Dans le contexte libanais, au regard des problématiques mentionnées dans la littérature grise concernant les questions urbaines, les informations telles que données démographiques, cadastre, plan de zonage qui devraient être accessibles dans les institutions de production, conformément à la loi en vigueur ne le sont malheureusement pas. Pour exemple, le dernier recensement exhaustif de la population remonte à 1932 lors du mandat. Le manque récurrent d’accessibilité aux données ainsi que les problèmes concernant leur fiabilité, nous ont mené à constituer notre propre base de données (morphologique et démographique) soumise à une méthodologie rigoureusement définie que nous allons vous présenter pour tenter de caractériser la périphérie est beyrouthine dont l’hétérogénéité nous a conduit à le choisir comme terrain d’étude. Le caractère hétéroclite de certains de ses fragments résultant de différents facteurs sociaux, économiques et politiques nous mènent à interroger la relation, voire l’impact que peut revêtir la forme urbaine sur la structuration socio-spatiale du site et nous a permis de faire une estimation de la population de l’aire étudiée proche des chiffres fournis officieusement. / In a Lebanese context, with problems mentioned in the grey literature concerning urban issues, information such as demographic data, cadastral plan, zoning plan which should be open access to production institutions, in accordance with the law. However it is unfortunately not. For example, the last comprehensive census of population dates to 1932 during the mandate. The recurrent lack of access to data as well as the problems concerning their reliability led us to build our own database (morphological and demographic) subject to a rigorously defined methodology which we will present to you to try to characterize Beirut eastern suburb, whose heterogeneity has led us to choose it as a field. The heterogeneous nature of some of its fragments resulting from various social, economic and political factors leads us to question the relationship, and even the impact, that the urban form may have on the socio-spatial structuring of the site and allowed us to make an estimate of the population of the study area close to the figures provided informally.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional & Community Planning / Brent Chamberlain / Narratives of urban experiences influence understanding of space and urban form. Narratives give meaning to space, creating memories of places and helping to define an individual’s cognitive map. The representation of narratives within cognitive maps impacts day to day activities, as well as, emotional, cultural, and social characteristics of one’s self. Planners and designers play an important role in crafting narratives through the implementation of designs and policies that together shape urban form. This research investigates the relationship between spatial cognitive schemas and narratives within cognitive maps. Specifically, how college students develop and use narratives within their cognitive map to help with living in a new and initially unfamiliar place of residence. Through mixed method analysis of drawn individual cognitive maps, an online survey, and a group discussion, results show that different types of experiences within narratives influence the likelihood of it appearing within the spatial cognitive schema. The findings suggest that narratives created by peak emotional experiences contain a longer and clearer representation within cognitive maps because of their personal value. By better understanding the role of these emotional responses and their connection with urban form, design professionals can aim to frame projects toward influencing individual’s lives. Understanding how individuals develop narratives of their new city may influence planning and design with the goal of creating urban projects that provide social and cultural significance through meaning of place.

Le changement climatique et le phénomène d'Ilot de Chaleur Urbain - ICU sont quelques effets de l'action humaine sur le milieu. Les conséquences de ce phénomène sont perçus non seulement en termes d'économie - consommation énergétique, mais aussi directement sur le confort des habitants. Dans le contexte des villes tropicales, où les citoyens sont exposés à une forte chaleur, le confort thermique devrait être considéré comme une priorité dans l'élaboration des politiques d'aménagement et conception des espaces extérieurs. Nous avons étudié ce phénomène à travers un cas concret, la ville de Barranquilla, qui répond non seulement à la condition tropicale, mais qui exprime la réalité et les conflits de l'Amérique Latine et de la Colombie. A travers notre étude, nous avons confirmé la relation entre le microclimat et la forme urbaine ; nous avons aussi caractérisé cette relation et fait une contribution à l'enrichissement de l'état de l'art. Mais nous avons également mis en évidence le lien qui peut exister entre les conditions de confort dans les espaces extérieurs et les conditions socio-économiques de la population dans les villes, qui comme Barranquilla, sont marquées par la ségrégation sociale et la fragmentation spatiale. Enfin, nous avons conclu que la meilleure façon d'intégrer des aspects climatiques à la conception urbaine, c'est d'inclure ces connaissances sous forme de principes dans la formation du concepteur urbain. Dans cette optique, nous proposons d'orienter la réflexion vers la création d'une pédagogie plus active basée sur la sensibilité des acteurs et sur le travail collectif et collaboratif. / Climate change and Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomena are some of the effects of human activity. The consequences of UHI are perceived not only in terms of economic (energy) costs, but also in terms of thermal comfort for inhabitants. In the context of tropical cities, where citizens are exposed to extreme heat, thermal comfort should be considered a policy priority in the design of public space.We have studied the phenomenon of thermal comfort through the case of Barranquilla, a city which not only meets the tropical conditions but also shows us the peculiar conflict and reality of Latin America and Colombia. In our study, we confirmed the relationship between microclimate and urban form; we also characterized this relationship and contributed to enrich the state of the art. In this study we put into evidence the connection between thermal comfort conditions in outdoor public spaces and socio-economic conditions of people in cities marked by social segregation and spatial fragmentation, such as Barranquilla.Finally, this study concludes that the best way to incorporate thermal comfort into urban design and planning is not through design strategies but through the assimilation of principles. Thus, we propose a new pedagogy based on sensitivity to the thermal environment and on collective efforts to enrich the practice of urban design and to develop a symbiosis with climate considerations that seems to have faded at some point in the history of urban development.

Orientador: Roberto Braga / Resumo: O crescimento das cidades brasileiras se caracteriza por um planejamento urbano que privilegia interesses econômicos descompromissados com a sustentabilidade e qualidade de vida o que acarreta a construção de um tecido urbano gerador de problemas ambientais e sociais. O crônico déficit habitacional brasileiro tem gerado soluções que, via de regra, acentuam problemas sociais, segregando ao invés de integrar as comunidades de menor renda. Em janeiro de 2012 a reintegração de posse do Pinheirinho, na região sul de São José dos Campos, área ilegalmente ocupada durante sete anos por uma comunidade com centenas de famílias, teve repercussão nacional em função do número de removidos e das denúncias do uso excessivo da força policial. Cinco anos após a reintegração de posse, em dezembro de 2016, 1461 famílias envolvidas no episódio foram reassentadas no Residencial Pinheirinho dos Palmares 2 especialmente construído para a comunidade. A presente pesquisa avaliou os níveis de sustentabilidade da forma urbana do bairro onde as famílias foram reassentadas, utilizando o método proposto por Teriman (2012) adaptado às especificidades locais por meio de 45 indicadores agrupados nas 7 categorias de design da forma urbana sustentável apresentadas por Jabareen (2006): compacidade, transporte urbano sustentável, densidade, uso misto da terra, diversidade, design solar passivo e greening. Os resultados da avaliação comprovaram a hipótese de baixo desempenho em sustentabilidade da forma urbana in... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The growth of Brazilian cities is characterized by a urban planning that privileges economic interests that are not committed to sustainability and quality of life, which entails the construction of an urban fabric that generates environmental and social problems. The chronic Brazilian housing deficit has generated solutions that, as a rule, accentuate social problems, segregating instead of integrating lower income communities. In January 2012, the removal of more than a thousand invading families from an area known as Pinheirinho in the southern region of São José dos Campos had a national repercussion due to the large number of displaced families and the reports of excessive use of the police force. After five years, in December 2016, 1461 families involved in the episode were resettled in a neighborhood specially built for this community. This research evaluated the sustainability levels of the urban form of the neighborhood where families were resettled, using the method of Teriman (2012) adapted to local specificities through 45 indicators grouped in the 7 categories of design of sustainable urban form proposed by Jabareen (2006): compactness, sustainable urban transport, density, mixed land use, diversity, passive solar design and greening. The results of the evaluation confirmed the hypothesis of poor performance of urban form sustainability, influenced mainly by the distant location of the center and the isolation of the neighborhood.. / Doutor

abstract: Urban-induced heating is a challenge to the livability and health of city dwellers. It is a complex issue that many cities are facing, and a more urgent hazard in hot urban deserts (HUDs) than elsewhere due to already high temperatures and aridity. The challenge compounds in the absence of more localized heat mitigation understanding. In addition, over-reliance on evidence from temperate regions is disconnected from the actualities of extreme bioclimatic dynamics found in HUDs. This dissertation is an integration of a series of studies that inform urban climate relationships specific to HUDs. This three-paper dissertation demonstrates heat mitigation aspirational goals from actualities, depicts local urban thermal drivers in Kuwait, and then tests morphological sensitivity of selected thermal modulation strategies in one neighborhood in Kuwait City. The first paper is based on a systematic literature review where evidence from morphological mitigation strategies in HUDs were critically reviewed, synthesized and integrated. Metrics, measurements, and methods were extracted to examine the applicability of the different strategies, and a content synthesis identified the levels of strategy success. Collective challenges and uncertainties were interpreted to compare aspirational goals from actualities of morphological mitigation strategies. The second paper unpacks the relationship of urban morphological attributes in influencing thermal conditions to assess latent magnitudes of heat amelioration strategies. Mindful of the challenges presented in the first study, a 92-day summer field-measurement campaign captured system dynamics of urban thermal stimuli within sub-diurnal phenomena. A composite data set of sub-hourly air temperature measurements with sub-meter morphological attributes was built, statistically analyzed, and modeled. Morphological mediation effects were found to vary hourly with different patterns under varying weather conditions in non-linear associations. Results suggest mitigation interventions be investigated and later tested on a site- use and time-use basis. The third paper concludes with a simulation-based study to conform on the collective findings of the earlier studies. The microclimate model ENVI-met 4.4, combined with field measurements, was used to simulate the effect of rooftop shade-sails in cooling the near ground thermal environment. Results showed significant cooling effects and thus presented a novel shading approach that challenges orthodox mitigation strategies in HUDs. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Design, Environment and the Arts 2019

Segregation in urban areas is a universal phenomenon. A combination of factors include but are not limited to: city form, planning policies, policies relating to the settlement of immigrants, economic policies, building of infrastructure and chronological events in the growth of a city. Through this thesis work, I would like to examine how urban form is different in areas of the city where racial/ economic segregation is prevalent in Stockholm city. The hypothesis which I would like to examine through study is : The development and maintenance of urban form(which stands to denote all elements relating to the urban area: roads, pavements, lighting fixtures, buildings, public services etc) is influenced by segregation in the city, and it reflects and in turn reinforces the prevalent segregation.

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The middle landscape, more commonly referred to as Suburbia, has become spatially discontinuous, lacking the cohesive union, open spaces and city centers that once defined community. Presently, the middle landscape's community spaces do not offer the opportunity for familiar and chance encounters or ritual activity. Large-scale housing development in Northern Virginia and in the mid-Atlantic region is continually segregating and ultimately destroying community and all links to the area's history. Located in Southern Fairfax County, the newly abandoned Lorton Central and Maximum Security Prison Facility provides an opportunity to serve as a catalyst for community in this area. This thesis investigates the historic precedence for creating successful community centers. The author's personal investigation is focused upon using form and function to accomplish this vision. By adaptively reusing the existing architecture alongside new construction, the intent is to create a dense urban town center at the abandoned historic site. / Master of Landscape Architecture

The commercial deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) is around the corner. With the development of automation technology, automobile and IT companies have started to test automated vehicles. Waymo, an automated driving technology development company, has recently opened the self-driving service to the public. The advancement in this emerging mobility option also drives transportation reasearchers and urban planners to conduct automated vehicle-related research, especially to gain insights on the impact of automated vehicles (AVs) in order to inform policymaking. However, the variation with urban form, the heterogeneity of mode choice, and the impacts at disaggregated levels lead to the dynamics of the impacts of AVs, which not comprehensively understood yet. Therefore, this dissertation extends existing knowledge base by understanding the dynamics of the impacts from three perspectives: (1) examining the role of urban form in the performance of SAV systems; (2) exploring the heterogeneity of AV mode choices across regions; and (3) investigating the distribution of energy consumption in the era of AVs. To examine the first aspect, Shared AV (SAV) systems are simulated for 286 cities and the simulation outcomes are regressed on urban form variables that measure density, diversity, and design. It is suggested that the compact development, a multi-core city pattern, high level of diversity, as well as more pedestrian-oriented networks can promote the performance of SAVs measured using service efficiency, trip pooling success rate, and extra VMT generation. The AV mode choice behaviors of private conventional vehicle (PCV) users in Seattle and Knasas City metropolitan areas are examined using an interpretable machine learning framework based on an AV mode choice survey. It is suggested that attitudes and trip and mode-specific attributes are the most predictive. Positive attitudes can promote the adoption of PAVs. Longer PAV in-vehicle time encourages the residents to keep the PCVs. Longer walking distance promotes the usage of SAVs. In addition, the effects of in-vehicle time and walking distance vary across the two examined regions due to distinct urban form, transportation infrustructure and cultural backgrounds. Kansas City residents can tolerate shorter walking distance before switching to SAV choices due to the car-oriented environment while Seattle residents are more sensitive to in-vehicle travel time because of the local congestion levels. The final part of the dissertation examines the demand for energy of AVs at disaggregated levels incorporating heterogeneity of AV mode choices. A three-step framework is employed including the prediction of mode choice, the determination of vehicle trajectories, and the estimation of the demand for energy. It is suggested that the AV scenario can generate -0.36% to 2.91% extra emissions and consume 2.9% more energy if gasoline is used. The revealed distribution of traffic volume suggests that the demand for charging is concentrated around the downtown areas and on highways if AVs consume electricity. In summary, the dissertation demonstrates that there is a dynamics with regard to the impacts and performance of AVs across regions due to various urban form, infrastructure and cultural environment, and the spatial heterogeneity within cities. / Doctor of Philosophy / Automated vehicles (AVs) have been a hot topic in recent years especially after various IT and automobile companies announced their plans for making AVs. Waymo, an automated driving technology development company, has recently opened the self-driving service to the public. Automated vehicles, which are defined as being able to self-drive, self-park, and automate routing, provide potentials for new business models such as privately owned automated vehicles (PAVs) that serve trips within households, shared AVs (SAVs) that offer door-to-door service to the public who request service using app-based platforms, and SAVs with pool where multiple passengers may be pooled together when the vehicles do not detour much if sequentially picking up and dropping off passengers. Therefore, AVs can transform the transportation system especially by reducing vehicle ownership and increasing travel distance. To plan for a sustainable future, it is important to gain an understanding of the impacts of AVs under various scenarios. Thus, a wealth of case studies explore the system performance of SAVs such as served trips per SAV per day. However, the impacts of AVs are not static and tend to vary across cities, depend on heterogeneous mode choices within regions, and may not be evenly distributed within a city. Therefore, this dissertation fills the research gaps by (1) investigating how urban features such as density may influence the system performance of SAVs; (2) exploring heterogeneity of key factors that influence the decisions about using AVs across regions; and (3) examining the distribution of the demand for energy in the era of AVs. The first study in the dissertation simulates the SAVs that serve trips within 286 cities and examines the relationship between the system performance of SAVs and city features such as density, diversity, and design. The system performance of SAVs is evaluated using served trips per SAV per day, percent of pooled trips that allow ridesharing, and percent of extra Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) compared to the VMT requested by the served trips. The results suggest that compact diverse development patterns and pedestrian-oriented networks can promote the performance of SAVs. The second study uses an interpretable machine learning framework to understand the heterogeneous mode choice behaviors of private car users in the era of AVs in two regions. The framework uses an AV mode choice survey, where respondents are asked to take mode choice experiments given attributes about the trips, to train machine learning models. Accumulated Local Effects (ALE) plots are used to analyze the model results. ALE outputs the accumulated change of the probability of choosing specific modes within small intervals across the range of the variable of interest. It is suggested that attitudes and trip-specific attributes such as in-vehicle time are the most important determinants. Positive attitudes, longer trips, and longer walking distance can promote the adoption of AV modes. In addition, the effects of in-vehicle time and walking distance vary across the two examined regions due to distinct urban form, transportation infrastructure, and cultural backgrounds. Kansas City residents can tolerate shorter walking distance before switching to SAV choices due to the car-oriented environment while Seattle residents are more sensitive to in-vehicle travel time because of the local congestion levels. The final part of the dissertation examines the demand for energy of AVs at disaggregated levels incorporating heterogeneity of AV mode choices. A three-step framework is employed including the prediction of mode choice, the determination of vehicle trajectories, and the estimation of the demand for energy. It is suggested that the AV scenario can generate -0.36% to 2.91% of extra emissions and consume 2.9% more energy compared to a business as usual (BAU) scenario if gasoline is used. The revealed distribution of traffic volume suggests that the demand for charging is concentrated around the downtown areas and on highways if AVs consume electricity. In summary, the dissertation demonstrates that there is a dynamics with regard to the impacts and performance of AVs across regions due to various urban form, infrastructure and cultural environment, and the spatial heterogeneity within cities.