La miniaturisation des systèmes de piégeage optique permet la manipulation et l’analyse d’objets de taille nano et micrométrique. Ces objets peuvent être inertes (billes de silice ou de polystyrène, nanotubes de carbones) ou biologiques (virus, bactéries, cellules). Les dispositifs de piégeage intégrés sur puces présentent l’avantage de manipuler des objets uniques de manière réversible et à très faible puissance. Cela en fait des systèmes très adaptés à l’étude des objets biologiques, souvent plus fragiles et traditionnellement étudiés à l’échelle de la population dans les méthodes de microbiologie. Ces travaux de thèse portent sur l’étude de différentes bactéries piégées sur cristaux photoniques 1D et 2D. Nous y démontrons tout d’abord le piégeage de sept espèces bactériennes : E. coli, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis, Y. ruckeri, N. sicca, P. putida et L. innocua. . Nous y décrivons les méthodes de caractérisation spatiale et temporelle développées pour extraire de l’information de ce piégeage sur la taille, la forme, le déplacement et la structure membranaire des bactéries. Un dispositif de piégeage à deux lasers a également été implémenté pour permettre l’analyse fine de l’état d’une bactérie E. coli soumise à un stress thermique. Ces résultats s’inscrivent dans une problématique de diagnostic bactérien, très sensible depuis quelques années avec l’augmentation de la résistance des bactéries aux antibiotiques. Si aucun changement n’intervient, il est prédit que les infections bactériennes constitueront la première cause de mortalité des pays développés d’ici 2050. Il est donc nécessaire d’élaborer de nouveaux outils de diagnostic plus rapides et plus accessibles afin de limiter la distribution abusive d’antibiotiques qui entraine ce phénomène de résistance Nous proposons également en dernière partie de ce manuscrit des solutions pour intégrer notre dispositif de piégeage en vue d’ouvrir la voie à de nouvelles applications dans des environnements pathogènes. / The miniaturisation of optical trapping systems allows the manipulation and analysis of nano and micron sized objects. These objects can be inert (silica or polystyrene beads, carbon nanotubes) or biological (viruses, bacteria, cells). Integrated trapping devices on chips have the advantage of handling single objects reversibly and at very low power. This makes them very suitable for the study of biological objects, often more fragile and traditionally studied at the population level in microbiology methods. This work deals with the study of different bacteria trapped on 1D and 2D photonic crystals. We first demonstrate the trapping of seven bacterial species: E. coli, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis, Y. ruckeri, N. sicca, P. putida and L. innocua. . We describe a spatial and temporal characterisation methods developed to extract information from this trapping on the size, shape, motility and membrane structure of bacteria. A trapping device with two lasers has also been implemented to allow the fine analysis of the state of an E. coli bacterium subjected to heat stress. These results falls within the issue of bacterial diagnosis, very sensitive in recent years with the increase of the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. If no change occurs, it is predicted that bacterial infections will be the main cause of death in developed countries by 2050. It is therefore necessary to develop new, faster and more accessible diagnostic tools to limit the large distribution of antibiotics leading to this phenomenon of antibioresistance. We also propose in the last part of this manuscript solutions to integrate our trapping device in order to pave the way for new applications in pathogenic environments.

Artificial reefs (ARs) have been deployed on the inner shelf of Paraná State, south Brazil, to recuperate marine biodiversity and as protection against destructive trawling activities. The purpose of this study was to offer a first characterization of the ichthyoplankton community associated with the ARs and the adjacent archipelago of Currais. Two sampling methodologies were used; 1) plankton net attached to an underwater scooter and; 2) light-traps. A hydrodynamic model was used to study dispersal trajectories to and from the study area. Sampling was conducted between 31.07.14 and 04.04.16. A total of 13 families and 11 species were identified, expanding the total species list of the study area with six species and four families; 63% of fish larvae caught on the ARs were of reef associated species; abundance and species richness was higher on the ARs compared to samples taken at a distance from the ARs. First occurrence of the invasive muzzled blenny Omobranchus punctatus was registered. The hydrodynamic model provided insight on dispersal trajectories and connectivity. The results of this study can be used to better define guidelines for sustainable use of the ARs and the Currais archipelago, a Marine National Park since 2013. / Recifes Artificiais (RA) foram implantados na plataforma interna do Paraná, sul do Brasil, para atuar como unidades anti-arrasto e para oferecer habitat e abrigo para a fauna local, na tentativa de recuperar a biodiversidade marinha ameaçada pelo pesca de arrasto. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi oferecer uma primeira caracterização da assembleia ictioplanctônica associada aos RAs e ao arquipélago de Currais. Coletas foram realizadas utilizando duas metodologias; 1) rede de plâncton acoplado a uma \"scooter\" subaquática e; 2) armadilhas de luz. Excursões amostrais foram realizadas entre 31.07.14 e 04.04.16. Um total de 13 famílias e 11 espécies de peixes representadas no ictioplâncton foram identificadas. Foi registrada a primeira ocorrência do blenídeo invasivo Omobranchus punctatus. A abundância de ictioplâncton foi maior em amostras dos RAs comparado às coletas em área-controle; 63% das larvas capturadas nos RAs foram de espécies recifais. Um modelo hidrodinâmico forneceu uma visão sobre as trajetórias de dispersão larval e conectividade ecológica na região. Os resultados deste estudo podem ser usados para melhor definir diretrizes para o uso sustentável dos RAs e do arquipélago de Currais, um Parque Nacional Marinho desde 2013.

Neste trabalho, descrevemos a construção de uma armadilha óptica de dipolo, tipo Quest, para átomos de Rydberg utilizando um laser de CO2 de alta potência. A amostra aprisionada apresenta aproximadamente 3 × 106 átomos de 85Rb numa densidade 4 × 1011 átomos/cm3, em temperaturas da ordem 30 µK. O tempo de vida da armadilha é da ordem de 200 ms. Neste sistema, observamos a fotoionização dos estados de Rydberg devido ao laser de CO2 em 10, 6 µm, contudo fomos incapazes de quantificá-lo. Além disso, medimos o tempo de vida do estado 37D do Rb na armadilha de dipolo, o resultado foi compatível ao encontrado na literatura. Em suma, o sistema esta operante para experimentos mais complexos. / In this work, we describe the implementation of a QUEST dipole trap for Rydberg atoms using a CO2 high power laser. The trapped atomic sample has approximately 3 × 106 85Rb atoms, at a density of 4 × 1011 atoms/cm3 and a temperature of about 30 µK. The trap lifetime is about 200 ms. We observed photoionization of the Rydberg states due to the CO2 laser at 10, 6 µK, however we were unable to quantify it. Furthermore, we measured the 37D state lifetime of the Rb in the dipole trap, the experimental result was in agreement with the literature. In summary, the system is fully operating for more complex experiments.

<div>Amongst the various classes of mass analyzers, the quadrupole ion trap (QIT) is by far the most versatile. Although it can achieve only modest resolution (unit) and mass accuracy (101-102 ppm), it has high sensitivity and selectivity, can operate at pressures exceeding 10-3 torr, is tolerant to various electrode imperfections, and has single analyzer tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) capabilities in the form of product ion scans. These characteristics make the QIT ideal for mass spectrometer miniaturization, as most of the fundamental performance metrics of the QIT do not depend on device size. As such, the current drive in miniature systems is to adopt miniature ion traps in various forms – 3D, linear, toroidal, rectilinear, cylindrical, arrays, etc.</div><div><br></div><div>Despite being one of the two common mass analyzers with inherent MS/MS capabilities (the other being the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer), it is commonly accepted that the QIT cannot perform one-dimensional precursor ion scans and neutral loss scans - the other two main MS/MS scan modes - or two-dimensional MS/MS scans. The former two are usually conducted in triple quadrupole instruments in which a first and third quadrupole are used to mass select precursor and product ions while fragmentation occurs in an intermediate collision cell. The third scan can be accomplished by acquiring a product ion scan of every precursor ion, thus revealing the entire 2D MS/MS data domain (precursor ion m/z vs. product ion m/z). This, however, is not one scan but a set of scans. Because the ion trap is a tandem-in-time instrument rather than a tandem-in-space analyzer, precursor ion scans, neutral loss scans, and 2D MS/MS are, at best, difficult.</div><div><br></div><div>Yet miniature mass spectrometers utilizing quadrupole ion traps for mass analysis would perhaps benefit the most from precursor scans, neutral loss scans, and 2D MS/MS because they generally have acquisition rates (# scans/s) an order of magnitude lower than their benchtop counterparts. This is because they usually use a discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface (DAPI) to reduce the gas load on the backing pumps, resulting in a ~1 scan/s acquisition rate and making the commonly-used data-dependent acquisition method (i.e. obtaining a product ion scan for every abundant precursor ion) inefficient in terms of sample consumption, time, and instrument power. Precursor and neutral loss scans targeting specific molecular functionality of interest - as well as 2D MS/MS – are more efficient ways of moving through the MS/MS data domain and thus pair quite readily with miniature ion traps.</div><div><br></div><div>Herein we demonstrate that precursor ion scans, neutral loss scans, and 2D MS/MS are all possible in a linear quadrupole ion trap operated in the orthogonal double resonance mode on both benchtop and portable mass spectrometers. Through application of multiple resonance frequencies matching the secular frequencies of precursor and/or product ions of interest, we show that precursor ions can be fragmented mass-selectively and product ions ejected simultaneously, preserving their relationship, precursor ion -> product ion + neutral, in the time domain and hence allowing the correlation between precursor and product ions without prior isolation. By fixing or scanning the resonance frequencies corresponding to the targeted precursor and product ions, a precursor ion scan or neutral loss scan can be conducted in a single mass analyzer. We further show that 2D MS/MS - acquisition of all precursor ion m/z values and a product ion mass spectrum for every precursor ion, all in a single scan - is possible using similar methodology. These scan modes are particularly valuable for origin-of-life and forensic applications for which the value of miniature mass spectrometers is readily evident.</div>

L'expérience GBAR - Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Rest - est conçue pour réaliser un test direct du principe d'équivalence faible sur l'antimatière. Son objectif est de mesurer l'accélération d'un antiatome d'hydrogène en chute libre, appelée Gbar. Son originalité réside dans la production d'antiions Hbar+ pour appliquer le refroidissement sympathique afin d'obtenir une température de l'ordre du µK, indispensable à la réalisation de la mesure. Les ions Hbar+ sont produits par les réactions : pbar + Ps -> Hbar + e-, puis Hbar + Ps -> Hbar+ + e-, où pbar représente l'antiproton, Ps le positronium (l'état lié entre le positon et l'électron), Hbar l'antihydrogène et Hbar+ l'antiion associé. Pour produire la quantité de Ps nécessaire à l'expérience GBAR, 2x10^10 positons doivent être injectés sur une cible mésoporeuse de SiO2 en moins de 100ns. Un tel flux nécessite l'accumulation et le refroidissement des positons dans un piège à particules.Cette thèse décrit l'injecteur de positons en phase de démonstration à Saclay pour l'expérience GBAR. Il est constitué d'un piège de Penning-Malmberg (emprunté au laboratoire du RIKEN) alimenté par un faisceau de positons lents. Un accélérateur linéaire d'électrons de 4.3MeV produit le faisceau pulsé de positons en tirant sur une cible de tungstène, modéré ensuite par un modérateur constitué de multiples couches de grilles de tungstène. Le flux de positons lents est de 10^4 e+/pulse, soit 2x10^6 e+/s à 200Hz. Nous présentons dans ce document la toute première accumulation de positons produit par un accélérateur (plutôt qu'une source radioactive), et leur refroidissement dans un plasma de 2x10^10 électrons préalablement chargés dans le piège. / The Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Rest experiment - GBAR - is designed to perform a direct measurement of the weak equivalence principle on antimatter by measuring the acceleration (gbar) of antihydrogen atoms in free fall. Its originality is to produce Hbar+ ions and use sympathetic cooling to achieve µK temperature. Hbar+ ions are produced by the reactions : pbar + Ps -> Hbar + e-, and Hbar + Ps -> Hbar+ + e-, where pbar is an antiproton, Ps stands for positronium (the bound-state of a positron and an electron), Hbar is the antihydrogen and Hbar+ the antiion associated. To produce enough Ps atoms, 2x10^10 positrons must be impinged on a porous SiO2 target within 100ns. Such an intense flux requires the accumulation (collection and cooling) of the positrons in a particle trap. This thesis describes the injector being commissioned at CEA Saclay for GBAR. It consists of a Penning-Malmberg trap (moved from RIKEN) fed by a slow positron beam. A 4.3MeV linear accelerator shooting electrons on a tungsten target produces the pulsed positron beam, which is moderated by a multi-grid tungsten moderator. The slow positron flux is 10^4 e+/pulse, or 2x10^6 e+/s at 200Hz. This work presents the first ever accumulation of low-energy positrons produced by an accelerator (rather than a radioactive source) and their cooling by a prepared reservoir of 2x10^10 cold electrons.

Submitted by KÁTIA REGINA COIMBRA TOBIAS (DINTER) null (katiacoimbra@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-16T17:06:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - KATIA -.pdf: 798557 bytes, checksum: e8c55dc222fe3453681b66fe701004f6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-21T18:22:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tobias_krc_dr_araca.pdf: 798557 bytes, checksum: e8c55dc222fe3453681b66fe701004f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T18:22:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tobias_krc_dr_araca.pdf: 798557 bytes, checksum: e8c55dc222fe3453681b66fe701004f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-31 / Introdução: A hipertensão arterial tem sido um dos maiores problemas de saúde no mundo, com grandes alterações para as doenças cardiovasculares e renais. O tecido ósseo tem função importante no suporte, proteção e locomoção e está sob o controle de fatores sistêmicos como hormônios e fatores locais, entre eles os fatores de crescimento e citocinas. A Fosfatase Ácida Tartarato Resistente (TRAP) é uma enzima que faz parte da família das fosfatases ácidas e apresenta localização intracelular; mais especificamente dentro do compartimento lisossomal de osteoclasto, macrófagos e células dendríticas, tem sido utilizada como um marcador histoquímico da atividade osteoclástica. Objetivos: Avaliar a expressão da proteína TRAP em alvéolos dentários de ratos hipertensos (SHR) e normotensos tratados ou não com atenolol. Métodos: Neste estudo foram utilizados 4 grupos de ratos sendo: 1) W (wistar sem tratamento), 2) WT (wistar tratado com atenolol), 3) S (SHR sem tratamento) e 4) ST (SHR tratado com atenolol), submetidos a exodontia do incisivo superior direito, com eutanásia no 7º, 14º, 21 e 28º dia pós-operatório. A análise dos mecanismos biológicos envolvidos no processo de reparo alveolar foi obtida pela análise da expressão de proteínas TRAP por meio da técnica de imunoistoquímica. Os resultados foram analisados pela média e erro padrão da média e aplicado o teste paramétrico ANOVA, com pos-test de Tukey para avaliar os períodos dentro de cada grupo e entre os grupos, sendo consideradas as diferenças significativas quando p<0,05. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a marcação TRAP aumenta em alvéolo dentais de ratos Wistar durante todos os períodos pós – operatórios. A marcação TRAP aumenta apenas ao 14o nos dias de reparação alveolar em alvéolo dental de SHR não tratados. O atenolol não altera o processo de reparo alveolar em ratos Wistar, porém o atenolol promoveu a redução da marcação de TRAP em SHR ao 14º dia. Conclusão: A hipertensão aumenta a expressão da proteína TRAP no 14o dia pós-cirúrgico de reparação alveolar e o atenolol promove redução da marcação aumentada de TRAP ao 14º dia pós-cirúrgico em alvéolos de SHR. / Introduction: Arterial hypertension has been one of the world’s biggest health problems, with considerable alterations for cardiovascular and renal diseases. The bone tissue has an important role in support, protection and locomotion and is controlled by systemic factors like hormones and local factors, such as growth factors and cytokines. The Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) is an enzyme that belongs to the Acid Phosphatases family and has an intracellular location, more specifically inside the lysosomal compartment of osteoclasts, macrophages and dendritic cells. It has been used as a histochemical marker of the osteoclast activity. Objectives: Evaluate TRAP protein’s expression in the dental alveoli of normotensive and hypertensive rats (SHR) treated or not treated with Atenolol. Methods: In this study, four groups of rats were used: 1) W (with no treatment), 2) WT (wistar treated with Atenolol), 3) S (SHR without treatment) and 4) ST (SHR treated with Atenolol), all of which underwent exodontia of the upper right incisor with euthanasia on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after the operation. The analysis of the biological mechanisms involved in the process of alveolar repair was obtained by the expression of TRAP proteins in the alveolar process through an immunohistochemistry technique. The results were analyzed through the average and its standard error. The parametric test ANOVA was applied with Tukey’s post-test were applied to evaluate the periods within each group and between the groups, considering the significant differences when p< 0,05. Results: The results demonstrated that TRAP staining increases in the dental alveoli of Wistar rats during all the post-surgical periods. TRAP staining increases only on the 14th day of alveolar recovery in the dental alveoli of non-treated SHR. Atenolol does not change the process of alveolar repair in Wistar rats, but Atenolol promoted the reduction of TRAP staining among SHR on the 14th day. Conclusion: Hypertension increases the expression of TRAP proteins on the 14th alveolar recovery postsurgical day and Atenolol promotes the reduction of the increased TRAP staining on the 14th postsurgical day in SHR’s alveoli.

Neste trabalho apresentamos a construção de um novo sistema experimental para aprisionamento de átomos e moléculas. Trata-se de uma armadilha de dipolo cruzada totalmente óptica, formada por um laser de fibra com 40 W de potência com comprimento de onda em 1064 nm. Nesse sistema foi demonstrado o aprisionamento de átomos Rb e K e moléculas Rb2. Realizamos dois experimentos distintos neste se novo sistema: No primeiro, estudamos a evolução temporal de amostras dos isótopos 85Rb e 87Rb na armadilha de dipolo cruzada. Pudemos medir pela primeira vez o processo de mudança de estrutura hiperfina em átomos sem a presença de luz ressonante, e observamos a fotoassociação dos átomos pelo laser da armadilha de dipolo. E no segundo, desenvolvemos uma técnica que permite o estudo rápido e direto do decaimento no número de moléculas de Rb2 na armadilha. Com essa técnica, observamos também o comportamento dessas moléculas na presença de átomos preparados em um determinado estado hiperfino do estado fundamental. Estes resultados juntamente com um desenvolvimento teórico, nos sugerem novas perspectivas rumo a produção de um sistema que possa produzir e aprisionar moléculas KRb no estado fundamental 1&Sigma;+ (v = 0). / In this work, we present the construction of a new experimental system for trapping atoms and molecules. It is an all optical crossed dipole trap, formed by a fiber laser with 40 W of power at 1064 nm. In this system, we have trapped K and Rb atoms as well as Rb2 molecules. We have carried out two experiments in this new system. In the first, we studied the temporal evolution of atomic samples of different isotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb, in the crossed trap dipole. We were able to measure for the first time the hyperfine-changing collisions of atoms in the absence of resonant light, and we have observed photoassociation of atoms by the dipole trap laser beam. In the other experiment, we have developed a technique that allows us to study the trapped molecule population decay in the trap. It was also observed the molecule population decay in the presence of atoms prepared in a given hyperfine state of the ground state. These results together with a theoretical development may suggest us new perspectives towards the production of a system that can produce and trap KRb molecules in the ground state 1&Sigma;+ (v = 0).

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-24T17:46:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BeneditaCosta.pdf: 3463817 bytes, checksum: f105e5bbf653ecaa37f7e7f59c1026ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-24T17:46:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BeneditaCosta.pdf: 3463817 bytes, checksum: f105e5bbf653ecaa37f7e7f59c1026ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) / The use of LEDs was evaluated as attractants for insect vectors and there are several advantages over the standard incandescent lamp favoring the use of LED technology as alternative light source for sampling medically important mosquitoes. Therefore, other studies were conducted in order to evaluate the response to the different wavelengths; however data on the use of LEDs and light intensity to attract anopheline mosquitoes are scarce. This study main purpose was to evaluate the efficiency of LEDs and the influence of the light intensity in the captures of malaria vectors upon the lunar phases, in a peridomiciliary area in northeastern Maranhão, Brazil. In the first essay, incandescent lamps routinely used in CDC-type light traps were replaced for 5 mm LEDs (green – 520 nm; blue – 470 nm) to evaluate the response of anopheline mosquitoes to those alternative light sources. However, the incandescent lamp was used as control. To test the influence of moonlight, the collections were undertaken under the four lunar phases during the study period. In the second essay, it was analyzed the influence of light intensity on the captures of mosquitoes, six light traps with LEDs of different light intensities were used: green (10,000 mCD, 15,000 mCD and 20,000 mCD) and blue (4,000 mCD, 12,000 mCD and 15,000 mCD). As a result in the first essay, 1,845 specimens and eight species foi was sampled. The most frequent species were Anopheles evansae, accounting for 35.2%, followed by An. triannulatus s.l.(21,9%), An. goeldii (12,9%) and An. argyritarsis (11,5%). The green LED was the most efficient light source, it had attracted 43.3% of the individuals, followed by the blue LED (31.8%) and the control (24.9%). The LED traps were more attractive than the control, regardless the lunar phase. In all tests, the captures were more efficient when LEDs were used to attract the anopheline mosquitoes than when the control was used. As a result in the second essay, a total of 1,650 specimens and five species of anopheline mosquitoes were sampled. The blue LED attracted more individuals (953) than the green one (697). According to the light intensity, the green LED 20.000mCD had a greater attractiveness showing 39.2% increase related to the others intensities. While the blue LED 15.000mCD has attracted 50.2% of the specimens captured. The efficiency of LEDs improves light trapping results and it is suggested that the use of LEDs as an attractant for anopheline mosquitoes should be taken into consideration when monitoring mosquito populations. Thus, the light intensity was a very important factor in enhancing the light trap performance in attracting the mosquitoes; more intense the light, more insects attracted. However, the light intensity is an important attribute for sampling more efficiently insect vectors. / O uso diodo emissor de luz (LED) foi avaliado como atrativo para insetos vetores e tem apresentado varias vantagens sobre a lâmpada incandescente convencional, favorecendo o uso da tecnologia LED como uma fonte de luz alternativa para a amostragem de mosquitos de importância médica. Além disso, outros estudos foram realizados a fim de examinar a resposta a diferentes comprimentos de onda, entretanto dados sobre o uso de LED e sua intensidade luminosa para atrair mosquitos anofelinos são escassos. Esse estudo teve como propósito avaliar a eficácia de LEDs e a influência da intensidade da luz nas capturas de mosquitos anofelinos, diante das fases lunares, em área peridomiciliar no Nordeste do Maranhão. No primeiro ensaio as lâmpadas incandescentes convencionais utilizadas em armadilhas luminosas do tipo CDC foram substituídas por LEDs de 5 mm (verde: 520 nm; azul: 470 nm) para avaliar a resposta de mosquitos anofelinos às fontes de luz alternativas, a lâmpada incandescente foi utilizada como controle. Para testar a influência da fase lunar, as coletas foram realizadas sob as quatro fases lunares durante o período de estudo. No segundo ensaio foi analisado a influência da intensidade luminosa nas capturas de mosquitos, foram utilizadas seis armadilhas luminosas com diferentes intensidades de luz: verde (10.000mCD, 15.000mCD, 20.000mCD) e azul (4.000mCD, 12.000mCD, 15.000mCD). Como resultado do primeiro ensaio, um total de 1.845 espécimes e oito espécies foram coletados. As espécies mais frequentes foram Anopheles evansae, representando 35,2%, seguido por An. triannulatus s.l. (21,9%), An. goeldii (12,9%) e An. argyritarsis (11,5%). O LED verde foi à fonte de luz mais eficaz, tendo atraído 43,3% dos indivíduos, seguido do LED azul (31,8%) e o controle (24,9%). As armadilhas com LED foram mais atrativas do que o controle, independentemente da fase lunar. Em todos os testes, as capturas foram mais eficientes quando os LEDs foram usados para atrair os mosquitos anofelinos do que quando utilizou-se o controle. Como resultado do segundo ensaio, um total de 1.650 espécimes e cinco espécies de mosquitos anofelinos foram capturados. A armadilha com LED azul atraiu mais indivíduos (953) do que o verde (697). Quanto às intensidades de luz, o LED verde de 20.000mCD obteve maior atratividade com 39,2% em relação às demais intensidades. Enquanto o LED azul de 15.000mCD atraiu 50,2% dos individuos capturados. A eficiência dos LEDs melhora os resultados de captura com luz, sugere-se o uso de LEDs como atrativo para mosquitos anofelinos e deve ser levado em consideração nas atividades de monitoramento de populações de mosquitos. Além disso, a intensidade luminosa é um fator importante para aumentar o desempenho da armadilha luminosa na atração dos mosquitos, quanto mais intensa a luz, mais insetos são atraídos. Portanto, a intensidade luminosa dos LEDs é um importante atributo para amostragem de insetos vetores.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:16:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008- Paulo Henrique Duarte.pdf: 2250009 bytes, checksum: dd3eac04ae943ebe159aceec0bddbead (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research is a study about the tick fauna of Pantanal wetlands, MS, Brazil. Evaluation of cattle-raising on ticks populations, a detailed study on tick feeding on feral pigs and a list of ticks witch are reported in the study area are included. The cattle-raising impact was evaluated by trapping free-living ticks using a CO2 tick-trap. The traps were distributed in two areas: protected area, and the Nhumirim Ranch. Both areas are contiguous and locate at sub-region of Nhecol?ndia (18?59 S and 56?39 W), Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. In each area, four habitat types were selected: cerrado (tropical savanna), forest patches, lakes and soda lakes. The last two are temporary lagoons of fresh and salted water, respectively. A total of 980 nymphs, 613 adults and 13 larvae of ticks of the genus Amblyomma were collected in 256 hours of collection. In a pen of calves infested by Ornithodoros rostratus 114 specimens were collected in just two hours including larvae, nymphs and adults. Adults of A. cajennense and A. parvum were more abundant in the savanna at Nhumirim Ranch, but did not differ among habitat types at protected area. There was a tendency of having more nymphs in Nhumirim Ranch than in protected area. The second conduced experiment was the comparison of the tick fauna of feral pigs at dry and wet seasons. A total of 44 feral pigs were examined and the species found were A. cajennense, A. parvum e O. rostratus. More adult ticks were collected in the dry season. Ecological and epidemiological aspects were discussed. Feral pigs are introduced specie and the role of this mammal on amplifying Amblyomma cajennense is clear. O. rostratus seems to be accidental parasite of feral pigs. The last part is a commented list of species including collected data and scientific literature. Up to day 18 tick s specie are reported on Pantanal wetlands including Argasidae (two) and Ixodidae (16) tick s species. The main genus was Amblyomma and the same species founded on wildlife are present on domestic animals and humans. / A presente tese ? um estudo sobre o impacto da bovinocultura extensiva sobre a popula??o de carrapatos, e um levantamento da fauna de carrapatos da regi?o com um estudo detalhado sobre a ixodofauna do porco monteiro. Para o estudo de impacto da bovinocultura, foram utilizadas armadilhas de CO2, distribu?das em duas ?reas: Reserva Biol?gica e Fazenda Nhumirim. Ambas as ?reas s?o contiguas e est?o localizadas na sub-regi?o da Nhecol?ndia (18?59 S e 56?39 W). Em cada ?rea quatro tipos de habitat foram selecionados: cerrado, mata, baia e salina. Os dois ?ltimos s?o lagoas tempor?rias de ?gua doce e salobra, respectivamente. Na totalidade foram coletadas 980 ninfas, 613 adultos e 13 larvas de carrapatos do g?nero Amblyomma em 256 horas de coletas. Em um bezerreiro infestado por Ornithodoros rostratus, 114 exemplares, dentre larvas ninfas e adultos foram coletados em apenas duas horas de atividade. Adultos de A. cajennense e A. parvum foram mais abundantes no cerrado da Fazenda, mas n?o diferiram entre os tipos de habitat na Reserva Biol?gica. Existe uma tend?ncia para uma maior abund?ncia de ninfas de Amblyomma na Fazenda do que na Reserva Biol?gica. O outro estudo realizado comparou a fauna de carrapatos adultos dos porcos monteiros entre as esta??es, cheia e seca. Os carrapatos encontrados foram A. cajennense, A. parvum e O. rostratus. E foram encontrados mais carrapatos adultos na seca que na cheia, foi discutida a import?ncia eco-epidemiol?gica destas rela??es parasit?rias, principalmente em fun??o do Porco monteiro ser uma esp?cie introduzida na regi?o. O ?ltimo cap?tulo apresenta uma lista comentada que reuniu os dados coletados pelo autor bem como resultados publicados na literatura cient?fica. Nos dias de hoje, existe registro de 18 esp?cies de carrapatos inclu?do as fam?lias Argasidae (2) e Ixodidae (16). O g?nero mais comum foi Amblyomma e as mesmas esp?cies de carrapatos foram comuns para animais selvagens, dom?sticos e para o homem, o que constitui uma rede complexa e din?mica de hospedeiros e parasitas.

Este trabalho teve por objetivos: avaliar o efeito do pH inicial e o tempo de permanência no campo do atrativo alimentar Milhocina® com o conservante bórax (tetraborato de sódio) na captura de moscas-das-frutas em armadilhas do tipo McPhail; estudar densidades de armadilhas para monitoramento de moscas-das-frutas e determinar um nível de dano e de controle em cultura de laranja. Foram realizados três experimentos de campo, o primeiro em junho de 2002 em pomar de laranja de maturação precoce, cultivar Hamlin, em Itaju, região central do estado de São Paulo, para se avaliar a captura de moscas-das-frutas em armadilhas com os atrativos Milhocina® em pH 4,5, Milhocina® com bórax em pH 4,5, 6,5 e 8,5, aos 2, 4, 6 e 8 dias após a instalação no pomar. O segundo experimento foi desenvolvido de junho a agosto de 2002 (inverno seco) com laranja Hamlin em Itaju, e o terceiro experimento foi realizado de janeiro a março de 2003 (verão chuvoso) com laranja de maturação tardia, cultivar Natal, em Porto Feliz, região sul do estado, ambos para se avaliar as densidades de uma, duas, quatro e oito armadilhas por hectare e a relação entre a captura de moscas-das-frutas nas armadilhas e frutos danificados. Em Itaju, as maiores capturas de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) ocorreram nas armadilhas com o atrativo protéico Milhocina® e bórax em pH 8,5, aos 2, 4 e 6 dias. A espécie predominante, com quase 99% das moscas-das-frutas capturadas, foi C. capitata, sendo a proporção de fêmeas capturadas de 80% em pomar com frutos e 46% em pomar sem frutos. As capturas de fêmeas, machos, e total (fêmeas e machos) de C. capitata por armadilha, nas densidades de uma, duas, quatro e oito armadilhas por hectare, foram semelhantes, indicando que C. capitata pode ser monitorada com uma armadilha por hectare em áreas de altas populações de moscas. Houve correlações entre a captura de fêmeas, e fêmeas e machos de C. capitata, e o número de frutos de laranja precoce ‘Hamlin’ danificados, sete e quatorze dias após a coleta, nas densidades de uma e duas armadilhas por hectare. Foram obtidas equações que relacionam a captura com o dano. Assim, para um dano de um fruto por árvore, o nível de controle poderia ser de 8 a 16 indivíduos de C. capitata por armadilha por dia. As perdas médias estimadas devido ao ataque de C. capitata em laranja precoce chegaram a 2,5 toneladas de frutos por hectare, ou 7,5% da produção. Em Porto Feliz, onde predominou Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830), as capturas foram baixas e o dano foi observado mais freqüentemente não sendo correlacionado com as capturas de moscas-das-frutas nas armadilhas. / This research aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of pH and the exposure time of the trap in the field, baited with Milhocina® and borax (sodium borate), on capturing fruit flies, to study different densities of McPhail trap for monitoring fruit flies and to establish the relation between fruit fly catches in traps and damaged orange fruits to determine injury and action threshold levels for fruit flies in orange groves. Three field experiments were carried out: the first one conducted in June of 2002 in a ‘Hamlin’ orange grove in Itaju, central region of state of Sao Paulo, to evaluate the trap with Milhocina® as attractant at pH 4.5 and Milhocina® and borax at pH 4.5, 6.5 and 8.5. Counts of fruit fly numbers were done at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after placing the trap in the orange grove. The second experiment was conducted from June to August of 2002 (during dry winter) in a ‘Hamlin’ orange grove in Itaju, and the third one was conducted from January to March of 2003 (during rainy summer) in a ‘Natal’ orange grove in Porto Feliz, in southern region of state of Sao Paulo, both to evaluate the densities of one, two, four and eight traps per hectare and to study the relationship between fruit fly catches in the traps and damaged fruits. In Itaju, the highest catches of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) were observed in traps baited with Milhocina® and borax at pH 8.5 after 2, 4 and 6 days. The most abundant fruit fly species was C. capitata, comprising almost 99% of the fruit flies captured, and the proportion of female catches was 80% in groves with fruits and 46% in groves without fruits. The fruit fly catches per trap were similar at different trap densities, indicating that C. capitata could be monitored by using one trap per hectare in areas with high fruit fly populations. Significant linear correlations were observed between females, males and females catches and damaged fruits in the following week and one week later, at densities of one and two traps per hectare. The action threshold level estimated ranged from 8 to 16 C. capitata per trap per day for one damaged fruit per tree. The mean estimated damage caused by C. capitata in ‘Hamlin’ orange was 2,500 kg of fruits per hectare which corresponds to 7.5% of the total yield. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) was the predominant species in Porto Feliz. In this experiment, the fruit fly catches were low, the intensity of damaged fruits was higher and there was no correlation with fruit fly catches in the traps.