The Moors have been regarded by Graeco-Roman authors with a mixture of ambivalence and admiration. From the highly positive characterizations of Moorish giants like Masinissa (238-148 BCE) whose achievements the Romans lauded, to figures like Jugurtha (fl. 118-104 BCE) and Gildo (fl. 396-398 CE) whose hostilities with Rome earned them both scorn and ridicule, Moorish figures loom large in the pages of ancient historians from Herodotus to Procopius. This thesis examines the shifting portrayal of Moors from their earliest literary depictions in Greek literary sources to the late Roman literary portrayals of the sixth century CE. It argues that certain stereotypes regarding Moors, a problematic term that will be discussed in greater detail, continued relatively unchanged in Graeco-Roman authors, and that this was highly dependent on genre, political context, and intertextuality. It further argues that negative vs. positive portrayals of Moors can be understood better via an examination of the context of an author on an individual level, where political background was key to an historian’s evaluation of a certain Moorish figure or of Moors in general.

Knapp 70 % der aktuell existierenden Sprachassistenzsysteme nutzen ausschließlich weibliche Stimmen. Assistenten mit männlichen Stimmen oder mit der Möglichkeit, zwischen verschiedenen Optionen zu wählen, sind dagegen deutlich in der Unterzahl. Technologien, die soziale Hinweisreize aussenden, werden gemäß des CASA-Paradigmas wie soziale Akteure behandelt. Dies führt dazu, dass auf Sprachassistenten, die ein bestimmtes Geschlecht andeuten, beispielsweise Stereotype angewandt werden können – ein Effekt, der in der Forschung bereits verschiedentlich beobachtet wurde. Mit der Entwicklung der geschlechtsneutralen Stimme Q durch einen Zusammenschluss dänischer Firmen und Organisationen ergab sich 2019 die Frage, ob sich dadurch die Anwendung von Stereotypen umgehen lässt oder neutrale Stimmen im Gegenteil als unangenehm empfunden werden. Dies wurde in der durchgeführten Masterarbeit in Hinblick auf das Vertrauen in ein Sprachassistenzsystem betrachtet. Dafür wurde eine geschlechtsneutrale Stimme entwickelt und in einem Online-Experiment mit einer männlichen und einer weiblichen Stimme verglichen, die jeweils über ein stereotyp männliches, ein stereotyp weibliches oder ein neutrales Thema sprachen. Es zeigte sich, dass der neutrale Stimme in einigen Variablen eine geringere Vertrauenswürdigkeit zugeschrieben wurde – auch, wenn sie als männlich oder weiblich empfunden wurde. Die Geschlechtszuordnung war wiederum davon abhängig, welchem Geschlecht die Proband*innen das Thema zuordneten, über das die Stimme sprach. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass die Uneindeutigkeit und Ungewohntheit der neutralen Stimme zu einer schlechteren Bewertung führt. Daher muss bezweifelt werden, dass entsprechende Projekte zu einer breitenwirksamen Überwindung von Stereotypen führen können, sondern im Gegenteil sogar negative Reaktionen auf Entitäten mit sich bringen und festigen, die nicht der Geschlechternorm entsprechen. / Almost 70 % of the currently existing language assistance systems only use female voices. Assistants with male voices or with the option to choose between different options, on the other hand, are clearly in the minority. Technologies that emit social cues are treated like social actors in accordance with the CASA paradigm. As a result, stereotypes, for example, can be applied to voice assistants who indicate a specific gender - an effect that has already been observed in various research. With the development of the gender-neutral voice Q through a merger of Danish companies and organizations, the question arose in 2019 whether this would avoid the use of stereotypes or, on the contrary, neutral voices are perceived as unpleasant. This was considered in the master's thesis with regard to trust in a language assistance system. For this purpose, a gender-neutral voice was developed and compared in an online experiment with a male and a female voice that spoke about a stereotypically male, a stereotypically female or a neutral topic. It was found that the neutral voice was assigned a lower level of trustworthiness in some variables - even if it was perceived as male or female. The gender assignment, in turn, was dependent on which gender the test subjects assigned the topic about which the voice was speaking. The results suggest that the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the neutral voice leads to a poorer rating. It must therefore be doubted that such projects can lead to a broad-based overcoming of stereotypes, but on the contrary even bring about and consolidate negative reactions to entities that do not correspond to the gender norm.

Aktuell liegt der Anteil von Studentinnen in den MINT Studiengängen ca. 17 % niedriger als in anderen Studiengängen. Welche Faktoren führen zu dieser Situation? Eine Vielzahl an Faktoren wirkt sich auf die Studienwahl und -persistenz aus. Die zugrundeliegende Masterarbeit untersuchte die Beziehungen zwischen Geschlecht, Social Belonging, Belonging Uncertainty, Stereotype Fit und Chilly Climate. Besonders lag der Fokus auf der Erforschung des Einflusses von Social Belonging auf Erfolgsparamenter (Identifikation, Erfolgserwartung, Turnover Intention, Notendurchschnitt und Anzahl der Drittversuche zum Bestehen einer Prüfungsleistung). Außerdem wurde untersucht, ob Stereotype Fit als Mediator die Beziehung zwischen Geschlecht und Social Belonging beeinflusst. Grundlage der Studie bildete eine Online-Umfrage an der Fakultät Physik der TU Dresden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Frauen geringere Werte im Bereich Social Belonging und Stereotype Fit angaben, sowie höhere Werte im Bereich Belonging Uncertainty. Identifikation wurde sowohl durch Social Belonging, als auch Belonging Uncertainty vorhergesagt. Die Erfolgserwartung wurde signifikant von Geschlecht und Social Belonging beeinflusst. Für den Notendurschnitt und die Turnover Intention war Social Belonging der einzige signifikante Prädiktor. Die Anzahl der Drittversuche wurde positiv von Belonging Uncertainty vorhergesagt. Die Hypothese, dass Stereotype Fit ein Mediator ist, ließ sich mit den Daten nicht belegen. Stattdessen zeigen explorative Mediationsanalysen, dass eher Social Belonging und Belonging Uncertainty die Mediatoren der Beziehung zwischen Geschlecht und Stereotype Fit sind. Alle Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Social Belonging ein wichtiger Faktor für den Erfolg von Frauen in MINT-Fächern ist. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass eine Förderung von Social Belonging im Studium positive Auswirkungen auf den Erfolg von Frauen haben würde. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass sich Social Belonging durch kostengünstige und kurze Interventionen steigern lässt. Eine Umsetzung von Fördermöglichkeiten im Bildungskontext wird im Rahmen von weiterer Forschung empfohlen. Mein herzlicher Dank geht an Dr. Anika Ihmels für die empowernde Betreuung während der Masterarbeit sowie die Fakultät Physik, deren Gleichstellungsbeauftragten und den FSR Physik, welche die Umfrage unterstützten und ermöglichten. / Currently, the percentage of female students in STEM majors is about 17% lower than in other majors. What factors lead to this situation? A variety of factors impact student choice and persistence. The underlying master's thesis examined the relationships between gender, social belonging, belonging uncertainty, stereotype fit, and chilly climate. In particular, the focus was on exploring the influence of social belonging on selected success parameters (identification, expectation of success, turnover intention, grade point average, and number of third attempts to pass an exam performance). It also examined whether Stereotype Fit acts as a mediator on the relationship between gender and Social Belonging. The study was based on an online survey at the Faculty of Physics at the TU Dresden. The results show that women reported lower scores in Social Belonging and Stereotype Fit, and higher scores in Belonging Uncertainty. Identification was predicted by both Social Belonging and Belonging Uncertainty. Expectation of success was significantly affected by gender and Social Belonging. For grade point average and turnover intention, Social Belonging was the only significant predictor. The number of third attempts was positively predicted by Belonging Uncertainty. The hypothesis that Stereotype Fit is a mediator could not be supported by the data. Instead, exploratory mediation analyses show that Social Belonging and Belonging Uncertainty are more likely to be mediators of the relationship between gender and Stereotype Fit. All results suggest that Social Belonging is an important factor for women's success in STEM fields. Therefore, it can be inferred that promoting Social Belonging in college would have a positive impact on women's success. Current research shows that Social Belonging can be increased through low-cost and brief interventions. Implementation of promotional opportunities in the educational context is recommended as part of further research. My sincere thanks go to Dr. Anika Ihmels for the empowering supervision during the master thesis as well as the Faculty of Physics, its Equal Opportunity Officer and the FSR Physics, who made the survey possible and supported it.

Linguistic racism is faced by non-native customers due to their different language style when they go through the service exchange process. Despite its prevalence and importance, there is a dearth of research about linguistic racism in the marketing literature, especially from consumers' perspectives. This dissertation thus aims to address this gap by focusing on consumers' cognitive and affective responses as a result to their linguistic racism experiences when they interact with service employees (native speakers) from the host country. Toward this goal, first (Essay 1), a qualitative study is performed to anchor the dissertation in the customers' real-life experiences and to help identify key associated themes which are further empirically examined (Essay 2 & 3) in this three-essay format dissertation. Essay 2 empirically investigates if the identity assignment through ones' language style makes customers feel stigmatized and influence their psychological well-being. In addition, how these experiences subsequently influence their inclination to use technology-mediated interfaces. Similarly, the main objective of Essay 3 was to employ a sociological perspective to examine the impact of language-based chronic social exclusion on non-native customers' psychological and behavioral responses in the marketplace. Moreover, their intention to pay higher tip as a refocusing strategy when these customers experience language-based chronic social exclusion. Together these three essays extend our understanding of how language varieties and the associated stigma influence non-native customer's affective and cognitive responses and shape their consumer buying behavior.

This thesis examines the multifaceted and interdisciplinary means through which the “rebel” trope is used as a groundwork for complex characterization in Laurence O’Keefe and Kevin Murphy’s Heathers the Musical (2018). Using Jamie Muscato’s performance as Jason Dean (“JD”) as an exemplar, I employ a three-stage analytic process through which nuanced, embodied subjectivity is realized, and the performer is highlighted as a vector for intersectional interpretation. The first stage examines the narrative impacts of the text and music written for JD and explores how they serve to individualize him. The second considers the musical mechanics and rock informed stylization of the character using an analytic model for embodied subjectivity, which I extend to account for theatrical elements of performance. The third considers the analytic findings of the first two chapters through an intersectional lens, highlighting the musical and theatrical interpretation of the text posited by the performer as being the main vehicle through which the “rebel” trope is expanded upon.

Den här uppsatsen är en kvalitativ studie som undersöker vilka faktorer som är hindrande respektive drivande hos personer som väljer ett yrke som går mot könsstereotypen. I studien intervjuas 2 män som valt att utbilda sig till socionomer och 4 kvinnor som valt att utbilda sig till ingenjörer. Dessa yrken har valts eftersom det finns en tydlig dominans av ett kön inom dessa yrken. Intervjuerna har varit semistrukturerade och har analyserats tematiskt. De teman som har framkommit är sammanhang, karriär, arbetsmiljö, meningsfullt, hinder och själv förmåga. Gemensamma drivande faktorer för båda yrkesgrupperna är ett stort eget intresse och ett stöd från omgivningen. Hindrade faktorer är att könsstereotypen inte stämmer överens för de attityder som förknippas med yrket samt att omgivningen kan uttrycka oförståelse inför yrkesvalet. Studien visar att förutsättningarna för kvinnor inom ingenjörsyrket har ändrats mer än för männen inom socionomyrket gällande könsfördelning och attityder på arbetsmarknaden. / This essay is a qualitative study that examines the factors that are hindering and driving in people who choose a profession that goes against the gender stereotype. In the study, 2 men who have chosen to train as social workers and 4 women who have chosen to train as engineers are interviewed. These professions have been chosen because there is a clear dominance of one gender in these professions. The interviews have been semi-structured, and the interviews have been analyzed thematically. The themes that have emerged are context, career, work environment, meaningful, obstacles and self-efficacy. Common driving factors for both professions are a great deal of self-interest and support from the environment. Hindered factors are that the gender stereotype does not match the attitudes associated with the profession and that the environment may express incomprehension before the choice of profession.  The study shows that the conditions for women in the engineering profession have changed more than for men in the social work profession regarding gender distribution and attitudes in the labor market.

A university community encompasses persons of diverse backgrounds such as ethnicity, gender, age, religion, and languages. There are 209 universities in Nigeria, making it the country with the highest number of universities in Africa. 105 of these universities are public universities. Public universities are owned, managed, and funded by the Government (Federal or State). Nigeria is a patriarchy state where women are under represented in all career sectors, be it health economy, political, traditional, faith or academics. Fewer women have emerged as Vice-Chancellors since 1948 when the first University was established in Nigeria. As at August 2022, there are only 8 female Vice chancellors in Nigerian public universities which presents a case to investigate. This research aims to study the possible underpinning for the under-representation of women as Vice Chancellors in Nigeria public universities. Due to the interest of this research, the paper takes a social constructivism approach to understand how these realities are constructed by academics. A qualitative research method was employed. Nine (9) professors including men and women were interviewed from the academic field: four women and five men. Three (3)former Vice Chancellors (women), one former VC (man) and five academic professors. The writer used a thematic technique to analyze findings from the interview. The interview findings show that; the academic world is male dominated, there is a general society stereotype, poor lobbying strength from the female professors in a not transparent system, and low career choices by females to become academics.

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