Résumé : Ce mémoire propose d’étudier les représentations de la masculinité dans les productions cinématographiques post-apocalyptiques. Il consiste plus précisément en une analyse qualitative de contenu qui cible six films et trois séries télévisées, tous réalisés depuis les événements du 11 septembre 2001. Partant du principe que la masculinité hégémonique peut être définie comme le modèle actuel de masculinité idéalisée et imposée, ce mémoire cherche à dégager quels traits de personnalité sont valorisés et lesquels sont dévalués. Les résultats montrent que les représentations de la masculinité sont encore conservatrices : les personnages masculins occupent des rôles plus importants que les personnages féminins et les leaders des groupes restreints sont généralement des hommes blancs, hétérosexuels et âgés de 35 à 44 ans. Cependant, les personnages masculins possèdent une grande variété de traits de personnalités, un changement considérable par rapport aux caractéristiques stéréotypées du Action Hero. / Abstract : The following study pursue an analysis of the various representations of masculinity in post-apocalyptic movies and TV-series. It consists more precisely of a qualitative content analysis, which focus on six movies and three TV-Series pilots, all produced since September 11th 2001. Assuming that hegemonic masculinity can be defined as the current model of imposed and idealized masculinity, this paper seeks to identify which personality traits are valued and which ones are devalued. The results show that the representations of masculinity are still conservative: the male characters occupy more important roles than female characters and leaders of small groups are usually white, heterosexual men aged 35 to 44 years. However, the male characters have a variety of personality traits, a considerable change from the stereotypical characteristics of the Action Hero.

The aim of this study was to examine how the Danish people and Denmark are represented in the daily Swedish press. We wanted to examine how the Danish people were represented, the characteristics given to the Danes and the differences we see between the different genres. We used theories about discourse, representation, stereotype and national community, too see what underlying messages was hidden in the texts. We analysed 30 texts from three Swedish daily newspapers: Sydsvenska Dagbladet Snällposten, Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet. The method we used was discourse analysis based on Faircloughs theories and methods.One of the most interesting results we found was that the Danish people often were represented as different kinds of stereotypes. We found the following stereotypes that we named: the drunken Danish, the racist, the laidback Danish and the criminal Danish. The drunk Danish stereotype is mostly seen in the text about sports when the journalists are writing about the Danish football supporters. In these texts the supporters are given properties like drunk and that they like to drink a lot of beer when they are watching football. The stereotype that we named the racist, we mostly see in the texts that were about politics and about the Dansk Folkeparti. The laidback Danish is particularly evident in texts that describe the Danish culture. The fourth stereotype, the criminal, we see in the texts about gang violence.Our study also showed that the Danish people and Denmark are represented through people that are not Danish. In many of the texts we could see that Swedish journalists interviewed other Swedish people about Denmark and the Danish people.

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This study has as its purpose to reveal whether female and male entrepreneurs are offered the same kind of conditions in their role of entrepreneurs in their respective media representation. This is studied by analyzing portrayals in the magazine Entreprenör (Br.E. “Entrepreneur”). Methodologically the analysis will be making use of textual analysis, semiotics and discourse analysis in order to expose the underlying gender perspective(s) in Entreprenör. The entrepreneur portrayals’ texts and visuals will be studied in the light of gender and entrepreneur theory, and more specifically on the basis of theories about representation, discourse and stereotypes. The main conclusion of the study is that female and male entrepreneurs are not offered the same conditions in their roles of entrepreneurs in a medium such as Entreprenör. A major factor behind this result appear to be found in a dominant male stereotypical entrepreneurial discourse.

Effects of selection risk on sex discrimination in hiring were investigated. Ninety-six male and female educational administration graduate students rated ficticious resumes on suitability for hiring for the female-oriented position of secondary school teacher. Sex and selection risk level were varied, with sex of rater as an assigned factor. Analysis of variance yielded significant main effects for sex (p < .01) and selection risk level (p < .05). All ratings were lower in high selection-risk situations, with males preferred over females across both levels of risk. Results suggested that ratings were based on a stereotype of female inferiority in work efficiency, overriding job sex-orientation as a decision factor.

L’intérêt considérable est dédié à l’autorégulation chez les conducteurs âgés. Notre première étude compare l’autorégulation des conducteurs âgés à celle des jeunes. Nous supposons trouver des corrélations positives entre les évitements auto-déclarés des situations de conduite difficiles et le niveau auto-déclaré de déclins cognitifs chez les conducteurs âgés, non pas chez les jeunes. Or, le fait d’opérationnaliser l’autorégulation par ce biais ne permet ni d’examiner le niveau d’autorégulation comportemental, ni les facteurs susceptibles de conditionner un tel comportement. Deux études sont alors conçues de sorte à définir le modèle de l’apprentissage autorégulé le plus adapté pour l’examen des capacités d’autorégulation (étude 2), et à identifier les éléments susceptibles de modifier une autorégulation comportementale (étude 3). Dans l’étude 2, nous testons dans une expérience sur simulateur de conduite deux modèles métacognitifs, dont celui s’avérant plus compréhensif est maintenu comme paradigme expérimental pour la troisième étude. Cette dernière compare les patterns d’autorégulation de deux groupes de conducteurs âgés, dont un soumis à la menace du stéréotype. Les résultats indiquent que les conducteurs âgés basent leurs comportements d’autorégulation sur leurs propres expériences de la difficulté, et que le fait de vouloir les instruire à l’aide d’indices extrinsèques semblables à ceux du stéréotype, puisse mener plus à une réduction de leur capacités qu’à leur supposée amélioration. / An increasing interest is actually devoted to the self-regulation in elderly drivers. Our first study compares the elderly drivers’ self-regulation to that of younger drivers. We suppose to observe in elderly drivers (but not in the younger ones) positive correlations between the self-declared avoidance of difficult driving situations and the self-declared decline of cognitive functioning. However, such an operationalization of self-regulation does not allow the study of neither the real behavioral self-regulation nor the factors conditioning such a behavior. Another two studies are then conceived in order to define both the self-regulated learning model that fits the best to the study of drivers’ self-regulatory patterns (study 2) and the factors that trigger such a behavioral self-regulation (study 3). In the second, driving-simulator study, we oppose the predictions of two metacognitive models, and this model that is better suited is withheld as the experimental paradigm for the third study. This latter compare the self-regulatory patterns of two groups of elderly drivers: one that is under stereotype threat and one that is not. Our results indicate that, first, elderly drivers presumably base their self-regulatory behavior on their sheer experience of the difficulty and, second, the efforts to enhance their self-regulation by extrinsic cues (such as those similar to the stereotype used in our third study) in fact hinder their self-regulatory abilities rather than enhance them.

The thesis focuses on the analysis of the process of creating a political image in the course of an election campaign, offering a case study of Magdalena Ogórek's candidacy during the Polish presidential election of 2015. The analysis is preceded by a theoretical introduction which lays down the groundwork for subsequently reporting the empirical findings. The following central terms and concepts are covered: political marketing (especially in the context of post-1989 Poland), political image (with an emphasis on the process of its creation and the parties involved), political language (again, particularly in the context of contemporary Poland), and the notion of stereotype (both linguistic and non-linguistic, with an emphasis on stereotypes about women). The empirical results are reported in three sections which offer different perspectives on the phenomenon under scrutiny. The first part investigates how Magdalena Ogórek herself, her team and PR consultants created her image as a candidate. The second part presents an analysis of the influence that her political opponents had on her political image. The third and final part concerns itself with Magdalena Ogórek's media image, as created by the Polish media during the campaign. The empirical research is based on material collected from the website...

This diploma thesis focuses on the topic of prejudices and stereotypes in education. The theoretical part deals with origin and spread of prejudices and stereotypes, practical examples of these terms and also possible forms of prevention in education. The last chapter, following the practical part, addresses the role of a teacher as a personality as well as a member of pedagogical staff when working with these phenomena. The practical part, containing in-depth interviews, focuses on concrete opinions of teachers as personalities with their own experiences as well as members of pedagogical staff, which are pivotal to development of students' moral values. I concentrate on their personal attitudes and consequent work with these attitudes in teaching. Key words: Stereotypes, prejudices, multicultural education, intercultural education, inclusive education, segregation in education, teachers.

The title of the presented thesis is The Media Image of the Czech Republic in the English-speaking World. The media image of the Czech Republic is analyzed in three different English-written newspapers. The chosen newspapers are USA Today, The Daily Mail and The Australian. The overall goal of the thesis is to compare media images which are constructed by defined periodicals and it is reached by checking of the hypotheses which are defined in the introduction and thanks to the comparison of data gathered during the research. The theoretical part of the thesis anchors the work itself within contemporary theories and academic approaches. The news production with international news flows included are described in the theoretical chapter along with stereotypes and their relation to media images. The whole chapter is ended by subchapter about hard and soft news and subchapter about evaluation in media. The analytical part of the thesis begins with a description of a used research method and a definition of used data. Subsequently, there is a detailed description of used variables. The very last part of the whole paper presents complex results of the research, the hypotheses are proved or falsified and the differences among the media image of the analyzed newspapers are described.

Le test de rotation mentale (TRM) est robuste pour faire émerger une grande différence de sexe en faveur des hommes. Il existe un stéréotype, communément admis, de moins bonnes performances des femmes en aptitude spatiale. Deux théories explicatives cohabitent. La première, biologique, est liée à une masculinisation du cerveau des garçons sous l'action des androgènes durant la vie fœtale. Dans cette hypothèse, et en raison d'un transfert d'hormones supposé durant la vie intra-utérine, les femmes qui ont un cojumeau doivent avoir des performances meilleures que celles ayant une cojumelle (Vuoksimaa et al., 2010). L'autre hypothèse, que nous défendons, suppose que les différences de sexe au TRM peuvent être socialement construites ou activées par des éléments du Contexte évaluatif et ceci quel que soient les compétences des personnes. Nous avons, pour la première fois dans une étude gémellaire, confronté ces deux hypothèses. Des paires de jumeaux jeunes adultes dizygotes de même sexe (DZMS), 23 paires d'hommes et 34 paires de femmes, et de sexe différent (DZSD), 62 paires, ont passé un TRM informatisé dans deux conditions expérimentales où l'exactitude des réponses et les temps de réponse sont enregistrés. Dans une condition, les consignes du test rendent la situation de comparaison au cojumeau possible (CSP) : « vous et votre jumeau ferez le même test aujourd'hui », dans l'autre condition (CSI) la comparaison est rendue improbable : « vous et votre jumeau ferez des tâches différentes ». Nos résultats n'accréditent pas la théorie biologique et sont en faveur d'une explication en termes d'interférence du stéréotype. / The mental rotation test (MRT) is the most robust test revealing that men outperform women. Two major causes have been proposed for explaining the origin of this difference. The first focused on brain masculinization under the action of androgen during the fetal development. Vuoksimaa et al., (2010) showed that dizygotic opposite-sex female have greater performances than dizygotic same-sex female. For the second hypothesis, sex difference is mainly due to social regulation factors and stereotype threat interaction. We test here this second hypothesis. In a twin design we tested, for the first time, these two causal explanations. Same-sex dizygotic young adult pairs (23 pairs of males and 34 pairs of females), and opposite-sex dizygotic pairs (62 pairs) took a computerized MRT in two experimental co-action conditions. In the first condition, the experimental situation make the co-twin comparison possible (CSP): “you and your co-twin do the same test today”, and in the other experimental condition called, improbable comparison situation (CSI), they are told that: “you and your co-twin do different test today”. Accuracy and responses time where analyzed. Our results do not support the biological model but, in contrary, support the social regulation and stereotype threat model.