Urban public spaces have always been subjected to physical, economical,social, political and cultural transformations of the city. These changing dynamics could cause decay in the spatial qualities and could also lead to a loss of values and identities of urban spaces, especially in public spaces. This thesis explores the qualities of a particular urban space in Istanbul: the Emin&ouml / n&uuml / Square. Providing a guideline for the future urban design projects,the structure and the identity of the historical public space is aimed in this thesis. Firstly, in order to evaluate the qualities of urban public space a method of analysis has been developed in the study. For this purpose, the urban design theories and their methodologies of analysis have been discussed with respect to three main headings: urban form, urban activity and urban image. Furthermore, as parallel to this purpose, the criteria of the quality of urban space are developed by the help of the morphological, visual and perceptual analyses. In the second stage, the formation-transformation processes of the Emin&ouml / n&uuml / Square, spatial dynamics and urban operations have been discussed within the framework of the method of analysis in a historical aspect. The results of the analyses show that the spatial dynamics and the urban operations affected the quality of the Square negatively in all formal, visual,social and perceptual aspects. In other words, the Emin&ouml / n&uuml / Square lost its well-defined formal structure and transformed to a space which is deprived of activity structure and legible identity.

This thesis presents the results from a comparative study of travel patterns among residents of four suburban residential areas in metropolitan Adelaide. Using existing datasets together with inventory data of urban environment characteristics from original fieldwork, this research examines to what extent there are associations between various attributes of a particular urban location as they relate to travel behaviour and household socio-economics. The findings derived from quantitative and qualitative methods suggest that urban form/design must be taken into consideration in policy making for mobility reduction.

Over the last decade, there has been rapid growth in research into the influence of the physical environment on physical activity. Previously, individual and social factors dominated research into the influences of physical activity. This new area of study has been built on the understanding that the physical environment may create an opportunity or a barrier to engagement in physical activity behaviours (Sallis & Owen, 1997). This research develops objectively measured features of the physical environment in order to investigate relationships with walking behaviour. Public health research of this nature is still at a preliminary stage, although research expertise outside of public health including transportation, urban planning and geographic information science has much to contribute to this emerging field. This study investigated walking in the neighbourhood in a sample of adults residing in Perth, Western Australia. Objective measurement of the physical environment using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was conducted including measurement of street connectivity, residential density, land use mix and retail floor area ratio at three different geographic scales (suburb, census collection district, 15 minute walk from a survey participants home). These measures were then combined into an index known as a walkability index and validated against survey participant reported data on walking within the neighbourhood using binary logistic regression. Among other findings, the evidence presented shows that depending on which geographic scale the physical environment is measured at and what type of walking in the neighbourhood is reported, the strength of relationship varies between an objectively measured walkability index and walking behaviour in the neighbourhood. These findings highlight the need to differentiate between walking for transport and walking for recreation, health and exercise when investigating the relationship between physical activity and the environment. These findings also show the importance of geographic scale of measurement in the relationship between physical activity and the physical environment, and the need for current high quality geographic data in this type of research.

La mobilité quotidienne est au cœur des réflexions sur la durabilité des villes. Moyen de réaliser ses activités quotidiennes et clé de voute des relations sociales, ses aspects économiques, et notamment ce que doivent dépenser les ménages pour se déplacer, sont un enjeu actuel majeur.Cette thèse propose une réflexion sur les interactions entre forme urbaine et mobilité quotidienne au travers du prisme des dépenses de mobilité. Pour questionner ces interactions, deux méthodes sont utilisées, indissociables l’une de l’autre.La première méthode consiste à acquérir une compréhension des effets de l’environnement construit du lieu de résidence sur le budget mobilité des ménages. Les données présentes dans les Enquêtes Ménages Déplacements sont particulièrement adaptées à cet exercice, car elles contiennent une richesse d’information importante sur les individus ainsi que leur mobilité,équipements, opinions et lieu d’habitation. Le terrain d’étude de ce travail est l’aire urbaine de Lyon, qui abrite une grande diversité de territoires et de modes de transport et où sont disponibles de nombreuses bases de données.Tout d’abord, une typologie de territoires a été construite, basée sur les principaux déterminants de la mobilité : densité, iversité, design, accessibilité aux destinations, distance aux transports collectifs et démographie. Ensuite, un cadre d’analyse systémique des relations entre forme urbaine et mobilité quotidienne a été élaboré afin d’identifier trois indicateurs qui permettent de les appréhender : la motorisation, le choix modal et les distances parcourues par modes. La typologiede territoires se révèle fortement explicative sur ces trois indicateurs. Une analyse des évolutions des mobilités entre 1995 et 2015 permet également d’identifier de nouveaux enjeux liés à l’évolution des prix, des comportements et de la démographie.Ce questionnement est ensuite prolongé à travers l’expression et la mesure des mécanismes d’intervention des caractéristiques du lieu de résidence sur le budget mobilité. A l’aide de la technique des modèles d’équations structurelles, les chemins causaux existant entre la forme urbaine locale et le budget mobilité sont explicités. Cette méthode est appliquée sur différentespopulations et types de territoires – ménages actifs puis retraités sur l’agglomération de Lyon puis sur les territoires périurbains – afin d’acquérir une compréhension fine du budget mobilité des ménages.La seconde méthode consiste à tester diverses organisations morphologiques et fonctionnelles du territoire à l’échelle du bassin de vie, afin de mesurer les effets sur le budget mobilité des ménages. Ce travail est réalisé à l’aide d’un modèle d’interaction transport-urbanisme, SIMBAD, qui permet de conduire une analyse systémique et multi-échelles des effets de la forme urbaine sur le budget mobilité. Divers scénarios de forme urbaine sont simulés, participant ainsi au débat sur la durabilité des formes urbaine monocentrique compacte, étalée diffuse et polycentrique dans une logique de Transit Oriented Development.Par ailleurs, les enseignements de la première méthode, c’est-à-dire le traitement des Enquêtes Ménages Déplacements pour étudier les effets de la forme urbaine locale sur le budget mobilité, nous incitent à conduire une analyse multi-échelles des résultats des simulations : une réflexion sur la différenciation des impacts selon l’organisation du territoire et selon le lieu de résidence à l’intérieur de l’aire urbaine est ainsi menée.Ce travail de thèse apporte donc à la fois des éléments méthodologiques pour analyser les interactions entre forme urbaine et budget mobilité, avec la construction de modèles d’équations structurelles et l’usage d’un modèle d’interaction transport-urbanisme dans un objectif de simulation, ainsi que divers résultats et éclairages qui viennent prolonger la littérature scientifiqueexistante. / Daily mobility is at the heart of debate on urban sustainability. A mean to carry out our daily activities and a key to social interactions, economic aspects and especially household expenditures linked to mobility are a major current issue.This thesis proposes a discussion on the interactions between urban form and daily mobility through mobility expenditures. Two interrelated methods of analysis are used to investigate these interactions.The first one relies on a comprehensive understanding of the effects of the built environment on daily mobility budgets. Household surveys are especially suited to this analysis because they provide a wealth of information on individuals’ attributes, their mobility, equipment, opinions and housing characteristics. Combined with various local or national databases, it is possible to estimate a household budget for every surveyed household. The case study for this analysis is the Lyon urban area. It contains very different built environments, and hosts a diverse array of transport modes. Furthermore, numerous databases are available for our analysis.First, we build a typology of territories based on the main daily mobility determinants: density, diversity, design, accessibility to destinations, distance to transit and demography. Then, an analytical framework of relations between urban form and daily mobility is built to identify three indicators to apprehend them: motorization, modal choice and distance per mode. This typology of territories is tested on these three indicators and appears to be highly significant. An analysis of the mobility evolution between 1995 and 2015 also identify various new issues related to prices, behavioral and demographic evolutionsThis line of questioning is extended through the identification and quantification of the effects of built environment characteristics on household mobility budgets. Using a Structural Equation Modelling method, causal paths between local urban form and household expenditures are presented. This method is applied to different types of population and territories – workers and retired households of the Lyon agglomeration then on the same types in suburban areas – in order to understand householdmobility budgets.The second method consists of testing various morphological and functional organizations of the territory in order to measure their effects on daily mobility budgets. This work is conducted using a land use and interaction model (LUTI), SIMBAD, which allows us to conduct a systemic and multiscale analysis of urban form on daily mobility budgets. Different scenarios of urban form are thereafter simulated, contributing to the debate on the durability of monocentric, sprawled or polycentric citiesin a Transit Oriented Development urban form. Besides, lessons learned from data processing of Households Surveys encourage us to conduct a multiscale analysis. A discussion on the differentiation of impacts depending on the global form of the territory is conducted.This thesis work presents innovative methodological elements to analyze the interactions between urban form and mobility budgets, including the construction of structural equations models and the use of a LUTI model to simulate urban environments. It also offers novel results, which contribute to the current scientific literature.

A busca pelo entendimento das transformações espaciais que são geradas diante do aumento do número de pessoas que vivem em cidades, do consequente aumento do espaço urbanizado, dos impactos na questão de consumo de espaço, e assim, das novas formas urbanas é assunto perseguido por diversas pesquisas. Nesta investigação, discutese a possibilidade de influência que o sistema regional pode ter sobre as formas urbanas que as cidades tendem a assumir. A diferença de escala envolvida nesta visão, que vai desde a escala regional, passa pela escala municipal, e chega à escala intraurbana, traz uma nova ótica no entendimento do paradoxo da estocástica dos modelos: que contradigam evidências empíricas porque sugerem que as cidades podem se desenvolver de forma independente. Colocada esta conjuntura que apresenta a maneira como hoje se aborda forma urbana, cidade e região, verifica-se que os estudos carecem de uma maior conexão e avaliação das influências entre as diferentes escalas e impactos. O encaminhamento desta pesquisa se dá através da proposta de um roteiro metodológico que envolve a medida de tensão regional, e verificações estatísticas e espaciais. Para esta verificação, foi utilizado o caso da região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, um sistema regional composto por 27 cidades, em 3 períodos de tempo, tornando possível a comparação das formas urbanas e seu respectivo crescimento e influência na estrutura interna das cidades. Os instrumentos desenvolvidos para obtenção de resultados nesta investigação fornecem uma ferramenta útil para estudar a influência do efeitos espaciais sobre a agregação de modelos de interação espacial e o quanto podem contribuir de diversas maneiras para realizações substanciais em estudos econométricos espaciais, além de que sugerem ferramentas estatísticas que inferem o valor, intensidade e hierarquia provável de fluxos médios a certos níveis de agregação de variáveis disponíveis reais e estimadas. As possibilidades de visualização e comparação da repercussão entre diferentes escalas espaciais permite assim relacionar escalas regionais, municipais e intraurbanas, e constata-se que existe grande influência da escala regional sobre as alterações da estrutura interna da cidade. / The search for understanding the spatial transformations that are generated by the increase in the number of people living in cities, the resulting increase in urbanized space, impacts on the issue of space consumption, and thus, new urban forms, is a subject pursued by several researches. In this investigation, we discuss the possible influence that the regional system can have on urban forms that cities tend to assume. The difference of scale involved in this vision, ranging from regional, passes through the municipal scale, and comes to the intraurban scale, brings a new light on the paradox of understanding the stochastic models: that they contradict empirical evidence, because they suggest that cities can develop independently from each other and from the region where they are inserted. Placed this scenario that shows how today are addressed urban form, cities and regions, it appears that is required further studies and evaluation of connection between the different scales influences and impacts. The forwarding of this research is through the proposal of a methodological plan that involves regional tension measurement, and statistics and spatial verification. To check this, we used the case of the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, a regional system composed by 27 cities in three periods of time, making it possible to compare the urban forms and their respective growth and influence in the internal structure of the cities. The instruments developed to achieve results in this study provide a useful tool for studying the influence of spatial effects on the aggregation of spatial interaction models and how much they can contribute in several ways to substantial achievements in spatial econometric studies, and suggest that statistical tools to infer the value, intensity and probable hierarchy of average flows at certain levels of aggregation of real variables available and estimated. The display options and comparison of the impact of different spatial scales makes it possible to relate regional, municipal and intra-urban scale, and it appears that there is a great influence on regional scale changes in the internal structure of the city.

O presente trabalho trata da relação entre forma urbana e segurança. Embasa-se teórica e conceitualmente em estudos que relacionam ambiente e comportamento, segundo os quais atributos físico-espaciais do ambiente construído podem favorecer ou dificultar a ocorrência de crimes e influir na percepção de segurança. Tem como objetivo analisar a influência de aspectos físico-espaciais do ambiente construído na distribuição espacial do crime e na percepção de segurança em áreas residenciais com condomínios fechados. Como métodos de coleta e análise de dados são utilizados levantamentos físicos e questionários, técnicas de análise estatística e da sintaxe espacial. Os principais resultados corroboram o efeito de determinadas características dos espaços urbanos, relacionadas à acessibilidade e à vigilância natural, na ocorrência de furtos e roubos, na rua e em residências. As observações realizadas permitem inferir o impacto negativo produzido pela presença de barreiras físicas e visuais contínuas para a segurança, tanto no interior das residências como nos espaços abertos públicos. / This research explores the relations between the urban form and security. It is based theoretical and conceptual on studies that relate environment and behavior, according to which the physical-spatial attributes of the built environment can create opportunities or difficulties the occurrence of crime and influence the perception of security. Aims to analyze the influence of physical-spatial aspects of the built environment on the spatial distribution of crime and the perception of security in residential areas with gated communities. As gathering and data analysis methods are used physical measurements and questionnaires, statistical analysis and space syntax techniques. The main results confirm the effect of certain characteristics of urban spaces, related to accessibility and natural surveillance, on the occurrence of theft and robbery on the street and in homes. Findings allow us to infer the negative impact produced by the presence of continuous physical and visual barriers to security, both inside the home and in public open spaces.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMAA.pdf: 804171 bytes, checksum: a9e4a03249fb28379176634688b6e566 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-29 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The objective of this dissertation is to verify if there is a relationship between the characteristics of the urban form and option for walking trips. For this relationship to be studied, the first step was a bibliographic review about the urban form characteristics that might influence the option for walking. Among the methodologies that could be used to evaluate the modal option, a logit-type Discrete Choice Model, was chosen. The data used for the calibration of the model were collected in São Carlos, SP, a Brazilian medium-sized city with around 200 thousand inhabitants. The analyses were developed at census tract level, with a Geographic Information System (TransCAD). Two logit-type models were calibrated. The first one (basic) includes only a socio-economic variable (automobile availability) and the trip length. The second model (expanded) includes, besides the variables of the basic model, information about the characteristic of the urban form in the trip origin sectors. The comparison of the results obtained with the two models, allowed the evaluation of the marginal influence of urban form variables on the mode choice. In general, the expanded model was statistically better then the basic one. The results suggest that urban form characteristics do influence the individuals´ option for walking. / O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar se existe relação entre as características da forma urbana e a opção dos indivíduos pelas viagens a pé. Para que essa relação pudesse ser estudada foi feito, inicialmente, um levantamento bibliográfico sobre as características da forma urbana que influenciam na opção pelo modo a pé. Dentre as metodologias mais usuais para avaliar o relacionamento entre as características da forma urbana e a opção pelo modo de transporte, foi selecionado o Modelo Comportamental ou de Escolha Discreta do tipo Logit. Os dados necessários à calibração do modelo foram coletados na cidade de São Carlos, SP, uma cidade de porte médio com cerca de 200 mil habitantes. As análises necessárias foram realizadas em nível de setor censitário e implementadas com o auxilio de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas. Foram calibrados dois modelos do tipo Logit. O primeiro modelo (básico) inclui apenas uma variável socioeconômica (disponibilidade de automóvel) e o comprimento da viagem a ser realizada. O segundo modelo (expandido) inclui, além das variáveis do modelo básico, informações sobre as características do meio físico urbano nos setores de origem das viagens. A comparação dos resultados obtidos com os modelos básico e expandido permitiu avaliar o efeito da inclusão das variáveis da forma urbana na expressão da utilidade do modo a pé. De maneira geral, o modelo expandido se mostrou estatisticamente melhor que o modelo básico. Os resultados permitem inferir que as características da forma urbana influenciam o comportamento dos indivíduos ao optar pelo modo a pé para realização de suas viagens.

Par leur capacité à créer, traiter et transmettre l’information en temps réel, les TIC jouent aujourd’hui un rôle majeur dans la structuration et le développement des territoires. La présente thèse vise à étudier la relation entre les TIC et les transformations de la forme urbaine du Grand Caire. Pour ce faire, la thèse implique une approche multidisciplinaire qui conjugue les deux méthodes quantitative et qualitative ; elle s’appuie sur le modèle de l’« urbanisme des réseaux » pour décomposer les TIC en trois niveaux : infrastructures, technologies de l’information et usages. Plusieurs ressources sont utilisées : rapports, articles et ouvrages spécialisés, données du terrain et ressources Internet y compris les Big data. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants : la distribution des réseaux des TIC (infrastructures, technologies de l’information et usages) a dessiné une zone étendue, un continuum, qui relie les grandes centralités formées pendant plusieurs périodes historiques du Grand Caire. En outre, les TIC, avec d’autres facteurs, ont mené à la formation dans la banlieue sud d’un centre économique/résidentiel, excentré et non planifié, le premier de ce type dans l’histoire millénaire du Grand Caire. Enfin, les résultats ont montré un rôle important des résidences fermées ; ces dernières semblent trouver dans les TIC le moyen pour mieux réaliser leur objectif : permettre de vivre et travailler au Grand Caire sans affronter les maux de son espace central. Globalement, Les TIC, malgré leur capacité à alléger plusieurs contraintes spatiales, sont parmi les facteurs qui ont consolidé la forme urbaine actuelle du Grand Caire avec tous ses problèmes majeurs. / With their ability to create, process and transmit information in real time, ICT are playing today a major role in the structuring and development of urban spaces. The present thesis aims to study the relationship between ICT and the transformations of the Greater Cairo’s urban form. To that end, the thesis draws on a multidisciplinary approach that combines quantitative and qualitative methods; it is based on the model of "Urbanism of networks" that divides ICT networks into three levels: infrastructures, information technologies and uses. Many resources are used in this study: reports, specialised books and articles, data collected from the field and various Internet resources including the Big Data. The main results are as follows: at the metropolitan scale, the distribution of ICT networks (infrastructures, information technologies and uses) has drawn an extended area, a continuum, which connects the main urban centers formed during the several historical periods of Greater Cairo. Moreover, ICT, among other factors, have led to the formation in the southern suburb of an eccentric, unplanned economic/residential center, the first of its kind in the millennial history of Greater Cairo. Finally, the results showed an important role of the gated communities, these latter seem to find in ICT the way to better realise their objective: to allow living and working in Greater Cairo without facing the disadvantages of its central space. Overall, ICT, despite their ability to alleviate many spatial constraints, are among the factors that shaped the current urban form of Greater Cairo with all its major problems.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research analyzes the configuration of the Open Spaces System in the urban form of Patos de Minas, one medium-sized city in the state of Minas Gerais. The open space is characterized like everyone open space of edification and is one of the main morphological elements, able to contribute to the conservation and enhancement of the landscape, organize the urban form and confer identity to the cities. The open space is a major characterizer of the different urban landscapes present in the city. Starting from the study of ecological setting, spatial, land ownership and typological of those spaces, sought the understanding that everyone, each one with its characteristics and functions, are interconnected in a systemic way, structuring the environmental function, social, cultural and landscape, present in the urban dynamic. This approach enables elaborate a systemic view of the urban structure, in which it is observed, not just the sets of open spaces, but also their interactions and articulations with the edified, with society, with the physical support and with the urban form. / A pesquisa analisa a configuração do Sistema de Espaços Livres na forma urbana de Patos de Minas, uma cidade de médio porte no interior do estado de Minas Gerais. O espaço livre é caracterizado como todo espaço livre de edificação e é um dos principais elementos morfológicos, capazes de contribuir com a conservação e valorização da paisagem, estruturar a forma urbana e conferir identidade às cidades. O espaço livre é um dos principais caracterizadores das diferentes paisagens urbanas presentes na cidade. A partir do estudo da configuração ecológica, espacial, fundiária e tipológica desses espaços, busca-se o entendimento de que todos, cada um com suas características e funções, estão interligados de maneira sistêmica, estruturando as funções ambientais, sociais, culturais e de paisagem presentes na dinâmica urbana. Essa abordagem permite elaborar uma visão sistêmica da estrutura urbana, na qual se observa, não apenas os conjuntos de espaços livres, mas também suas interações e articulações com o edificado, com a sociedade, com o suporte físico e com a forma urbana. / Mestre em Arquitetura e Urbanismo

O presente trabalho trata da relação entre forma urbana e segurança. Embasa-se teórica e conceitualmente em estudos que relacionam ambiente e comportamento, segundo os quais atributos físico-espaciais do ambiente construído podem favorecer ou dificultar a ocorrência de crimes e influir na percepção de segurança. Tem como objetivo analisar a influência de aspectos físico-espaciais do ambiente construído na distribuição espacial do crime e na percepção de segurança em áreas residenciais com condomínios fechados. Como métodos de coleta e análise de dados são utilizados levantamentos físicos e questionários, técnicas de análise estatística e da sintaxe espacial. Os principais resultados corroboram o efeito de determinadas características dos espaços urbanos, relacionadas à acessibilidade e à vigilância natural, na ocorrência de furtos e roubos, na rua e em residências. As observações realizadas permitem inferir o impacto negativo produzido pela presença de barreiras físicas e visuais contínuas para a segurança, tanto no interior das residências como nos espaços abertos públicos. / This research explores the relations between the urban form and security. It is based theoretical and conceptual on studies that relate environment and behavior, according to which the physical-spatial attributes of the built environment can create opportunities or difficulties the occurrence of crime and influence the perception of security. Aims to analyze the influence of physical-spatial aspects of the built environment on the spatial distribution of crime and the perception of security in residential areas with gated communities. As gathering and data analysis methods are used physical measurements and questionnaires, statistical analysis and space syntax techniques. The main results confirm the effect of certain characteristics of urban spaces, related to accessibility and natural surveillance, on the occurrence of theft and robbery on the street and in homes. Findings allow us to infer the negative impact produced by the presence of continuous physical and visual barriers to security, both inside the home and in public open spaces.