本研究主要探討台灣上市櫃公司從事首次現金增資之決策受何種公司特徵所影響，並進一步探討進行其首次現金增資的宣告效果影響因素。 本研究針對1981年至2010年共30年期間於台灣上市上櫃之公司其首次現金增資之情形做為探討對象，採用Cox-proportional Hazard Regression檢定影響上市櫃公司進行首次現金增資時程之公司特徵。實證結果顯示，營收成長率越高、規模越大且獲利能力較差的公司會傾向越快進行首次現金增資。同時也針對上市櫃年度其市場情形加以探討，發現於市場處於熱市時上市櫃的公司傾向越快進行首次現金增資，顯示市場時機也會影響公司進行首次現金增資的決策。此外，對其首次現金增資之宣告效果進行迴歸分析同時以Heckman Two-Stage Model方法考慮樣本選擇偏誤之修正，結果發現規模越大的公司宣告效果越差而負債比率較大的公司宣告效果越佳。然而上市櫃後進行首次現金增資之時程與其增資宣告效果間則無顯著關係。 / This study examines how fast companies have their first seasonal equity offerings after their IPOs and further analyses the announcement effects of first SEOs. First, we adopt Cox-proportional Hazard Regression Model to see what firm characteristics make IPO firms decide to conduct first SEOs shortly after their IPOs. Using a sample of IPO firms in Taiwan from 1981 to 2010, we find firms that are larger, less profitable and higher growth potential would conduct their first SEOs faster. Also, market timing plays an important role for SEO decisions. Moreover, the announcement effect of their first SEOs shows that elapsed time to conduct first SEOs after IPOs has no influence on the cumulated abnormal returns. By correcting sampling bias, Heckman Two-Stage Model is adopted to reveal better explanation of the results.

Modern aerospace systems rely heavily on legacy platforms and their derivatives. Historical examples show that after a vehicle design is frozen and delivered to a customer, successive upgrades are often made to fulfill changing requirements. Current practices of adapting to emerging needs with derivative designs, retrofits, and upgrades are often reactive and ad-hoc, resulting in performance and cost penalties. Recent DoD acquisition policies have addressed this problem by establishing a general paradigm for design for lifelong evolution. However, there is a need for a unified, practical design approach that considers the lifetime evolution of an aircraft concept by incorporating future requirements and technologies. This research proposes a systematic approach with which the decision makers can evaluate the value and risk of a new aircraft development program, including potential derivative development opportunities. The proposed Evaluation of Lifelong Vehicle Evolution (EvoLVE) method is a two- or multi-stage representation of the aircraft design process that accommodates initial development phases as well as follow-on phases. One of the key elements of this method is the Stochastic Programming with Recourse (SPR) technique, which accounts for uncertainties associated with future requirements. The remedial approach of SPR in its two distinctive problem-solving steps is well suited to aircraft design problems where derivatives, retrofits, and upgrades have been used to fix designs that were once but no longer optimal. The solution approach of SPR is complemented by the Risk-Averse Strategy Selection (RASS) technique to gauge risk associated with vehicle evolution options. In the absence of a full description of the random space, a scenario-based approach captures the randomness with a few probable scenarios and reveals implications of different future events. Last, an interactive framework for decision-making support allows simultaneous navigation of the current and future design space with a greater degree of freedom. A cantilevered beam design problem was set up and solved using the SPR technique to showcase its application to an engineering design setting. The full EvoLVE method was conducted on a notional multi-role fighter based on the F/A-18 Hornet.

Les carcinomes spinocellulaires cutanés (cSCCs) sont le deuxième type de cancer par ordre de fréquence et sont responsables de 25% des décès dus aux cancers de la peau. Il est donc essentiel de caractériser les mécanismes responsables de la cancérisation de l'épiderme afin de développer de nouveaux traitements. Dans ce contexte, les miRNAs apparaissent comme des cibles de choix pour le développement de futures thérapies anti-tumorales. Toutefois, leur implication dans la physiopathologie des cSCCs est encore peu documentée. Au cours de cette étude, j’ai identifié, par séquençage à haut débit, 112 miRNAs dont l’expression est altérée au cours du développement tumoral dans un modèle murin de carcinogénèse chimique cutanée. J’ai ensuite focalisé mon attention sur le cluster miR-193b/365a et sur miR-708 dont les niveaux diminuent au cours de la progression tumorale, suggérant des fonctions de suppresseurs de tumeur. En accord avec cette hypothèse, l’expression ectopique de ces miRNAs inhibe la prolifération, la survie et la migration de cellules tumorales, alors que le blocage de leur action par des anti-sens stimule ces fonctions cellulaires dans des kératinocytes normaux. L’association d’approches in silico et d’analyses du transcriptome de cellules de cSCC sur-exprimant ces miRNAs m’a permis d’identifier leurs gènes cibles potentiels. J’ai validé KRAS et MAX comme cibles communes de miR-193b et miR-365a, et montré par l’utilisation de siRNAs que la répression de ces cibles mime les effets de ces miRNAs. Ces résultats suggérent que le ciblage de ces gènes pourrait médier en partie les effets suppresseurs de tumeur de miR-193b et de miR-365a dans les cSCCs. / Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) are the second most common cancer and are responsible for up to 25% of all skin cancer deaths. It is therefore essential to characterize the mechanisms responsible for epidermis carcinogenesis to develop new treatments. In this context, miRNAs appear to be prime targets for the development of future anti-tumor therapies. However, their involvement in the pathophysiology of cSCCs is still poorly documented. In this study, I identified using Small RNA sequencing, 112 miRNAs whose expression is altered during tumor development in a mouse model of cutaneous two-stage chemical carcinogenesis. Then, I focused my attention on the miR-193b/365a cluster and on miR-708, that are down-regulated during tumorigenesis, suggesting tumor suppressor functions. Consistent with this hypothesis, the ectopic expression of these miRNAs inhibit the proliferation, survival and migration of tumor cells, while blocking their action with antisense oligonucleotides stimulates these cellular functions in normal keratinocytes. Combining in silico target-prediction approaches and transcriptome analyzes of cSCC cells over-expressing these miRNAs, I identified their potential target genes. I validated KRAS and MAX as direct targets of miR-193b and miR-365a, and I showed that repression of these genes using siRNAs mimics the effects of these miRNAs. These results suggest that targeting these genes might mediate, at least in part, the tumor suppressor action of miR-193b and miR-365a in cSCCs.

Submitted by Raniere Barreto (raniere.barros@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-05-07T18:19:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) s?lvio_luiz_figueiredo.pdf: 1948091 bytes, checksum: 9615d43a375d54bc9dbbf67d8bec0dfb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-05-14T14:29:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) s?lvio_luiz_figueiredo.pdf: 1948091 bytes, checksum: 9615d43a375d54bc9dbbf67d8bec0dfb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T14:29:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) s?lvio_luiz_figueiredo.pdf: 1948091 bytes, checksum: 9615d43a375d54bc9dbbf67d8bec0dfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / O trabalho tem como objetivo estimar a demanda de ?gua do sistema de abastecimento p?blico da Cidade de Te?filo Otoni ? MG, bem como examinar os efeitos das vari?veis determinantes em seu comportamento. Permite ainda uma compreens?o do cen?rio pesquisado, possibilitando, deste modo, analisar a magnitude de poss?veis pol?ticas tarif?rias utilizadas, sendo capaz de sustentar no processo decis?rio sobre a necessidade de investimentos, por meio de proje??es do consumo. Para esse fim, utilizou-se t?cnicas de an?lise explorat?ria temporal de dados, considerando o per?odo de setembro de 2012 a dezembro de 2014, dividida em duas categorias de consumo: social e normal. O modelo de demanda de ?gua apoiou-se na estrutura tarif?ria da Companhia de Saneamento de Minas Gerais (COPASA-MG), visando avaliar aspectos importantes tanto para o servi?o de abastecimento de ?gua quanto de consumidores. Ressalta-se a import?ncia das vari?veis pre?o m?dio, renda e clima, objetivando-se substancialmente em encontrar os par?metros de elasticidade. A compreens?o desses par?metros viabiliza uma an?lise do impacto de pol?ticas tarif?rias e possibilita a proje??o do consumo futuro de ?gua no longo prazo. Os resultados encontrados destacam a inelasticidade pre?o da demanda de ?gua para ambas categorias estudadas, apresentando coeficientes significativos para o pre?o marginal e a vari?vel diferen?a. A quantidade de ?gua defasada e a renda para ambas as categorias estudadas, n?o apresentaram o sinal esperado pela literatura; j? o clima, na categoria normal, o coeficiente n?o foi significativo estatisticamente; e na categoria social, o coeficiente mostrou-se significativo. Portanto, presume-se um maior conhecimento na estrutura tarif?ria da cidade, al?m da busca por vari?veis que expliquem melhor a demanda de ?gua. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Tecnologia, Sa?de e Sociedade, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The objective of this work is to estimate the water demand of the Te?filo Otoni - MG public water supply system, as well as to examine the effects of the determinant variables on its behavior. It also allows an understanding of the researched scenario, thus making it possible to analyze the magnitude of possible tariff policies used, being able to sustain in the decision making process on the need for investments, through consumption projections. For this purpose, we used techniques for exploratory temporal data analysis, considering the period from September 2012 to December 2014, divided into two categories of consumption: social residential and normal residential. The water demand model was based on the tariff structure of the Minas Gerais Sanitation Company (COPASA-MG), in order to evaluate important aspects for both the water supply service and consumers. The significance of the variables average price, income and climate is emphasized, aiming substantially at finding the parameters of elasticity. The understanding of these parameters enables an analysis of the impact of tariff policies and enables the projection of future water consumption in the long term. The results found highlight the price inelasticity of water demand for both categories studied, presenting significant coefficients for the marginal price and the difference variable. The coefficient was not statistically significant, in the social category, the coefficient showed to be highly significant. The coefficient was not statistically significant, in the social category, the coefficient showed to be highly significant. Therefore, it is assumed a greater knowledge in the tariff structure of the city, besides the search for variables that better explain the water demand.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As técnicas de injeção de traçadores têm sido amplamente utilizadas na investigação de escoamentos em meios porosos, principalmente em problemas envolvendo a simulação numérica de escoamentos miscíveis em reservatórios de petróleo e o transporte de contaminantes em aquíferos. Reservatórios subterrâneos são em geral heterogêneos e podem apresentar variações significativas das suas propriedades em várias escalas de comprimento. Estas variações espaciais são incorporadas às equações que governam o escoamento no interior do meio poroso por meio de campos aleatórios. Estes campos podem prover uma descrição das heterogeneidades da formação subterrânea nos casos onde o conhecimento geológico não fornece o detalhamento necessário para a predição determinística do escoamento através do meio poroso. Nesta tese é empregado um modelo lognormal para o campo de permeabilidades a fim de reproduzir-se a distribuição de permeabilidades do meio real, e a geração numérica destes campos aleatórios é feita pelo método da Soma Sucessiva de Campos Gaussianos Independentes (SSCGI). O objetivo principal deste trabalho é o estudo da quantificação de incertezas para o problema inverso do transporte de um traçador em um meio poroso heterogêneo empregando uma abordagem Bayesiana para a atualização dos campos de permeabilidades, baseada na medição dos valores da concentração espacial do traçador em tempos específicos. Um método do tipo Markov Chain Monte Carlo a dois estágios é utilizado na amostragem da distribuição de probabilidade a posteriori e a cadeia de Markov é construída a partir da reconstrução aleatória dos campos de permeabilidades. Na resolução do problema de pressão-velocidade que governa o escoamento empregase um método do tipo Elementos Finitos Mistos adequado para o cálculo acurado dos fluxos em campos de permeabilidades heterogêneos e uma abordagem Lagrangiana, o método Forward Integral Tracking (FIT), é utilizada na simulação numérica do problema do transporte do traçador. Resultados numéricos são obtidos e apresentados para um conjunto de realizações amostrais dos campos de permeabilidades. / Tracer injection techniques have been widely used to investigate flows in heterogeneous porous media, especially in problems related to numerical simulation of miscible flows in oil reservoirs and to contaminant transport in aquifers. Oil reservoirs are generally heterogeneous and may possess spatially significant variations in their properties on several length scales. These spatial variations are incorporated into the governing equations for flow problems in porous media on the basis of random fields. Random fields provide a natural description of rock heterogeneities in the typical case in which the geological knowledge of rock is much less detailed than is necessary to predict flow properties through it deterministically. In this thesis we adopt a scalar log-normal permeability field k(x) to reproduce the statistical distribution of the permeability values of a real medium, and the numerical generation of these random fields is based on a Successive Sum of Independent Gaussian Fields defined on multiple length scales. The aim of this work is to study the uncertainty quantification in inverse problems for tracer transport in heterogeneous porous media in a Bayesian framework and propose the permeability update based on observed measurements of spatially sparse tracer concentration at certain times. A two-stage Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method is used to sample posterior probability distribution with hierarchical priors and the Markov chain is constructed from random reconstruction of the permeability fields. To solve the Darcys law we use a mixed finite elements method which are suitable to compute accurately the relevant fluxes in heterogeneous permeability fields and a Lagrangian strategy, the Forward Integral Tracking (FIT) method, for the numerical simulation of tracer transport problem. Numerical results are presented for a set of sampled realizations of the permeability fields.

This thesis aimed to investigate the determinants of system satisfaction and the intention to systematically integrate a system from a continuous use perspective, where system use is mandatory. For this purpose, two identical questionnaires were distributed to collect data, 15 months apart. Respondents taking part in this study are healthcare multi-professionals who pertain to a work-group at an intensive care unit, at a large Swedish hospital. To evaluate the questionnaire data a research model was conceptualized, grounded in prior information system continuance research. It is also significantly influenced by the UMISC metamodel, conceptualized and suggested by Hadji & Degoulet (2016). The collected data was then analyzed using a two-stage analysis where one aspect was comparative, i.e., a comparison of the data between the two questionnaires, and the other was explorative, wherein research model constructs and their relations were evaluated. This analysis provided significant insight into the determinants of system satisfaction. However, regarding the determinants of the intention to systematically integrate as well as the research model itself, neither could be validated in this study. Nevertheless, these results allowed for a modified model to be conceptualized, with potentially promising results.

No description available.

A digestão anaeróbia tem se apresentado como um processo de grande interesse sob a ótica da potencial produção de energia renovável (H2 e CH4), considerando-se a ampla variedade de compostos orgânicos que podem ser utilizados. Neste estudo desejou-se avançar na compreensão do sistema de reatores anaeróbios de duas fases (acidogênico seguido de metanogênico) operados em condições termofílicas (55°C), alimentados com melaço da cana-de-açúcar, subproduto da indústria sucroalcooleira. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em reatores anaeróbios de leito fixo estruturado com fluxo ascendente e o melaço foi diluído com água de abastecimento, para adequação da concentração aos processos de tratamento de águas residuárias. Na 1ª Etapa dois reatores acidogênicos foram operados em paralelo para avaliar diferentes formas de inoculação e meios suportes, a fim de manter a produção continua e estável de hidrogênio. Para isso foram aplicadas diferentes cargas orgânicas (2,5, 5 e 10 gDQO.L-1) que resultam em COV de 30, 60 e 120 g.DQO.Lreator1.dia-1, com TDH fixo de 2 horas. A expressão do gene hidrogenase foi detectado em ambos os reatores, mas em maior proporção no reator inoculado com lodo de reator UASB e usando como material suporte a espuma de poliuretano. Sequencialmente a este reator, foi acoplado um reator metanogênico, alimentado com efluente do reator acidogênico, estabilizado nas condições apresentadas, e operado com COV crescentes de 1, 2, 5, 7, 14, 17 e 26,5 gDQO.Lreator-1.dia-1 e consequente diminuição do TDH de 240, 96, 48, 32, 24, 16 e 12 horas. O reator acidogênico na 2ª etapa foi operado por 417 dias consecutivos e COV de 120 g.DQO.Lreator1.dia-1, produzindo hidrogênio continuamente, alcançado valores de produção bruta de H2 de 7,60 LH2.dia-1. O reator metanogênico foi operado por 251 dias consecutivos, produzindo metano e alcançado valores de produção bruta de CH4 de 5,90 LCH4.dia-1. A eficiência de remoção de DQO do sistema de reatores foi de aproximadamente 90%, com contribuição aproximadamente de 10% para o reator acidogênico e contribuição aproximadamente de 80% para o reator metanogênico. O reator acidogênico alcançou rendimento de produção de hidrogênio por kg de melaço aplicado de 392 LH2.kgmelaço-1 e o reator metanogênico de 387 LCH4.kgmelaço-1. Para finalidade de comparações e aplicabilidade, o ganho energético global do sistema de reatores de duas fases foi de aproximadamente 5,7 kWh.kgmelaço-1 (1,4 kWh.kgmelaço-1 para o reator acidogênico e 4,3 kWh.kgmelaço-1 para o reator metanogênico). A produção continua de H2 obtida neste estudo está relacionada à associação das vias dos ácidos produtores de hidrogênio já consolidados pela literatura pertinente (acético e butírico) e pela produção de hidrogênio pela rota do ácido lático, devido a associação entre as comunidades de microrganismos estabelecidas no reator. O sequenciamento massivo MiSeq mostrou a seleção de diversos gêneros de microrganismos com redundância funcional e pertencentes principalmente aos Filos Firmicutes, Proteobacteria e Thermotogae, tais como Clostridium sensu stricto, Thermohydrogenium, Thermoanaerobacterium e Cellulosibacter (Firmicutes); Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Shewanella e Petrobacter (Proteobacteria) e Fervidobacterium (Thermotogae). Microrganismos produtores de ácido lático também foram selecionados tais como: Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Sporolactobacillus e Trichococcus. Dos pontos de vista científico e tecnológico este estudo deu mais um passo para a compreensão dos bioprocessos envolvidos nos sistemas anaeróbios em dois estágios produzindo H2 e CH4 continuamente por longo período de tempo. / Anaerobic digestion has shown as an interesting process for renewable energy production (H2 and CH4), for a wide variety of organic compounds (carbon source). This study aimed to advance the understanding of a two-stage process anaerobic system (acidogenic bioreactor followed by methanogenic bioreactor) under thermophilic condition (55°C) fed with molasses, a sugarcane industry by-product. The experiments were conducted at up-flow structured bed reactors and sugarcane molasses was diluted with tap water, to adjust the concentration to the wastewater treatment. At first stage two acidogenic reactors were operated in parallel to evaluate different source of inocula and support bed, to obtain continuous and stable hydrogen production. It was applied 2.5, 5 and 10 gCOD.L-1 resulting in OLR of 30, 60 and 120 g.COD.Lreactor-1.day-1, with HRT fixed at 2 hours of hydrogenase gene was detected in both reactors but with higher number of copies of the gene in the reactor that showed higher hydrogen production: the reactor sed with sludge of UASB reactor and using polyurethane foam as support material. To this reactor was coupled a methanogenic reactor fed with effluent from acidogenic reactor and operated with increasing OLR (1, 2, 5, 7, 14, 17 e 26,5 gCOD.Lreactor-1.day-1) decreasing the HRT (240, 96, 48, 32, 24, 16 and 12 hours). The acidogenic reactor was operated during 471 days with OLR of 120 g.COD.Lreactor-1.day-1, with HRT fixed at 2 hours, with continuous hydrogen production with a gross production of 7.60 LH2.day-1. The methanogenic reactor was operated for 251 days, with continuous methane production of up to 5.90LCH4.day-1. The COD removal efficiency using the two-stage system was approximately 90% , with 10% contribution by the acidogenic reactor and 80% contribution by the methanogenic reactor. The acidogenic reactor achieved hydrogen yield per kg of applied molasses equal to 392 LH2.kgmolases-1. The methanogenic reactor achieved methane yield per kg of applied molasses equal to 387 LCH4.kgmolasses-1. For comparison and applicability purposes, the overall energy yield using the two stage reactor system was approximately 5.7 kWh.kgmolasses-1 (Acidogenic reactor 1.4 kWh.kgmolasses-1 and Methanogenic reactor 4.3 kWh.kgmolasses-1). The continuous production of H2 obtained in this study is related to the association of the hydrogen producer acids pathway established by the relevant literature (acetic and butyric) and the hydrogen production by the lactic acid pathway due to the microorganisms association established in the reactor. Metagenomic analysis by MiSeq Plataform revealed that hydrogen production was due the selection of microorganisms with functional redundancy mainly of Phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Thermotogae, such as Clostridium sensu stricto, Thermohydrogenium, Thermoanaerobacterium, Cellulosibacter (Firmicutes); Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Shewanella and Petrobacter (Proteobacteria) and Fervidobacterium (Thermotogae). Genera of acid latic producers, such as Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Sporolactobacillus and Trichococcus, were also selected. From the scientific and technological point of view this study has taken another step towards the understanding of bioprocesses involving two stage anaerobic systems for a long term continuous production of H2 and CH4.

La production d'électricité dépend étroitement de la disponibilité d'une source froide. C'est la raison pour laquelle la plupart des centrales de grande puissance dans le monde sont construites près d'une source d'eau. Le problème de la source froide a été soulevé à plusieurs reprises en France, notamment après les canicules de 2003 et de 2006. Le refroidissement à l'air sec est une des options possibles. Cependant, étant donné le besoin de surface d'échange plus important, le changement de la source froide pour l'air ambiant n'est pas, dans la majorité des cas, viable économiquement.Une des solutions à ce problème imaginées à EDF était de changer l'architecture du cycle de production en considérant un cycle de production composé de deux cycles de Rankine en cascade, le premier fonctionnant avec de la vapeur d'eau et le deuxième fonctionnant avec de l'ammoniac dont la vapeur à basse pression est beaucoup plus dense que celle de l'eau. Cette solution permet de faciliter l'utilisation d'un aérocondenseur et de réduire la taille de la salle machine.En raison de la nature toxique et corrosive de l'ammoniac, il est intéressant d'étudier la possibilité de remplacer ce dernier par d'autres fluides plus adaptés, notamment en envisageant de nouveaux fluides pour lesquels peu ou pas de données sont disponibles. Nous comparons les fluides sur le plan énergétique et en terme de taille des composants de l'installation.Cette thèse illustre la démarche des différentes étapes de notre travail : la recherche de nouveaux fluides de travail, l'évaluation de performance du système en régime nominal et non-nominal, le dimensionnement des principaux composants du cycle ainsi que l'évaluation de coût et de gain économique éventuel. / This work considers a two stage Rankine cycle architecture slightly different from a standard Rankine cycle for electricity generation. Instead of expanding the steam to extremely low pressure, the vapor leaves the turbine at a higher pressure then having a much smaller specific volume. It is thus possible to greatly reduce the size of the steam turbine. The remaining energy is recovered by a bottoming cycle using a working fluid which has a much higher density than the water steam. Thus, the turbines and heat exchangers are more compact; the turbine exhaust velocity loss is lower. This configuration enables to largely reduce the global size of the steam water turbine and facilitate the use of a dry cooling system.The main advantage of such an air cooled two stage Rankine cycle is the possibility to choose the installation site of a large or medium power plant without the need of a large and constantly available water source; in addition, as compared to water cooled cycles, the risk regarding future operations is reduced (climate conditions may affect water availability or temperature, and imply changes in the water supply regulatory rules).The concept has been investigated by EDF R&D. A 22 MW prototype was developed in 70s using ammonia as the working fluid of the bottoming cycle for its high density and high latent heat. However, this fluid is toxic. In order to search more suitable working fluids for the two stage Rankine cycle application and to identify the optimal cycle configuration, we have established a working fluid selection methodology. Some potential candidates have been identified. We have evaluated the performances of the two stage Rankine cycles operating with different working fluids in both design and off design conditions. For the most acceptable working fluids, components of the cycle have been sized. The power plant concept can then be evaluated on a life cycle cost basis.

Le traitement des déchets alimentaires (FW) par digestion anaérobie peut conduire à une production d'énergie couplée à une réduction des émissions de volume et de gaz à effet de serre à partir de ce type de déchets. Néanmoins, l'obtention de la récupération du méthane la plus élevée possible dans un temps plus court avec un fonctionnement stable est difficile. Pour surmonter les obstacles de la MA de divers procédés de pré-traitement FW, la supplémentation en oligo-éléments, bioaugmentation utilisant la bouse des animaux de zoo et la comparaison des configurations de réacteurs, y compris une étape ou en deux réacteurs à cuve agités en continu (CSTR) et un réacteur à membrane anaérobie (AnMBR ) ont été étudiées dans le cadre de la présente recherche. Sur la base des résultats des expériences de traitement par lots, de pré-traitement thermique à 80 ° C pendant 1,5 heure cédés> 50% augmentation de la production de biométhane, et il a été trouvé à être plus économe en énergie que l'ozonation ou prétraitements de choc thermophiles. Parmi les différentes concentrations testées et les oligo-éléments, Fe (II) et Se (VI) des concentrations de 25 à 50 ug / L ont donné lieu à 39 et 35% d'augmentation de la production de biométhane, respectivement. Une meilleure solubilisation des protéines (6,96 ± 2,76% de plus) et de glucides récalcitrants (344,85 ± 54,31 mg / L par rapport à zéro) pourrait être obtenue avec bioaugmentation de girafe fumier (30% en volume), qui a donné un 11,24 ± 4,51% de plus production de biométhane. Un CSTR à deux étages avec digestat re-circulation de meilleurs résultats que d'un stade en raison de sa (i) une meilleure capacité d'auto-ajustement du pH; (ii) une plus grande résistance aux chocs de charge organique; (iii) de près de 100% de matières solides volatiles a été destryoed par rapport à 71% en CSTR une étape; (iv) 50 à 60% de teneur en méthane a été obtenu, alors qu'il était de 40 à 50% en une seule étape CSTR; (c) une petite quantité d'hydrogène a également été détectée à partir de la première étape du réacteur à deux étages qui en fait un système attrayant pour la production de biohythane. Bien que la séparation physique des méthanogènes rendus plus sensibles à des facteurs inhibiteurs, tels que l'ammonium et l'acide propionique. En outre, le temps de rétention hydraulique (HRT) est encore une chute de ces systèmes, d'où une AnMBR équipé d'une membrane de fluorure de vinylidène courant latéral a été proposé et exploité avec succès pour 100 d. Merci de membranes HRT a pu être réduite de 20 d à 1d, tout en conservant un rendement global d'élimination de> 97% de la demande en oxygène influent chimique (COD) et a abouti à une production de biogaz supérieure à 70% de teneur en méthane / Treatment of food waste by anaerobic digestion can lead to an energy production coupled to a reduction of the volume and greenhouse gas emissions from this waste type. Nevertheless, obtaining the highest possible methane recovery in a shorter time with a stable operation is challenging. To overcome the hurdles of AD of FW various pretreatment methods, supplementation of trace elements, bioaugmentation using zoo animals' dung and comparison of reactor configurations including one-stage and two-stage continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR) as well as anaerobic membrane reactor (AnMBR) were studied in the scope of this research. Based on the results of the batch experiments, thermal pretreatment at 80°C for 1.5 hours yielded 46 – 52% higher biomethane production, and it is more energy efficient than ozonation or thermophilic shock pretreatments. Among the various tested concentrations and trace elements Fe (II) and Se (VI) concentrations of 25-50 ug/L resulted in 39 and 35% increase of biomethane production, respectively. A better solubilization of proteins (6.96 ± 2.76% more) and recalcitrant carbohydrates (344.85 ± 54.31 mg/L as compared to zero) could be obtained with bioaugmentation of giraffe dung (30% by volume), which yielded a 11.24 ± 4.51% higher biomethane production. A two-stage CSTR with digestate re-circulation performed better than one-stage with (i) a better pH self-adjusting capacity; (ii) a higher resistance to organic loading shocks; (iii) almost 100% volatile solids was destroyed as compared to 71% in one-stage CSTR; (iv) 50-60% methane content was obtained, while it was 40-50% in one-stage CSTR; (v) a small amount of hydrogen was also detected from the first stage of the two-stage reactor making it an attractive biohythane production system. Although physically separating the methanogens made them more sensitive to inhibitory factors, such as ammonium and propionic acid. Moreover, the long hydraulic retention time (HRT) is still the problem with these systems, hence an AnMBR equipped with a side-stream polyvinylidene fluoride membrane was proposed and a successful operation was achieved. Thanks to the membranes the HRT was able to be reduced from 20 d to 1d, while maintaining an overall removal efficiency of >97% of the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and yielded a higher biogas production with 70% methane content