Bakgrund: Hot och våld är vanligt förekommande inom sjukvården, där ambulanspersonalen är en särskilt utsatt grupp. Hot och våld förekommer främst vid vård av patienter som har hjärnskador, psykisk sjukdom eller är påverkade av droger och ambulanspersonal träffar på alla dessa patienter. Arbetsmiljö samt omvårdnaden påverkas negativt av hot och våld.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva ambulanspersonalens erfarenheter av hot och våld i en prehospital vårdmiljö och hur det påverkar dem.  Metod: En litteraturöversikt med systematisk ansats har gjorts.  Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att majoriteten av ambulanspersonal har utsatts för verbala hot och/eller fysiskt våld. Vanliga patientkategorier där hot och våld ofta förekom var alkohol- och/eller drogpåverkade patienter. Ambulanspersonalen har kunskapsbrist i hantering av de här situationerna och saknar adekvat utbildning. Hot eller våld kan leda till att ambulanspersonalen mår psykiskt dåligt samt får fysiska skador. Det kan också göra att ambulanspersonalen inte vill jobba kvar prehospitalt och familjesituationen kan påverkas.  Slutsats: Det finns ett mörkertal då ambulanspersonal inte anmäler allt hot och våld. Vi vet vid vilka patientkategorier hot och våld ökar, därmed har vi förutsättningar för att förebygga dessa situationer. Genom ökad kunskap om hot och våld kan det gå att säkerställa att omvårdnaden till patienter och närstående inte påverkas negativt.  Nyckelord: Ambulanspersonal, Prehospital, Erfarenhet, Hot och Våld. / Background: Threats and violence is common in healthcare service, where the ambulance staff is a particularly vulnerable group. Threats and violence occur especially in care of patients with brain injury, mental illness or persons under the influence of drugs, and the ambulance staff will take care of all these patients. Work environment and the care effects negative by threats and violence.  Aim: The aim was to describe ambulance staff experience of threats and violence situations in the prehospital health facility and how it affects them.  Method: A literature review with a systematic approach.  Results: The results of the study show that almost all ambulance staff have been subjected to verbal threats and / or physical violence. Common patient categories where threats and violence often occurred were patients under the influence of alcohol and / or drugs. The ambulance staff has a lack of knowledge in handling these situations and no adequate training. Threats or violence can lead to ambulance staff feeling mentally ill but also suffering of physical injuries and affect the family situation. It can also mean that the ambulance staff do not want to continue working in the service.  Summary: The ambulance staff do not report all threats and violence. We know in which patient categories threats and violence increase, so we have the conditions to prevent these situations. Based on the results of this study we have the opportunity to develop education about threats and violence. and to ensure nursing to patient and relatives do not affects negative. Keywords: Ambulance personnel, Experience, Prehospital, Threats and Violence.

The increasing number of reports on data leakage incidents increasingly erodes the already low consumer confidence in cloud services. Hence, some organisations are still hesitant to fully trust the cloud with their confidential data. Therefore, this study raises a critical and challenging research question: How can we restore the damaged consumer confidence and improve the uptake and security of cloud services? This study makes a plausible attempt at unpacking and answering the research question in order to holistically address the data leakage problem from three fronts, i.e. conflict-aware virtual machine (VM) placement, strong authentication and digital forensic readiness. Consequently, this study investigates, designs and develops an innovative conceptual architecture that integrates conflict-aware VM placement, cutting-edge authentication and digital forensic readiness to strengthen cloud security and address the data leakage problem in the hope of eventually restoring consumer confidence in cloud services. The study proposes and presents a conflict-aware VM placement model. This model uses varying degrees of conflict tolerance levels, the construct of sphere of conflict and sphere of non-conflict. These are used to provide the physical separation of VMs belonging to conflicting tenants that share the same cloud infrastructure. The model assists the cloud service provider to make informed VM placement decisions that factor in their tenants’ security profile and balance it against the relevant cost constraints and risk appetite. The study also proposes and presents a strong risk-based multi-factor authentication mechanism that scales up and down, based on threat levels or risks posed on the system. This ensures that users are authenticated using the right combination of access credentials according to the risk they pose. This also ensures end-to-end security of authentication data, both at rest and in transit, using an innovative cryptography system and steganography. Furthermore, the study proposes and presents a three-tier digital forensic process model that proactively collects and preserves digital evidence in anticipation of a legal lawsuit or policy breach investigation. This model aims to reduce the time it takes to conduct an investigation in the cloud. Moreover, the three-tier digital forensic readiness process model collects all user activity in a forensically sound manner and notifies investigators of potential security incidents before they occur. The current study also evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed solution in addressing the data leakage problem. The results of the conflict-aware VM placement model are derived from simulated and real cloud environments. In both cases, the results show that the conflict-aware VM placement model is well suited to provide the necessary physical isolation of VM instances that belong to conflicting tenants in order to prevent data leakage threats. However, this comes with a performance cost in the sense that higher conflict tolerance levels on bigger VMs take more time to be placed, compared to smaller VM instances with low conflict tolerance levels. From the risk-based multifactor authentication point of view, the results reflect that the proposed solution is effective and to a certain extent also efficient in preventing unauthorised users, armed with legitimate credentials, from gaining access to systems that they are not authorised to access. The results also demonstrate the uniqueness of the approach in that even minor deviations from the norm are correctly classified as anomalies. Lastly, the results reflect that the proposed 3-tier digital forensic readiness process model is effective in the collection and storage of potential digital evidence. This is done in a forensically sound manner and stands to significantly improve the turnaround time of a digital forensic investigation process. Although the classification of incidents may not be perfect, this can be improved with time and is considered part of the future work suggested by the researcher. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Computer Science / PhD / Unrestricted

IoT industry is growing at a rapid pace since everyone wants to connect everything to internet in order to use various services and applications using shared data. Openness is observed as an emerging trend in IoT industry. Security & privacy of the data are very important aspects in the design and deployment of the connected devices or Internet of Things. Fast growth in number of connected devices, heterogeneity, constrained resources, privacy, software upgrades and operational environment create important security related challenges in this domain. It is difficult to address challenges even with the considerable amount of existing work that has been done for decades in the area of security & privacy. In this research, a semi-systematic literature survey of the state of the art is conducted related to security & privacy aspects within the IoT area. The results were validated by conducting qualitative survey with IoT practitioners. The efforts have resulted towards identifying several security trends & challenges and security design aspects that can be considered by IoT practitioners in order to design an open and secure IoT system.It can be concluded from the study that security is not only needed but is a mandatory characteristic for IoT. However, there are no general guidelines that can be proposed to address security issues since security is not only a technical problem but is more of an awareness, mindset, people and process issue. In this thesis, a novel model is proposed with openness and security characteristics. This model is grounded based on the theoretical findings and empirical data obtained from IoT practitioners. Each of the characteristics has its own design aspects that needs to be considered by IoT practitioners to design a more secure IoT system.

The U.S. Southwest Border is associated with highly politicized topics, yet the lived experience of Border Patrol agents is not one of them. Border Patrol agents face risks to their personal safety and security as they attempt to safeguard the national security of the United States while implementing the policies of their organization, which are sometimes at odds with the beliefs and expectations of agents in the field. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore perceptions and lived experiences related to the threats and dangers that Border Patrol agents face as they protect the U.S. Southwest Border. The theoretical framework for this study involved McGregor's organizational behavior theory, Janis's groupthink theory, and the bureaucratic dissonance phenomenon. Data collected through semistructured interviews of 11 former Border Patrol agents with direct experience working along the U.S. Southwest Border were inductively coded and subjected to a thematic analysis procedure. On-duty risks, emotional toll, lack of community support, and separation from family are among the stressors for members of this profession. The key findings regarding threats and dangers included: perceived manpower shortage, fear of assaults, the very nature of the job, political and presidential administration conflicts, and lack of mobility (location and career advancements). The recommendations call for greater policy-and decision-maker understanding of the stresses and conflicts facing Border Patrol agents, which could effect positive social change by encouraging policies and regulations to improve job safety and security, and to inform training programs. The promulgation of the findings may contribute to improvements of the morale and safety of Border Patrol agents and enhance security of the United States.

The aim of this research was to test the JavaScript library React and framework AngularJS against each other in regard of the response time of the validation and validation robustness. The experiments in this work were performed to support developers in their decision making regarding which library or framework to use. There are many other aspects to consider when choosing which library or framework to develop in other than the security and response time related aspects mentioned in this work, but this work can, amongst other information, give yet another viewpoint to the developers. The results showed that there is no difference amongst them security wise, but that it was somewhat faster to validate in a React application than in an AngularJS application.

abstract: Power management circuits are employed in most electronic integrated systems, including applications for automotive, IoT, and smart wearables. Oftentimes, these power management circuits become a single point of system failure, and since they are present in most modern electronic devices, they become a target for hardware security attacks. Digital circuits are typically more prone to security attacks compared to analog circuits, but malfunctions in digital circuitry can affect the analog performance/parameters of power management circuits. This research studies the effect that these hacks will have on the analog performance of power circuits, specifically linear and switching power regulators/converters. Apart from security attacks, these circuits suffer from performance degradations due to temperature, aging, and load stress. Power management circuits usually consist of regulators or converters that regulate the load’s voltage supply by employing a feedback loop, and the stability of the feedback loop is a critical parameter in the system design. Oftentimes, the passive components employed in these circuits shift in value over varying conditions and may cause instability within the power converter. Therefore, variations in the passive components, as well as malicious hardware security attacks, can degrade regulator performance and affect the system’s stability. The traditional ways of detecting phase margin, which indicates system stability, employ techniques that require the converter to be in open loop, and hence can’t be used while the system is deployed in-the-field under normal operation. Aging of components and security attacks may occur after the power management systems have completed post-production test and have been deployed, and they may not cause catastrophic failure of the system, hence making them difficult to detect. These two issues of component variations and security attacks can be detected during normal operation over the product lifetime, if the frequency response of the power converter can be monitored in-situ and in-field. This work presents a method to monitor the phase margin (stability) of a power converter without affecting its normal mode of operation by injecting a white noise/ pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS). Furthermore, this work investigates the analog performance parameters, including phase margin, that are affected by various digital hacks on the control circuitry associated with power converters. A case study of potential hardware attacks is completed for a linear low-dropout regulator (LDO). / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2019

Tesis por compendio / Flood risk reduction is a global challenge. Society demands higher safety and security levels, including those actions related to flood defence infrastructure protection against natural hazards and manmade threats. Dams and levees, among other flood defence infrastructures, are critical hydraulic infrastructures, aiming at reducing the likelihood that people and property will get flooded, but whose failure would result in consequences for the community downstream, including not only economic damages but also loss of life. There is always a probability associated with infrastructure failure, although in general it might be very low. The purpose of the PhD research, with title "Integrated flood risk management: towards a risk-informed decision making incorporating natural and human-induced hazards", here presented is to propose a framework to enhance integrative flood risk management from a multi-hazard perspective (pluvial flooding, river flooding, dam and levee failure, including man-made threats), addressing current needs for decision making on flood risk reduction and analyzing the complexity of multiple hazards and systems which include multiple components. The thesis is structured in three main parts, including: (i) Part I, a methodology aiming at providing a common framework for identifying and characterizing flood risk due to pluvial flooding, river flooding and dam failure, and incorporate information on loads, system response and consequences into risk models to analyse societal and economic flood risk, (ii) Part II, an approach for quantifying and analyzing risk for complex dam-levee systems, to incorporate information from levee failure into risk models based on the aforementioned methodology, and to analyse societal and economic flood risk, including the potential failure of these infrastructures, and (iii) Part III, a screening tool to characterize the impact of human induced threats on risk due to dam failure or mission disruption. Results from this research have proven that the use of risk models provides a logic and mathematically rigorous framework for compiling information for flood risk characterization and analysis from different natural hazards and flood defence performance. The proposed framework in this thesis and applications aimed at encouraging key actors on flood risk management (infrastructure managers, authorities, emergency action planners, etc.) on the use of QRA, and at demonstrating to what extent QRA can usefully contribute to better understanding risk drivers and inform decisions on how to act to efficiently reduce flood risk. / La reducción del riesgo de inundación es un reto global. La sociedad actual demanda cada vez mayores niveles de seguridad, incluyendo la consecución de acciones vinculadas a la protección de las infraestructuras de defensa frente a inundaciones ante amenazas naturales y antrópicas. Presas y diques, entre otras obras de defensa, son infraestructuras críticas cuyo objetivo es reducir la probabilidad de inundación. Sin embargo, su fallo puede resultar en consecuencias para la comunidad situada aguas abajo, incluyendo no sólo daños económicos sino también pérdida potencial de vidas. Siempre existe una cierta probabilidad asociada al fallo de estas infraestructuras, aunque en general muy baja. El objetivo de la investigación llevada a cabo en la presente tesis doctoral, con título "Integrated flood risk management: towards a risk-informed decision making incorporating natural and human-induced hazards", es proporcionar un marco que fomente la gestión integral del riesgo de inundación desde una perspectiva multi-amenaza, considerando las necesidades actuales en la toma de decisiones para la gestión del riesgo de inundación y analizando la complejidad de sistemas con múltiples componentes, afectados por diferentes amenazas. La tesis se estructura en tres partes principales, incluyendo: (a) Parte I, una metodología para proporcionar un marco común para la identificación y caracterización del riesgo de inundación por inundación pluvial, fluvial y fallo de presas, incorporando información sobre solicitaciones, respuesta del sistema y consecuencias en modelos de riesgo que permiten analizar y evaluar el riesgo social y económico por inundación, (b) Parte II, un método para la cuantificación y análisis del riesgo en sistemas complejos presa-dique, con el objetivo de incorporar información referente al fallo de diques en la metodología propuesta en la Parte I, y analizar el riesgo social y económico por inundación incluyendo el fallo de varias infraestructuras de defensa, y (c) Parte III, una herramienta de cribado que permite caracterizar el impacto de amenazas de origen antrópico en el riesgo asociado al fallo de presas. Los resultados de esta investigación demuestran que el uso de modelos de riesgo proporciona un marco lógico y matemáticamente riguroso para la consideración de toda la información necesaria para la adecuada caracterización y análisis del riesgo de inundación por amenazas naturales y por fallo o mal funcionamiento de obras de defensa. El marco metodológico propuesto y las aplicaciones descritas en esta tesis tienen como objetivo impulsar la aplicación del análisis de riesgo por parte de los actores clave en la gestión del riesgo de inundación (gestores de infraestructuras, autoridades locales, gestores de emergencias, etc.) y demostrar en qué medida estos análisis pueden contribuir a alcanzar un mejor conocimiento de los factores clave que componen el riesgo e informar en la toma de decisiones hacia una reducción del riesgo más eficiente. / La reducció del risc d'inundació és un repte global. La societat actual demana majors nivells de seguretat, incloent-hi la realització d'accions vinculades a la protecció de les infraestructures de defensa enfront del risc d'inundacions afectades per amenaces naturals i antròpiques. Preses i dics fluvials, entre altres obres de defensa, són infraestructures crítiques i tenen l'objectiu de reduir la probabilitat d'inundació però el seu trencament pot resultar en conseqüències en, danys econòmics i també pèrdua potencial de vides. Sempre hi ha una certa probabilitat vinculada al trencament d'aquestes infraestructures, encara que en general molt baixa. L'objectiu de la investigació duta a terme en aquesta tesi doctoral, amb títol "Integrated flood risk management: towards a risk-informed decision making incorporating natural and human-induced hazards", és proporcionar un marc per a fomentar la gestió integral del risc d'inundació des d'una perspectiva multi-amenaça, tenint en compte les necessitats actuals per prendre decisions per a la gestió del risc d'inundació i analitzant sistemes complexes amb múltiples components i afectats per diferents amenaces. La tesi s'estructura en tres parts principals: (a) Part I, una metodologia proposada per a proporcionar un marc comú per a la identificació i caracterització del risc d'inundació per inundació pluvial, fluvial i trencament de preses, incorporant informació de sol¿licitacions, resposta del sistema i conseqüències en models de risc que permeten analitzar el risc social i econòmic per inundació, (b) Part II, un mètode per a la quantificació i anàlisi del risc en sistemes complexes, amb l'objectiu d'incorporar informació referent al trencament de dics fluvials en la metodologia descrita en la Part I, i analitzar el risc social i econòmic pel trencament de diverses infraestructures de defensa, i (c) Part III, una ferramenta de pre-anàlisi per a caracteritzar l'impacte d'amenaces de origen antròpic en el risc associat al trencament de preses. Els resultats de la investigació demostren l'utilitat de l'aplicació de models de risc, proporcionant un marc lògic i matemàticament rigorós per a la consideració de tota la informació necessària per a l'adequada caracterització i anàlisi del risc d'inundació per amenaces naturals i per trencament d'obres de defensa. El marc metodològic i les aplicacions derivades d'aquesta tesi tenen com a objectiu impulsar l'aplicació d'anàlisi de risc quantitatius per part dels actors vinculats a la gestió del risc d'inundació (gestors d'infraestructures, autoritats locals, gestors d'emergències, etc.) i demostrar que poden contribuir a disposar d'un millor coneixement dels factors clau que componen el risc, i per a informar les decisions necessàries per a una reducció del risc més eficient. / Castillo Rodríguez, JT. (2017). INTEGRATED FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT: TOWARDS A RISK-INFORMED DECISION MAKING INCORPORATING NATURAL AND HUMAN-INDUCED HAZARDS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/82305 / TESIS / Compendio

Internationellt varierar ambulanspersonalens kompetensnivåer, utbildningssystem och utbildningsnivåer. I Sverige utförs ambulanssjukvård av legitimerade sjuksköterskor med eller utan specialistutbildning, vidareutbildade undersköterskor och läkare. I samband med ambulanssjukvård ska god hälso- och sjukvård utföras med hög patientsäkerhet. Ambulanspersonal behöver hög kompetens för att kunna bedöma subjektiva och objektiva data samt att vårda patienter i alla åldrar med akuta vårdbehov utifrån gällande lagstiftning, förordningar och riktlinjer. För att optimera prehospital omvårdnad kan personcentrerad vård användas för att ge vård och behandlingar ur ett holistiskt omvårdnadsperspektiv till patienter och närstående. Hot och våld vid ambulanssjukvård är ett globalt och nationellt problem som ökar i omfattning. Prehospitalt arbete kan innebära att säkerhetsläget snabbt kan ändras utan förvarning från ett lugnt läge till kaotiskt. Samtidigt finns inte tillgång till de säkerhetssystem som finns intrahospitalt. Syftet var att beskriva ambulanspersonals upplevelser och erfarenheter av prehospitalt hot och våld. Uppsatsen designades som en litteraturöversikt. Ansatsen innebar ett systematiskt och induktivt arbetssätt. Översikten omfattade 15 vetenskapliga orginalartiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod. Artiklar söktes i databaserna MEDLINE, CINAHL och PsycINFO. Granskning av artiklarnas vetenskapliga kvalitet genomfördes med hjälp av granskningsmall för kvalitetsbedömning som fanns tillgänglig från Sophiahemmet högskola. Dataanalys utfördes genom integrerad dataanalys. Artiklar som inkluderades hade erhållit etiskt godkännande från etiska nämnder. Resultatet sammanställdes i fyra kategorier och 12 underkategorier. Ambulanspersonalens utsatthet för riskfyllda situationer påverkades av demografiska skillnader, verbala hot, fysiskt våld och osäkra platser. Hotfulla och våldsamma situationer kunde medföra negativa konsekvenser vid omvårdnad. Konsekvenserna kunde inverka på vårdrelationer och omvårdnadskvalitet, skillnad mellan oavsiktliga och avsiktliga incidenter samt brister i samverkan med larmcentraler. Utsattheten för incidenter kunde ge inverkan på välbefinnande, vilket kunde orsaka akuta behov av sjukvård och psykologiskt stöd, påverkan på psykisk och social hälsa samt utmattning och stressreaktioner. Ledarskapets betydelser inverkade på rapportering av incidenter från ambulanspersonal samt hjälp och stöd från arbetsgivare. Ambulanspersonal riskerar att utsättas för riskfyllda situationer där hotfulla och våldsamma incidenter kan uppstå. Incidenter där prehospitalt hot och våld förekommer kan orsaka att patienter erhåller omvårdnad med försämrad kvalitet och sänkt patientsäkerhet. Ambulanspersonal kan riskera sänkt välbefinnande och ohälsa som kan kvarstå under lång tid efteråt. Arbetsgivares preventiva arbete och ledarskap anses vara bristfälliga vilket orsakar att mörkertalet blir stort över inträffade incidenter. Ledarskapet i ambulansorganisationer behöver ge betydelse för ambulanspersonal för att kunna förebygga och hantera incidenter med hotfulla och våldsamma situationer. / Internationally, the level of competence of the ambulance personnel as well as education and training varies. In Sweden, ambulance care is performed by registered nurses, specially trained or not, assistant nurses and doctors. Ambulance care should provide good and safe health care based om current legislation, regulations and guidelines. Ambulance personnel need high qualifications to be able to access subjective and objective data and care for patients of all ages who need acute pre-hospital care. In order to optimize pre-hospital care person-centered care can be used to form a holistic care perspective. Ambulance personeel exposed to threat and violence has become a global and national problem that increase in scale. Pre-hospital work can involve quick changes regarding the security of the situation and place. This without the access to security systems available in the hospital. The aims were to describe the ambulance personnel’s experiences of pre-hospital threat and violence. The method was designed with a literature review. The work involved systematic and inductive methods. The review included 15 scientific original articles with both qualitative and quantitative methods. Articles were searched in the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO. Review of the scientific quality of the articles was conducted using a quality assessment review template available from the Sophiahemmet University. The result was analyzed with an integrated data analysis. Articles that were included had obtained ethical approval from ethics committees. The result was described in four categories and 12 subcategories. Ambulance personnel exposure to risky situations was affected by demographic differences, verbal threats, physical violence and unsafe places. Threatening and violent situations could give negative consequences on nursing. The consequences could affect the impact of care relationships and quality of care, differences between accidental and intentional incidents and problems in cooperation with emergency centers. Ambulance personnel exposure to incidents could have an impact on well-being, which could cause acute need for healthcare and psychological support, impact on mental and social health, fatigue and stress responses. Leadership meanings influenced the reporting of incidents and help and support for ambulance personnel. Ambulance personnel are at risk of being exposed to risky situations where threatening and violent incidents can occur. Incidents with prehospital threats and violence can cause patients receive care with reduced quality and reduced patient. Ambulance personnel may risk lower well-being and illness that may persist for a long time afterwards. Employers preventive work and leadership are inadequate, causing the number of unreported cases is high over the incidents. The leadership of the ambulance organizations need to involve significant for the ambulance personnel to prevent and respond to incidents of threatening and violent situations.

With the immense amount of data generated daily, relying solely on physical storage is insufficient. Therefore, Cloud services have become a big part of our day-to-day life, as they allow users to store data and relieve customers from the burden of maintenance. However, this technology relies on the internet, which increases the potential security risks and threats. This survey-based study investigates users' security practices concerning Storage as a Service, along with a literature review of current security threats targeting users of these services. Additionally, a comparative analysis is conducted to compare the security features offered by the cloud storage providers. The study shows that users are generally concerned about internet security, and service providers have implemented appropriate security features to protect users.

In an era where digital platforms play a crucial role, companies often encounter challenges associated with the digital geopolitical landscape. This thesis focuses on investigating the impact of digitalization on global companies operating in China, with an emphasis on the risks and challenges emerging from the digital geopolitical landscape. The thesis further aims to provide mitigations to avoid the threats posed to companies. Interviews with experts and stakeholders from FOI, Microsoft, and Atlas Copco were conducted, and additional internal data regarding competence development from Atlas Copco was used to support the results. The research findings highlighted that technology-related threats pose significant risks to distributed companies operating in China. These threats manifest in various forms, such as the constant need to adapt to the evolving Chinese regulatory environment and constraints on technology transfers. In response, several mitigations were identified, including the establishment of a dedicated team responsible for monitoring and complying with Chinese regulations and diversifying the supply chain. The thesis also examined the impact of these threats on the IT competence within Atlas Copco, bringing attention to concerns regarding knowledge gaps in advanced training specifically in China.