham e Eisenhardt determina que empresas aprendem heurísticas dos tipos seleção, processual, prioridade e temporal, esta tese determina que empresas também aprendem heurísticas do tipo \'criação\' e propõe uma nova tipologia de heurísticas para a criação de oportunidades empreendedoras: \'startups aprendem heurísticas dos tipos criação, processual, prioridade e temporal\', uma vez que necessitam criar uma oportunidade que o mercado ainda não dispõe. / This thesis investigates heuristics creating entrepreneurial opportunities for startups. Research on entrepreneurial action based on heuristics are developed with the premise that the market offers several opportunities, ready to be selected. Such surveys do not investigate how is the entrepreneurial action when there is a need to create a new opportunity. Research on entrepreneurial action based on heuristics did not explore conceptually and empirically creating entrepreneurial opportunities for startups. To fill these gaps, this thesis aims to analyze the adherence of the typology proposed by Bingham and Eisenhardt (2011) in creating opportunities for entrepreneurial startups. The proposition that does is the following: the typology proposed by Bingham and Eisenhardt does not provide management of heuristics to create new opportunities, as it is premised that the market offers many opportunities ready to be captured. Based on this analysis, the following question directs this thesis: What heuristics present at the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities? To answer this question, this thesis builds a conceptual framework from the literature and employs empirical research approach through the analysis of entrepreneurial activities linking perceptions, decisions and actions through multiple cases performed in eight startups studies. The main contribution of this thesis is to propose a typology of heuristics related to creating entrepreneurial opportunities, adapting the typology proposed by Bingham and Eisenhardt. While the typology of Bingham and Eisenhardt requires that companies learn heuristics types selection, procedure, priority and time, this thesis requires that companies also learn heuristics like \'creation\' and proposes a new typology of heuristics to create opportunities entrepreneurial: \'startups learn heuristics types creation, procedure, priority and time\', since they need to create an opportunity that the market does not yet have.

This study is dedicated to providing readers with a holistic overview of the phenomenon of the imitation among internet based companies. Four research questions have been posed and answered through qualitative primary and secondary researches. As a result of this study major success factors that allowed a Berlin - based company Rocket Internet SE to imitate ideas and business models of others have been identified, numerous recommendations have been provided to future copycat companies as well as to companies that face the pressure from such copycats in their day-to-day activities. As an outcome, more transparency has been provided about the processes of imitation in the business environment in order to allow various players to compete more effectively, structure their operations in more efficient way and avoid costly mistakes.

Diversos ciudadanos de Lima tienen adversidades en los servicios básicos del hogar. Problemas comunes como el atoro de inodoros, una volada de fusible e inclusive daño que imposibilite realizar su vida de manera cotidiana. Así mismo, hay muchos trabajadores informales que pueden dar solución a estos problemas. Las cuales son personas que viven del día a día, y mientras más trabajo tenga, mejor calidad de vida podría alcanzar. Por ello, el objetivo de nuestro proyecto es conectar a estos dos segmentos, a través de una plataforma web, donde podrán encontrar personal capacitado para lo que se requiera. Los proveedores del servicio decidirán entre dos tipos de suscripciones mensuales; y por el lado de los clientes, pagarán una tarifa plana para la revisión de sus problemas. Se tiene la convicción de la viabilidad de este proyecto, basados en los resultados de la investigación de mercado, focus group, entrevistas a expertos y resultados del concierge. / Many citizens of Lima have adversities with the home basic services. These can get stuck, spoiled, even completely broken. And, on the other side, many informal workers that can give solutions to these problems. Which are people that lives up to a daily income; as much work they can make, they can achieve a better life quality. For that reason, this project intends to connect these two segments, through a web platform, where they can find the qualified technician it is needed. The providers of this service will choose between two option of subscription; meanwhile, the clients will pay a flat rate for the inspection of their problem. The team has the belief of the viability of this project, based on the results of the market investigation, focus group, interviews to experts and the concierge. / Trabajo de investigación

Den svenska skogsindustrin har en betydande funktion när det kommer till att bevara den biologiska mångfalden, erbjuda arbetstillfällen och begränsa klimatpåverkan. För att se till att skogen räcker för sina uppgifter är satsningar på startup-företag en potentiell lösning. Startups inom skogsindustrin medför innovativa lösningar men möter också ett motstånd i form av en trögflytande och traditionell industri. Tidigare forskning belyser att startups ofta misslyckas att etablera sig och efterforskningar kring denna process inom skogsindustrin är bristfällig. Med bakgrund i detta syftar denna studie till att undersöka etableringsprocessen för svenska startups inom skogsindustrin. För att uppnå syftet har en kvalitativ fallstudie genomförts där etableringsprocessen som fenomen står i centrum. Totalt har 4 startup-företag samt en inkubator medverkat i studien där 8 semi-strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Den teoretiska referensram som använts bygger på tidigare teorier kring etableringsprocessen för startup-företag och består av fyra faser där mål, aktiviteter och risker för varje enskild fas ingår.  Resultaten visar att de initiala aktiviteterna i etableringsprocessen kretsar kring att utvärdera affärsidéns behov på marknaden samtidigt som utvecklingen av en prototyp påbörjas, som i nästa steg presenteras till ett urval av marknaden, vanligtvis genom pilottester. Här utgör skogsindustrins tröghet en utmaning i att engagera kunder till pilottesterna. En bristande förståelse av kunden och marknaden kan också leda till att startup-företaget tvingas börja om i processen. Om pilottesterna resulterar i en produkt som är anpassad för marknaden kan startup-företaget påbörja övergången till en formell organisation där utmaningar såsom att behålla fokus väntar. En utmaning som genomsyrar samtliga steg av etableringsprocessen är begränsade resurser där få möjligheter till finansiellt stöd finns för startups i skogsindustrin.