CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A presente tese, a partir de uma anÃlise socioantropolÃgica, problematiza a questÃo da capacitaÃÃo de parteiras tradicionais, discutindo as tensÃes entre incorporaÃÃo de saber mÃdico e resistÃncia cultural na prÃtica de partejar das parteiras no AmapÃ. Para tanto, apoio-me em perspectivas epistemolÃgicas crÃticas que problematizam as hierarquias e dicotomias subjacentes à âmonocultura do saberâ, segundo proposta analÃtica de Santos (2006), a qual confere privilÃgios de conhecimento e de poder aos saberes cientÃficos, em detrimento de outras formas de saberes. Valho-me, em alinhamento a essa perspectiva analÃtica, da crÃtica feminista ao sujeito universal da ciÃncia e de seus privilÃgios de enunciaÃÃo. Privilegio, sobretudo, aquelas teorizaÃÃes que desvelam o processo de silenciamento imposto aos saberes e ao poder de agÃncia engendrado pelas mulheres (HARDING, 1998; HARAWAY, 1995; SANTOS, 2012). O estudo compÃe-se de uma abordagem qualitativa, com etnografia e uso de narrativas de 25 parteiras tradicionais, perifÃricas, remanescentes quilombolas e indÃgenas, que se configuram como interlocutoras de minha pesquisa, alÃm de fontes documentais e entrevistas com 10 profissionais da Ãrea biomÃdica. O recorte da pesquisa vai de 2013 a 2016, produzindo um material que dialoga com experiÃncias de pesquisas anteriores sobre a temÃtica das parteiras tradicionais. Permeia na tese o contexto empÃrico dos cursos de capacitaÃÃo no AmapÃ. âCapacitaÃÃoâ à um termo empregado pelo MinistÃrio da SaÃde e implementado pelo âProjeto de resgate e valorizaÃÃo de parteiras tradicionaisâ, implementado pelo governo do Estado do Amapà para instrumentalizar as profissionais do parto domiciliar. AtravÃs dessa configuraÃÃo tÃcnica e biopolÃtica, a âcapacitaÃÃoâ se constitui num rico cenÃrio em que se dÃo a ver confrontos entre heterogÃneas visÃes de mundo (sobretudo aquelas concernentes à saÃde, ao corpo da mulher, à higiene e à seguranÃa), sistemas de conhecimento tÃcnico e repertÃrios de aÃÃo, condensados na tipologia cientÃfico versus tradicional. AtravÃs da inserÃÃo etnogrÃfica e das narrativas das interlocutoras, tento analisar esses confrontos, o que podem significar enquanto obrigaÃÃo de incorporaÃÃo de saberes e prÃticas. Os resultados apontam para as tensÃes, conquistas e tambÃm reconhecimento. Nessa relaÃÃo, tem-se como conquistas o fato da parteira ser cadastrada em programa estadual; participar dos cursos e treinamentos; receber o diploma, o âkit parteiraâ e ser incluÃda no sistema de pagamento da bolsa â elementos de reafirmaÃÃo identitÃria e de reconhecimento da legitimidade da parteira, alÃm de tecerem redes compartilhadas de troca de experiÃncia entre mulheres que partejam. Por outro lado, as contradiÃÃes se expressam nas tensÃes entre a ampliaÃÃo da funÃÃo social da parteira, que apÃs a capacitaÃÃo à chamada a intervir em diferentes esferas da promoÃÃo da saÃde comunitÃria, porÃm sem reconhecimento profissional como trabalhadora da saÃde, sendo, em alguns casos, explicitamente impedidas de prestarem seu serviÃo. Ao discutir capacitaÃÃo, incorporaÃÃo de saber e resistÃncia cultural, pretendemos contribuir para a compreensÃo desse processo dinÃmico de formaÃÃo e recriaÃÃo identitÃria de parteiras tradicionais que vivenciam suas prÃticas no cotidiano comunitÃrio e sobretudo, para os estudos socioantropolÃgicos e da saÃde da mulher.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Santos Ramos.pdf: 1664268 bytes, checksum: 6dd3fc0b46dce305d722a2818727a457 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-27 / The craft fishery contributes significantly to the marine and riverside populations constiting an important source of animal protein. This activity defines ictiologicas interactions forming a complex system of knowledge about fishery, which is passed along for the next generations. Moreover, the free access that characterizes these fisheries contributes to the growth of the pressures made on the haliênicos resources. The objective in this work was to evaluate the craft fishery sustentability done at the Guimarães district MA in its environmental, social, economic and technologic dimentions and the handling, so as to contribute to the fishery ordination. Guimarães district is located at the middle-north region at the west coast of Maranhão-Brazil. The data gathering was done from October 2007 to October 2008. The information was gathered through semi-structured questionnaire applied to the fishers, portraying the aspects of the sustentability dimentions treated in this work, and the knowledge that came from the ictiológicas interactions which had its own questionnaire that treated about the reproduction aspects, feeding and fish distribution. Moreover, interviews were done in administrative agencies linked to fisheries, in order to formulate a notion model for the social, economic and political aspects refering to fisheries that reflects themselves in the fishery community at Guimarães. Aiming to have a dimention of the fisher production in the district, disembark cards were used. Fishery projects that occured in the district were investigated through researches participant.. The traditional knowledge was analysed through comparative cognitive chart and model of the union of the many competencies. Date refering to the sustentability dimention was analysed through rapfish. The main results show that the district, for lack of job and income creation alternatives developed its fishers contingent along the years, as well as the kinds and quantities of fishery stuff used, being the zangaria, guizo, fuzarca e curral considered less sustainable. The traditional knowledge about the activity that envolves the fishery stuff, vessels and the knowledge of the fish behaviour, revealed consistent with the cientific information which can be inserted in the handling strategies. The fish production in the district varied from 3.941 kg to 22.377 kg, having Porto Grande (Large Harbor) the biggest volume in disembarked products. Among most of the fish that were caught, there is taínha, followed by corvina and uritinga. The community s handling strategies were considered possible of application in the district, as long as there will be the continuous participation of administrators and regulator agencies turned to fishery. Confirmed, thus, the hipothesis that the practice of the craft fishery as it is done today in the district, without control, without social organization for the activity and without ordination result in lower productive potential of the region, compromising its environmental , social, economic and technologic sustentability. / A pesca artesanal contribui significativamente para as populações marinhas e ribeiras, constituindo-se numa importante fonte de proteína animal. Essa atividade define interações ictiológicas formando um sistema complexo de conhecimento a cerca das pescarias, o qual é repassado ao longo das gerações. Além disso, o livre acesso característico da pesca contribui para o aumento das pressões exercidas aos recursos haliêuticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sustentabilidade da pesca artesanal praticada no município de Guimarães-MA em suas dimensões ambiental, social, econômica, tecnológica e de manejo, de forma a contribuir com o ordenamento pesqueiro. O município de Guimarães localiza-se na meso-região norte do litoral ocidental do Maranhão-Brasil. A coleta de dados deu-se no período de outubro de 2007 a outubro de 2008. As informações foram coletadas através de questionários semiestruturados junto aos pescadores, retratando os aspectos das dimensões da sustentabilidade abordadas nesse trabalho e os conhecimentos advindos das interações ictiológicas que seguiram questionário próprio, o qual tratou de aspectos da reprodução, alimentação e distribuição dos peixes. Além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas a órgãos gestores ligados à pesca, a fim de formular um modelo conceitual dos aspectos sociais, econômicos e políticos referentes às pescarias, que se refletem na comunidade pesqueira de Guimarães. Visando dimensionar a produção pesqueira no município bem como os projetos e programas desenvolvidos, utilizou-se respectivamente fichas de desembarque pesqueiro e pesquisa participante. O conhecimento tradicional foi analisado por meio de tabelas de cognição comparada e modelo da união das diversas competências. Dados referentes às dimensões da sustentabilidade foram analisados por meio do rapfish. Os principais resultados mostram que o município, por falta de alternativas de geração de trabalho e renda, incrementou seu contingente de pescadores ao longo dos anos, bem como os tipos e quantidades de petrechos de pesca utilizados, sendo a zangaria, guizo, fuzarca e curral considerados menos sustentáveis. O conhecimento tradicional acerca da atividade que envolve os petrechos de pesca, embarcações e o conhecimento do comportamento dos peixes, revelou-se consistente com informações científicas, podendo ser inseridas em estratégias de manejo. A produção pesqueira no município variou de 3.941 kg a 22.377 kg, tendo o Porto Grande o maior volume em produtos desembarcados. Dentre os peixes mais pescados destacam-se os peixes do grupo Mugilidae (tainha), seguidos de Cynoscion e Macrodon (corvina) e Hexanematichthy proops (uritinga). As estratégias de manejo comunitário foram consideradas viáveis de aplicação no município desde que condicionadas à participação contínua de gestores e órgãos reguladores voltadas à pesca. Confirma-se, assim a hipótese de que a prática da atividade pesqueira artesanal nos moldes atuais no município sem controle, sem organização social para atividade e sem ordenamento produzem resultados abaixo do potencial produtivo da região, comprometendo a sua sustentabilidade ambiental, social, econômica e tecnológica.

No decorrer das últimas décadas, muitos grupos indígenas vêm progressivamente intensificando e ampliando a gama de relações com os mais variados setores da sociedade nacional. Nesse contexto, assumem a tarefa de elaborar discursos em que devem se apresentar, enquanto grupos diferenciados, para o \"outro\'\'. Na construção desse diálogo, as experiências de escolarização, especialmente na sua vertende \"diferenciada\", constituem um rico espectro de produção discursiva que esta dissertação pretende enfocar. É, de fato, no âmbito dessas experiências de ensino formal, que muitos grupos indígenas estão refletindo e recriando através da escrita em línguas indígenas e em língua portuguesa suas formas de produzir e transmitir experiências históricas. Tendo como enfoque o processo de escolarização e letramento em andamento em vários contextos indígenas no país, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar dez materiais didáticos cuja proposta é a escrita de narrativas sobre reflexões e experiências históricas e sobre conhecimentos entendidos como \"tradicionais\" elaboradas no ambito de cinco experiências de escolarização (Acre, Amazonas, Espírito Santo Xingu, Mato Grosso e Minas Gerais). Busca-se averiguar através da análise dos materiais didáticos, como professores e lideranças indígenas vinculados a essas cinco experiências estão utilizando a linguagem escrita para construir representações de si mesmos, nas quais procuram articular seus saberes tradicionais e as concepções ocidentais de conhecimento e transmissão de experiências históricas. / During the last decades, many indigenous groups have progressively intensified and increased the span of relations with various sectors of national society. In this context, they have assumed the task of elaborating discourses in which they present themselves to the other as differentiated groups. In constructing this dialogue, experiences in schooling, specially of the differentiated kind, constitute a rich spectrum of discursive production, which this thesis seeks to focus upon. In fact, it is within these experiences of formal education that many indigenous groups are reflecting and recreating through the use of writing in the native and Portuguese languages their forms of producing and transmitting historical experiences. Focusing on the process of schooling and literacy in progress in various indigenous contexts throughout the country, this thesis seeks to analyze ten examples of educational material, produced in five different school programs (Acre, Amazonas, Espírito Santo, Xingu, Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais), that have as an objective the written production of narratives concerning historical experiences and reflections and that which is understood to be traditional knowledge. The objective of this research is to understand, by means of the analysis of this educational material, how indigenous leaders and teachers connected to these five school programs are using the written language to produce representations of themselves, in which they seek to articulate their traditional knowledge and occidental conceptions of knowledge and transmission of historical experiences.

<p>This research work addresses the problem being faced by developing countries in the commercial exploitation of their traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) by third parties without giving due attribution to nor sharing benefits with the communities from which these TCEs originate. This problem stems from the inability of customary law systems which regulates life in such communities to adequately cater for the protection of these TCEs. The legal systems of the developing countries have also proven to be ineffective in the protection of TCEs from such misappropriation and unauthorized commercial exploitation. This mini-thesis examines how TCEs have been protected domestically through national legislation and internationally through treaties and proposes means by which they can be protected in a manner that would preserve them, while promoting the dissemination of those which can be shared without destroying their inherent nature. This mini-thesis thus explores avenues through which the protection of TCEs would contribute to economic and human development in developing countries.</p>

<p>There is a growing interplay of competing realities facing the international community in the general areas of innovation, technological advancement and overall economic development. The highly industrialised wealthy nations, largely located on the Northern hemisphere are on the one hand undoubtedly at the forefront in global research, technology and infrastructure development. The developing and least developed countries on the other hand are mostly situated on the Southern hemisphere. They are not as wealthy or technologically advanced as their&nbsp / Northern counterparts, but are naturally endowed with unique variations of plant, animal and micro-organism species occurring in natural ecosystems, as well as the traditional knowledge on&nbsp / how to use these unique species. This knowledge has been adjudged to be responsible for the sustainable maintenance of the earth&rsquo / s biodiversity. Increasing exploitation of biodiversity,&nbsp / spurred on by the competing realities identified above, has left the earth in a present state of alarm with respect to the uncontrolled loss of biodiversity. The traditional knowledge of local&nbsp / peoples has significantly offered leads to research institutes from the North in developing major advancements in drugs, cosmetics and agriculture. Little or no compensation has however been seen to go back to the indigenous&nbsp / communities and countries that provide resources, and indicate various possibilities through their traditional knowledge to the use of such resources. Efforts by some biodiversity rich countries to&nbsp / ddress this trend through legislation developed in accordance with the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity have been frustrated due to the inability to enforce their domestic laws outside their borders. Theft of genetic resources and its associated traditional knowledge&nbsp / from such countries has therefore remained a major challenge. Against this backdrop, and on the&nbsp / insistence of biodiversity-rich developing countries, an international regime on access and benefit sharing was negotiated and its final text adopted in 2010. This international regime is as&nbsp / contained in the Nagoya Protocol. This research sets out to examine whether the Nagoya Protocol offers a final solution to the protection of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity in&nbsp / biodiverse countries. It further examines the importance of domestic legislation in achieving the objectives of the Protocol. The research has been tailored to African biodiverse countries, and&nbsp / seeks these answers within the context of Africa.<br /> &nbsp / </p>

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) significantly enhanced the scope and potential effectiveness of the international legal regime for the conservation of biological diversity world wide together with the sustainable use of its components. It goes beyond the conservation of biological conservation per se and comprehends such diverse issues as sustainable use of biological resources, access to genetic resources, the sharing of benefits derived from the use of genetic material and technology, including biotechnology. The CBD has three objectives, which are the conservation of biological diversity, secondly the sustainable use of its components and thirdly the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources. The third objective includes the sharing of benefits by means of appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over such resources and technologies as well as appropriate funding. As part of the process of achieving these goals, the CBD establishes a new international framework for access to genetic resources and the sharing of benefits from their use. In addition to its conservation measures, the CBD is also an economic treaty in the sense that it develops and regulates the ongoing exchange of genetic resources and, in particular, the emerging trade in biotechnology. During the negotiations of the CBD the concept of the trade in biotechnology dominated much of the discussions surrounding the Convention. This was the cause of deep differences between the technologically rich north and the biodiversity rich south. It was and still is apparent that developed countries, or corporate companies in these countries, exploit natural recourses only found in developing countries, without sharing the resulting proceeds. It is shown that uneven distribution of natural, technological and economic resources occur in relationships between the northern hemisphere and its southern counterpart. It is a well-known fact that the northern hemisphere is financially and technologically superior to its southern counterpart. Intellectual property rights ("IPR"), with specific reference to patent law, enables developed countries andlor companies in those countries to exploit this economic discrepancy. Developed countries accordingly acquire biological recourses and exploit them with resulting benefits thereby circumventing the sharing of such benefits through IPR systems. Benefits are thereby withheld from developing countries that provide such genetic recourses. The author will mainly focus on the question that arises as to how the CBD addresses benefit sharing in the light of the differences between the northern developed- and southern developing countries. South Africa will be studied as an example of a developing country that incorporated the provisions of the CBD in its national legislation as it promulgated the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (BDA), which embodies the guidelines and principles for bioprospecting and benefit sharing, captured in the CBD and the Cartagena Protocol. The provisions contained in the BDA will be used as a practical example of the application of the CBD in the municipal law of developing countries. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

<p>This research work addresses the problem being faced by developing countries in the commercial exploitation of their traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) by third parties without giving due attribution to nor sharing benefits with the communities from which these TCEs originate. This problem stems from the inability of customary law systems which regulates life in such communities to adequately cater for the protection of these TCEs. The legal systems of the developing countries have also proven to be ineffective in the protection of TCEs from such misappropriation and unauthorized commercial exploitation. This mini-thesis examines how TCEs have been protected domestically through national legislation and internationally through treaties and proposes means by which they can be protected in a manner that would preserve them, while promoting the dissemination of those which can be shared without destroying their inherent nature. This mini-thesis thus explores avenues through which the protection of TCEs would contribute to economic and human development in developing countries.</p>

<p>There is a growing interplay of competing realities facing the international community in the general areas of innovation, technological advancement and overall economic development. The highly industrialised wealthy nations, largely located on the Northern hemisphere are on the one hand undoubtedly at the forefront in global research, technology and infrastructure development. The developing and least developed countries on the other hand are mostly situated on the Southern hemisphere. They are not as wealthy or technologically advanced as their&nbsp / Northern counterparts, but are naturally endowed with unique variations of plant, animal and micro-organism species occurring in natural ecosystems, as well as the traditional knowledge on&nbsp / how to use these unique species. This knowledge has been adjudged to be responsible for the sustainable maintenance of the earth&rsquo / s biodiversity. Increasing exploitation of biodiversity,&nbsp / spurred on by the competing realities identified above, has left the earth in a present state of alarm with respect to the uncontrolled loss of biodiversity. The traditional knowledge of local&nbsp / peoples has significantly offered leads to research institutes from the North in developing major advancements in drugs, cosmetics and agriculture. Little or no compensation has however been seen to go back to the indigenous&nbsp / communities and countries that provide resources, and indicate various possibilities through their traditional knowledge to the use of such resources. Efforts by some biodiversity rich countries to&nbsp / ddress this trend through legislation developed in accordance with the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity have been frustrated due to the inability to enforce their domestic laws outside their borders. Theft of genetic resources and its associated traditional knowledge&nbsp / from such countries has therefore remained a major challenge. Against this backdrop, and on the&nbsp / insistence of biodiversity-rich developing countries, an international regime on access and benefit sharing was negotiated and its final text adopted in 2010. This international regime is as&nbsp / contained in the Nagoya Protocol. This research sets out to examine whether the Nagoya Protocol offers a final solution to the protection of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity in&nbsp / biodiverse countries. It further examines the importance of domestic legislation in achieving the objectives of the Protocol. The research has been tailored to African biodiverse countries, and&nbsp / seeks these answers within the context of Africa.<br /> &nbsp / </p>

Le développement fulgurant noté dans le domaine des biotechnologies peut être attribué, sinon essentiellement du moins partiellement, à l’utilisation des ressources génétiques (RG) et des savoirs traditionnels (ST) acquis sur ces ressources. Ces ressources et ces savoirs sont, notamment, utilisés dans le cadre d’inventions biotechnologiques qui peuvent s’avérer concluantes et faire l’objet de demande de protection par brevet. Ce développement ne s’est tout de même pas réalisé sans heurts majeurs, il l’a été au prix de tumultueuses oppositions. En effet, la découverte progressive de la valeur commerciale et scientifique de telles ressources et de tels savoirs a fait naître des intérêts et attisé des rivalités qui ont fini par opposer fournisseurs et utilisateurs de ces matériels. Force est de constater que parmi leurs divergences, celle qui se rapporte au partage des avantages fait l’objet de discussions des plus âpres qui soient dans le domaine. Une solution qui a été, aussi, envisagée a porté sur les régimes d’accès et de partage des avantages. Ce partage des avantages, les pays fournisseurs espèrent le réaliser par le biais de l’obligation de divulguer l’origine des RG et des ST dans les demandes de brevets. L’application d’une telle exigence connaît des limites en ce sens qu’elle est d’application territoriale. C’est sur la base d’un tel constat que les pays fournisseurs envisagent d’en faire une obligation reconnue et applicable à un niveau international. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous essaierons de démontrer que l’obligation de divulguer l’origine des RG et des ST dans les demandes de brevets, telle qu’elle est actuellement appliquée, ne constitue pas un moyen pertinent qui permettrait d’en arriver à un partage juste et équitable des avantages. / The rapid development in the field of biotechnology can be attributed to a large degree to the innovative use of genetic resources (GR), a significant portion of which were based on traditional knowledge (TK). The biotechnological inventions resulting from these resources and knowledge are, for the most part, subject to patent protection. This legal protection is designed to allow creators of innovative inventions the possibility to recoup their investment by limiting the use of the resulting creation by people other than the inventor and his assignees. Indeed, the gradual recognition of the scientific and commercial value of such resources and associated knowledge has raised interest and fuelled rivalries that eventually led to conflict over the use and trade of such products between user and producing States. A possible solution to resolve this conflict is the use of access and benefit-sharing agreements. One requirement proposed by producing States is an obligation to disclose the origin of GR and TK in patent applications. However, since the issues in this area, generally, exceed the national sphere, producing countries are attempting to make this requirement recognized at an international level. Accordingly the most effective and efficient means of doing so would be via the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) in the World Trade Organization WTO. In this thesis, we will demonstrate that the obligation to disclose the origin of GR and TK in patent applications does not constitute an appropriate means that would lead to a fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of their use.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) significantly enhanced the scope and potential effectiveness of the international legal regime for the conservation of biological diversity world wide together with the sustainable use of its components. It goes beyond the conservation of biological conservation per se and comprehends such diverse issues as sustainable use of biological resources, access to genetic resources, the sharing of benefits derived from the use of genetic material and technology, including biotechnology. The CBD has three objectives, which are the conservation of biological diversity, secondly the sustainable use of its components and thirdly the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources. The third objective includes the sharing of benefits by means of appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over such resources and technologies as well as appropriate funding. As part of the process of achieving these goals, the CBD establishes a new international framework for access to genetic resources and the sharing of benefits from their use. In addition to its conservation measures, the CBD is also an economic treaty in the sense that it develops and regulates the ongoing exchange of genetic resources and, in particular, the emerging trade in biotechnology. During the negotiations of the CBD the concept of the trade in biotechnology dominated much of the discussions surrounding the Convention. This was the cause of deep differences between the technologically rich north and the biodiversity rich south. It was and still is apparent that developed countries, or corporate companies in these countries, exploit natural recourses only found in developing countries, without sharing the resulting proceeds. It is shown that uneven distribution of natural, technological and economic resources occur in relationships between the northern hemisphere and its southern counterpart. It is a well-known fact that the northern hemisphere is financially and technologically superior to its southern counterpart. Intellectual property rights ("IPR"), with specific reference to patent law, enables developed countries andlor companies in those countries to exploit this economic discrepancy. Developed countries accordingly acquire biological recourses and exploit them with resulting benefits thereby circumventing the sharing of such benefits through IPR systems. Benefits are thereby withheld from developing countries that provide such genetic recourses. The author will mainly focus on the question that arises as to how the CBD addresses benefit sharing in the light of the differences between the northern developed- and southern developing countries. South Africa will be studied as an example of a developing country that incorporated the provisions of the CBD in its national legislation as it promulgated the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (BDA), which embodies the guidelines and principles for bioprospecting and benefit sharing, captured in the CBD and the Cartagena Protocol. The provisions contained in the BDA will be used as a practical example of the application of the CBD in the municipal law of developing countries. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.