Bakgrund: Hot och våldsincidenter blir mer vanligt inom hälso- och sjukvården, akutmottagningen är en särskilt utsatt arbetsplats. Akutmottagningar är öppna dygnet runt och sjuksköterskan träffar patienter med olika typer av medicinska, sociala eller psykiska problem av varierande allvarlighetsgrader.  Syfte: Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av hot- och våldsamma incidenter på akutmottagningar. Metod: Litteraturbaserad studie, baserad på kvalitativ forskning användes. Tio vetenskapliga kvalitativa artiklar analyserades enligt analysmodellen för kvalitativa studier beskriven av Friberg (2022). Resultat: Teman i studiens resultat ger en sammanfattning av sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av hot och våld på akutmottagningar. Sjuksköterskor belyser att hot och våld från patienter och deras anhöriga blivit accepterat och förekommer dagligen på akutmottagningar. Detta leder till känslor av rädsla, sårbarhet och ensamhet. Den utsatta arbetsmiljön orsakar psykiska samt fysiska besvär för sjuksköterskornas hälsa. Det framkommer att sjuksköterskors empati minskar för patienter som utövar hot och våld, vilket leder till att patientsäkerheten äventyras. Vidare saknas ofta stöd från organisationoch utbildning i att hantera hotfulla incidenter. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskors hälsa samt arbetsmiljö påverkas negativt av hot- och våldsincidenter, vilket påverkar patientsäkerheten samt omvårdnaden. Detta problem bör belysas och arbetas förebyggande. / Background: Threats and violence are becoming more common in healthcare, the emergency department is a particularly vulnerable workplace. The emergency department is open 24 hours a day and the nurse sees patients with various types of medical or psychological problems of varying degrees of severity. Aim: Nurses´ experiences of threatening and violent incidents in emergency departments. Method: Literature-based study based on qualitative research was used. Ten scientific qualitative articles were analyzed according to the analysis model for qualitative studies described by Friberg (2022).  Findings: The themes in the study results provide a summary of nurses' experiences of threats and violence. Nurses highlight that threats and violence from patients and their relatives have been accepted and occur daily in emergency departments. This leads to feelings of fear and loneliness. The exposed work environment causes mental and physical problems for the nurse's health. It appears that nurses’ empathy decreases for patients who use threats and violence, which leads to patient safety being compromised. There is often a lack of support from organization and training in dealing with threatening incidents. Conclusion: Nurse's health and work environment are negatively affected by incidents of threats and violence, which affects patient safety and nursing care. This problem should be highlighted and worked preventively.

Bakgrund Aggressivitet, hot och våld förekommer inom hälso- och sjukvården och är ett ökande problem, där en av de särskilt utsatta verksamheterna är akut- och ambulanssjukvård. Sjuksköterskors patientnära arbete gör att sjuksköterskor är en av de yrkesgrupper som löper högre risk att utsättas för hot och våld på arbetsplatsen. Syfte Syftet med litteraturöversikten är att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av aggressivitet, hot och våld inom akutsjukvård. Metod En strukturerad litteraturöversikt med inslag av metodologi som appliceras vid systematiska översikter genomfördes med 16 vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade mellan 2014-2023. Artiklarna inhämtades från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Resultat Resultatet visar att aggressivitet, hot och våld är frekvent förekommande och har därför normaliserats. För att hantera våldsamma situationer kan sjuksköterskor identifiera varningstecken för våld samt använda copingstrategier. Det förebyggande arbetet såsom utbildning i våldshantering och stöd från kollegor eller chefer är betydande för sjuksköterskors känsla av trygghet på arbetsplatsen. Både emotionella konsekvenser för sjuksköterskor och konsekvenser för omvårdnaden har identifierats. Slutsats Aggressivitet, hot och våld är vanligt förekommande inom akutsjukvården och är något som påverkar sjuksköterskor både på en personlig nivå och i sitt arbete. Eftersom förekomsten av aggressivitet, hot och våld är vanlig är det av stor vikt att detta uppmärksammas. Rutiner och riktlinjer för våldshantering skulle därmed kunna utvecklas på verksamhetsnivå för att stötta sjuksköterskan i sitt arbete. / Background Aggression, threats and violence occur in health care, and it is an increasing problem, where emergency care is one of the most exposed departments. Due to nurses’ close patient care they run a higher risk of being exposed to threats and violence in the workplace. Aim The aim of this literature review is to illustrate nurses’ experiences of aggression, threats and violence in emergency healthcare. Method A structured literature review with elements of the methodology applied in systematic reviews was conducted with 16 scientific articles, published between 2014-2023. The databases used to obtain the articles were CINAHL and PubMed. Results The results show that aggression, threats and violence occur frequently and have therefore been normalized. To handle violent situations, nurses can identify warning signs of violence and use coping strategies. Preventive work such as education in violence management and support from colleagues or managers is significant for nurses’ sense of security in the workplace. Both emotional consequences and consequences for nursing care have been identified. Conclusions Aggression, threats and violence are common in emergency healthcare and affects nurses both on a personal level and in their work. Since the occurrence of aggression, threats and violence is common, it is of great importance that this is being acknowledged. Routines and guidelines could thus be implemented at management level to support the nurses in their work.

Widely regarded as a keystone species and ecosystem engineer, the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica plays a vital role in estuarine environments. Complex, three-dimensional oyster reefs act as havens for biodiversity and contribute to ecological processes. Recently, concern for this resource has arisen in Mosquito Lagoon, Florida, the southernmost limit along the Atlantic coast for undisturbed, intertidal reefs of C. virginica. Since the 1990s, intense recreational boating activity has caused atypical dead margins (mounds of disarticulated shells) to emerge on the seaward edges of oyster reefs located along major navigational channels. Once dead margins are formed, little is known about their influence on biotic composition and interactions on oyster reefs. This study focused on the affect of dead margins on: (1) mobile species biodiversity and distribution, (2) reef architecture, and (3) the affect of structural variables on predation of juvenile oysters. To determine if dead margins influenced the biodiversity of mobile species on oyster reefs, lift nets (1 m2) were deployed within Mosquito Lagoon for one year (June 2004 - June 2005). These nets (5/site) were deployed on the back-reef areas of six reefs (3 reference reefs and 3 reefs containing dead margins). To simulate reef habitat, one and a half liters of live oysters were placed within each net. Lift nets were checked monthly and surveyed for all mobile species. The resulting data were assimilated into a species inventory containing 65 species of fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, worms, and echinoderms. The two most abundant species present on reefs in Mosquito Lagoon were the big-claw snapping shrimp Alpheus heterochaelis, a filter-feeder, and the flat-back mud crab Eurypanopeus herbstii, a predator of oyster spat. Contrary to expections, analyses of community metrics showed that dead margins did not significantly affect the biodiversity of back-reef areas on oyster reefs. Modified lift nets (0.25 m2) were placed on six different oyster reefs (3 reference reefs and 3 containing dead margins) to test if dead margins affected the distribution of mobile species inhabiting oyster reefs. Nine nets were arranged to cover three separate areas of each reef: the fore-reef (3 nets), mid-reef (3 nets), and back-reef (3 nets). Half a liter of oyster shells were placed inside each net. These nets were checked weekly, for five weeks and species richness, density, and biomass were recorded. Analyses revealed that all community metrics were significantly higher on reference reefs than reefs affected with dead margins. Further, a significant drop in all three metrics was seen on the mid-reef area of affected reefs. The absence of species on this area is hypothesized to be due to a lack of water, shade, and habitat complexity. To document architectural differences, two types of transects were run along five reference reefs and five reefs with dead margins. First, quadrat transects determined the percent of live oysters, the percent of shell clusters, topographic complexity (using chain links), and the angle of shells on each reef type. Transect lines were stretched parallel to the water line and covered all three reef areas (fore-reef, mid-reef, and back-reef). The results showed reference reefs to have approximately four-fold more live oysters, approximately twice as many shell clusters, and significantly greater topographic complexity. Numbers of live oysters and shell clusters were greater on the fore-reef and back-reef areas of both reef types. Second, laser transects were used to record reef profiles and the slope of fore-reef areas. Transect lines were stretched perpendicular to the water line and every 20 cm the distance between the lagoon bottom and reef top was measured. Vertical reef profiles and fore-reef slopes were significantly different between reference reefs and reefs with dead margins. Dead margins compressed reef widths, increased center peaks, and increased slopes on the fore-reef area by two-fold. Lastly, field experiments were conducted to determine the affect of dead margins on the vulnerability of oyster spat to predation. Structural variables (e.g. shell orientation, single versus shell clusters, reef slope) were manipulated and effects on oyster mortality were observed. Three predators were tested: the blue crab Callinectes sapidus, the common mud crab Panopeus herbstii, and the Atlantic oyster drill Urosalpinx cinerea. Structural variables did not have a significant influence on oyster mortality; however, a significant difference was established between predators. Panopeus herbstii consumed the most juvenile oysters, followed by U. cinerea and then C. sapidus. Together, these findings document ecological implications of dead margins on C. virginica reefs and reinforce the urgent need for enhanced regulations and restoration. If the intensity of recreational boating remains unregulated, dead margins will continue to increase. Thus, in order to maintain the diversity and productivity of Mosquito Lagoon, it is crucial to fully understand how dead margins alter the biogenic habitat and biotic communities of oyster reefs.

yes / Biometric of Intent (BoI) is a Computer Vision (CV) automation, using Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, which presents a new approach that extends the reach of the classic biometric identification process. It provides an efficient mechanism which deters the threats raised by unknown individuals who have deceitful intentions and who aim to deploy unlawful operations such as terrorist attacks. In this context, our proposed BoI model is based on a framework constructed upon an automated machine learning facial expression analysis system which can assist law enforcement agencies who intend to deploy a systematic preventive security approach that aims to reduce the risk of potential unlawful attacks by rogue individuals through the evaluation of their emotional state in relation to their malicious intent.

Yes / Multi-stage attacks (MSAs) are among the most serious threats in cyberspace today. Criminals target big organisations and government critical infrastructures mainly for financial gain. These attacks are becoming more advanced and stealthier, and thus have capabilities to evade Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs). As a result, the attack strategies used in the attack render IDSs ineffective, particularly because of new security challenges introduced by some of the key emerging technologies such as 5G wireless networks, cloud computing infrastructure and Internet of Things (IoT), Advanced persistent threats (APTs) and botnet attacks are examples of MSAs, these are serious threats on the Internet. This work analyses recent MSAs, outlines and reveals open issues, challenges and opportunities with existing detection methods.

The purpose of this study is to gain more understanding for police officers' experiences for the psychosocial work-environment and their experiences of threat and violence in the work-environment. Through a qualitative study has interviews conducted with police officers to gain a deeper understanding. My main question is: How do police officers experiences their psychosocial work-environment? And the other research questions are: How do psychosocial work environment affect police officers privacy? How the dynamics of the group’s role in the psychosocial work environment? What are the factors that affect/prevent psychosocial work environments? The officers' experiences of their psychosocial work-environment were very similar to each other. They feel that their psychosocial work-environment is positive for their fellowship and communication in their work group. These are some of the factors that are characteristic of a good psychosocial work-environment according to Thoerells (2003).The informants were told that their psychosocial work-environment is good when it comes to team work and cohesion and it has a more personal communication as they work in small groups which allows them to get to know each other more. Working as a policeman in Malmö was experienced as very stressful and there was always a fast pace compared with Trelleborg, which is a smaller town. According to one of the informants' experiences is it less stressful and more peaceful people in Trelleborg comparing to Malmö. / <p>Validerat; 20110721 (anonymous)</p>

In the Saudi Arabian Red Sea, two of the seven species of sea turtles are known to nest and forage along the coast, the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). As a result of some life history characteristics, sea turtles are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts. Under Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and the recent opening of its borders to recreational tourists, the country aims to develop several large-scale projects along the Red Sea coast, locally known as “giga-projects”. Thus, imminent pressures from coastal development highlight the urgency needed for multi-country cooperation in protecting sea turtles in the region. This dissertation aims to establish some baseline data and protocols for future work to meet the data needs of the relevant conservation authorities in Saudi Arabia. In particular, this thesis contributes new and important information to some of the identified knowledge gaps for the Red Sea region, including sea turtle habitat use, threat assessment (plastic and heavy metal pollution), and evaluating hatching success. I used satellite telemetry to understand foraging home ranges of hawksbill and green turtles, post-nesting migrations, and inter-nesting habitat use of green turtles. Additionally, I used photo identification to understand the abundance and behavior of turtles at a Rabigh fringing reef, in the central Red Sea. I assessed two anthropogenic contaminants as a threat to Red Sea turtles: heavy metal contamination and plastic ingestion. Heavy metal concentrations in the sand were evaluated at the largest green turtle rookery in Saudi Arabia, Ras Baridi, which is located next to a cement factory. I also assessed the concentration of heavy metals in the tissues of dead hatchlings found at Ras Baridi. Additionally, I studied plastic ingestion in ten deceased turtles found along the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. In my last data chapter, I assessed the hatching success of green turtle nests, and investigated clutch relocation as a possible method of increasing success. The final chapter summarizes the results from this research in the context of the 2004 PERSGA Marine Turtle Conservation Plan, and provides possible conservation strategy recommendations to protect Red Sea turtles

High levels of harassment and threats against journalists have been observed globally. This thesis examines the lived experience of harassment and threats against journalists in Sweden through the lens of New Censorship Theory and Mob Censorship. The topic is explored through a series of qualitative interviews to better understand the effects on the journalists themselves and how they perceive their own situation. While censorship traditionally has been understood as a top-down phenomenon somewhat exclusive to authoritarian or quasi- authoritarian states, New Censorship Theory and Mob Censorship offer an opportunity to reexamine the consequences of how digital communication brings hatred to journalists in real time and how this in turn affects the journalists in their daily work. The results in this thesis suggest that harassment and threats against journalists come from several different groups with slightly different agendas The fact that all groups resort to intimidation indicates that there has been a shift in how journalism is perceived. The groups that attack journalists are also unevenly divided between local and national news outlets, resulting in different experiences depending on where a journalist is employed. The emerging situation might also force journalists who are deeply affected by harassment and threats to leave their careers all together, leaving only journalists with thicker skin. Finally, this thesis contributes towards a more complex understanding of the mechanics behind New Censorship Theory and Mob Censorship in liberal democracies.

Since the end of the Cold War, security and security threats have transcended beyond the traditional security aspects due to changed global interactions in the facets of economic, political, diplomatic and even domestic policies of individual states. The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine has not only heightened defence and security concerns in Europe and globally but has also revived the Cold War security tensions in some way necessitating an understanding of how contemporary security threats and crisis preparedness are perceived by civilians in this modern day and age.  Building from Ontological Security theory which holds that when an individual's sense of self and stability is challenged, they experience enormous anxiety, this study examines the attitudes and perceptions of the youths (many of whom were born and raised in the post-Cold War era) on security threats as well as their knowledge and trust in the government's civil defence and crisis preparedness in Växjö, Sweden. The study's analysis concludes that, despite being barely informed on civil defence crisis preparedness, Växjö's youths regard the ongoing war in Ukraine as less threatening to their ontological security but rather other human security issues due to factors like the war's narrative bearing little relevance, youth's media scepticism and refraining from negative news. Furthermore, the findings present a dramatic range of trust among the youths in the government's competence to handle emergencies, reflecting on crisis preparedness knowledge among the youths in Växjö.

Bakgrund: Hot och våld rapporteras öka mot samhällsnyttig personal och sjuksköterskor på akutmottagningar är den mest drabbade yrkeskategorin. Sjuksköterskorna beskriver att de dagligen är utsatta för hot och våld där patienter och anhöriga är utövarna.Våldspredisponeradefaktorer är väntetider och missnöje över de medicinska bedömningar som görs. Konsekvenserna är mångfacetterade och drabbar både sjuksköterskan och patientsäkerheten.Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av hot och våld på akutmottagningar.Metod: Litteraturstudiens metod baseras på kvalitativ design i syfte att utforska upplevelser av ett fenomen. Den analysmetod som användes var kvalitativ innehållsanalys.Resultat: Resultatet bygger på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserats och genom dessa har två huvudkategorier identifierats och som sedan fick två respektive tre underkategorier. De två huvudkategorierna var hot och våld som en del av yrket &amp; konsekvenser av hot och våld.Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor har liknande upplevelser av hot och våld på arbetsplatsen och de efterföljande konsekvenserna. Organisatoriska faktorer behöver ses över och inställningen till att anmäla hot och våld behöver förändras för att fenomenet ska åskådliggöras och prioriteras. Då hot och våld mot sjuksköterskor är en möjlig faktor att lämna arbetsplatsen och professionen bör det ligga i allas intresse att bryta utvecklingen. / Background: Threats and violence are reported to increase against socially useful staff and nurses in emergency departments are the most affected professional category. Nurses describe that they are exposed to threats and violence on a daily basis where patients and relatives are the practitioners. Factors predisposing to violence are waiting times and dissatisfaction with the medical assessments that are made. The consequences are multifaceted and affect both the nurse and patient safety.Aim: The purpose of the literature review was to describe nurses' experiences of threats and violence in emergency departments.Method: The method of the literature review is based on qualitative design with the aim of exploring experiences of a phenomenon. The analysis method used was qualitative content analysis.Results: The results are based on 12 scientific articles that were analyzed and through these two main categories have been identified, each received two and three subcategories. The two main categories were threats and violence as part of the profession &amp; consequences of threats and violence.Conclusion: Nurses have similar experiences of threats and violence in the workplace and the consequences made of. Organizational factors need to be reviewed and the attitude towards reporting threats and violence needs to change in order for the problem to be illustrated and prioritized. Since threats and violence against nurses are a possible factor in leaving the workplace and the profession, it should be in everyone's interest to break the trend.