Orientador: Gustavo Garcia Manzato / Resumo: O trabalho apresentado teve como objetivo principal avaliar as relações entre características espaciais das cidades e a resiliência em relação à mobilidade urbana, considerando os diferentes portes de municípios, em um estudo aplicado para o estado de São Paulo. Para atingir tal objetivo, foi proposto o desenvolvimento de um método de avaliação da resiliência na mobilidade urbana considerando viagens não motorizadas (caminhada e bicicleta), utilizando como inovação a Grade Estatística do IBGE. Em geral, para o modo a pé foi observado que cerca de 46% dos municípios analisados seriam totalmente resilientes, sendo que esta proporção é composta pelos munícipios de menor porte. Já os municípios que apresentaram uma baixa resiliência compreendem aproximadamente 11% do total de municípios e são caracterizados por aqueles de maior porte e mais populosos do estado. Para o modo bicicleta a situação é diferente, nota-se que apenas os municípios de São Paulo e Ilhabela apresentam baixa resiliência. Além disso, é observado que 91% dos municípios são totalmente resilientes em relação a esse modo de deslocamento. A partir dos resultados do método, buscou-se relacionar essa resiliência com métricas espaciais das cidades por meio de índices de forma urbana, a saber: Densidade, Concentração, Agrupamento e Centralidade. Dessa maneira, concluiu-se que a Densidade Domiciliar é o parâmetro que mais se destaca, uma vez que quanto maior o porte do município, maior foi o valor observado para essa mé... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between spatial characteristics of cities and the resilience in urban mobility, considering the different sizes of the municipalities, in a study applied to the state of São Paulo. To achieve this objective, we proposed the development of a method for assessing the resilience in urban mobility considering non-motorized trips (walking and cycling), using the Statistical Grid of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics as an innovation. In general, for walking, we observed that around 46% of the municipalities would be totally resilient, and this proportion corresponds to the smaller municipalities. On the other hand, the municipalities that show a lower resilience comprise approximately 11% of the total and are characterized by the largest and most populous municipalities in the state. For cycling the situation is different. We noted that only the municipalities of São Paulo and Ilhabela present a low resilience rate. In addition, we observed that 91% of the municipalities are totally resilient to this travel mode. In turn, we sought to establish a relationship between this resilience with spatial metrics of the cities through urban form indexes: Density, Concentration, Clustering and Centrality. Thus, we concluded that the household density is the parameter that stands out the most, since the larger the size of the municipality, the higher the value for this metric. For the other metrics (Concentration, Cl... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Urban segregation is considered a major social problem in Sweden and several national anti-segregation initiatives have been launched to decrease social and ethnic segregation but so far only with marginal effects (SOU 2005:29). Urban design and town planning are rarely the focus in national anti-segregation initiatives; the architectural issue has mainly been confined to matters concerning housing policies. This thesis argues that the strong focus on residential segregation in prevailing research on urban segregation is unfortunate and skewed, confusing issues related to urban design.This licentiate thesis explores urban segregation in relation to urban form because physical separation between people or between activities has an obvious direct relationship to how cities are shaped and structured by built form. Urban public space is often neglected in discussions on segregation and this thesis suggests that its role has been underrated. If it can be shown that segregation in public space influences such aspects of life as accessibility to other people and amenities, movement flows, co-presence in public space, and movement patterns, then it can be established that urban public space – as it is structured and shaped by built form – very directly influences people’s everyday lives. The thesis explores how urban segregation can be conceptualized, analysed, and described in a way that increases knowledge and under­standing regarding the role of urban form. Using a configurational morphological approach, this study shifts the focus by bringing attention to spatial relations within the city through public space, i.e., from spatial location to spatial relations. Hence, analysis focuses on distributions of space and through space rather than distributions in space. The result shows that configurational theories, methods, and tools contribute to more nuanced descriptions of spatial relations on both a local and a comprehensive level and analysis has the ability to shed light on essential differences in neighbourhoods and in the city as a whole. Using Södertälje as a case study, this thesis found a pronounced ruptured interface between the global and the local structure that clearly speaks of segregation in public space; this finding suggests that whether the neighbourhoods are residentially segregated or not, public space in most areas already is segregated. Results show that the built environment has a significant influence: urban space can both reinforce and mitigate certain social outcomes. This thesis identifies various negative social consequences of the hierarchical and segregated spatial structure found in Södertälje. Although it is not possible to say that integration processes are hindered by urban form, it is possible to conclude that spatial properties may both create and reproduce segregation patterns.Segregation in public space is found to be a far more urgent issue in the context of urban segregation than earlier recognised, and the result shows that urban form has a distinguishable influence on people’s everyday lives. This understanding opens for the possibility to address urban segregation from an urban design perspective, contributing to a significant discussion of space and society as well as issues related to urban sustainability. The findings of this study widen the possibility for urban design practice to be an important tool within anti-segregation initiatives in the future, a tool that in Sweden is used only to a very limited extent. / <p>QC 20101109</p>

Södra station area is a central neigbourhood at Södermalm, that was planned and built during the 1980s. During that time it was one of the largest postmodern urban planning projects in Stockholm. The intent was to imitate the urban pattern of the central parts of Stockholm with its mixed-use diversity, hence to “promote a rich social life” (Idétävling omSödra stationsområdet 1980, 4). This project investigates the urban form of the Södrastation area, focusing on the interface between public and private space, and proposing new urban features and land-use programs to further support and encourage public life in a central part of Södermalm. Observation of the area and refernance research show that the urban form of the Södra station area deviates form its surroundings and has low support towards its public spaces. How may the streets and the public spaces of the area be enliven? / Södra stationsområdet är en centralt belägen stadsdel på Södermalm. Området planerades och byggdes under 90-talet. Under den tiden var det den största postmoderna stadsbyggnadsinsatsen i Stockholm. Avsikten vid planarbetet var att forsätta på innerstadens blandstadsstruktur för att "befrämja ett rikt social liv" (Idétävling omSödra stationsområdet 1980, 4). Det här examensarbetet undersöker den urbana formen av Södra stationsområdet med fokus på gränssnittet mellan privat och offentlig mark. Därtill föreslås en strategi med nya urbana inslag och markanvändningsprogram med syftet att både stödja och uppmuntra det offentliga livets kontinuitet i en central del av Södermalm.  Observation av stadsdelen och forskningsreferenser visar att områdets stadsstruktur avviker från de omkringliggande stadsdelarna och ger i dess utformning svagt stöd mot offentliga utrymmen. På vilka sätt kan man uppmuntra till livfulla offentliga miljöer?

Kuststäder är platser i Sverige som är särskilt utsatta för hårda vindar större delar av året. Enligt Gehl är vind det fenomen som påverkar oss människor mest utomhus vilket gör det viktigt att implementera vindhantering vid planering och byggnation av nya stadsdelar och nybyggnationer. Därför har detta arbete fokuserat på att undersöka och förstå hur man kan utforma bebyggelse och de offentliga rummen omkring bebyggelsen så att den hanterar vinden och dessutom främjar ett bättre mikroklimat på ett bättre sätt. Hur spelar bebyggelsens placering och utformning roll för hur blåsigt eller vindstilla det är på platsen?  För att förstå detta så har arbetets kunskapsöversikt brutit ner vind och mikroklimat för att skapa en förståelse för vad de innebär och sedan lagt till bebyggelse i sambandet för att reda ut på vilket sätt, när och varför vinden bryts eller fångas vid den bebyggda strukturen. Kunskapsöversikten mynnade ut i en jämförande lista med konkreta tillämpningar som tillsammans med platsanalyser av två områden i kuststäder där analyser av de bebyggda strukturerna, placeringar och dess utformning sammanställdes till ett gestaltningsprogram. Detta program med konkreta strategier styrde arbetets gestaltningsförslag som undersökte hur utformning och placering av bebyggelse kunde göras annorlunda för att bättre hantera vind och främja ett bättre mikroklimat.  Studiens resultat visade att det viktigaste och mest effektiva sätt att hantera vind och främja ett bättre mikroklimat är att bryta vindens framfart. Då en plats mikroklimat är starkt kopplat till vindens hastighet så gynnas mikroklimatet drastiskt genom att man skapar platsbildningar mellan bebyggelse som inte påverkas av vind. Genom att implementera detta möjliggjorde gestaltningsförslaget dessutom för fler upplevelser, funktioner och platsbildningar med behagliga klimat att vistas vid.

Bus rapid transit (BRT) is an innovative bus system with sophisticated vehicles and inflexible busways integrated in the cities, high capacity and high quality, high speed and frequency, distinctive image and comfort. Many in Sweden believe that is impossible to introduce BRT, even though the Swedish towns and cities can benefit from the image, speed and frequency that BRT symbolizes. The archipelago-like urbanization, urban sprawl and the uncompetitive journey times of public transportation compared with the private car are identified as main obstacles. New questions emerged: Is it possible to transform and adjust the Swedish towns and cities for BRT? What demands BRT? How is transit-oriented development (TOD) applicable in a Swedish context as a policy to integrate cities and BRT? In this licentiate thesis I investigate the interrelationship between bus transportation and neighborhoods, between BRT and urban form as well as the possibilities to introduce busways and BRT, to trigger TOD and to transform the Swedish towns and cities for BRT. Much has been written about BRT, but seldom by architects or urban planners and designers. BRT and TOD are seen though urban form and processes of urbanization within a morphological tradition established by Kevin Lynch. BRT is represented by paths and nodes that disperse distinctive attractiveness pattern of desirability cores that shape neighborhoods as districts. TOD is about synchronizing the everyday urban life with public transportation systems. BRT-TOD is defined as a policy to recognize desirability cores spread by the different infrastructures of BRT and promote development of urban form within their attractiveness pattern at urban and regional scale. BRT-TOD is discussed as a concept of BRT metropolis in context of the urbanization of Swedish towns and cities.  TOD is defined morphologically as public transport cities. A public transport city is a city that in its development adapted to specific public transportation systems. TOD is nothing new in Europe or Sweden. To find regularities of the effect of public transportation systems on cities I do a historical overview of the Swedish towns and cities. In the end the position of bus and BRT, public transport cities and TOD and possibilities of future urban transformation of the smaller and larger Swedish cities towards BRT metropolises are discussed in context of today’s “‘system’ of automobility” and widespread car society and the emerging knowledge society and its postmodern fringes of urbanization. / <p>QC 20130917</p>

This thesis develops quantitative indicators of environmental sustainability for Mexico City and its metropolitan zone of influence (MCMZ). These indicators of sustainability were developed by taking into account seven key variables for the urban environment: the water supply situation, air pollution, transportation and roads, energy, solid wastes, the housing supply and green areas. Based on these indicators and the history of the city's physical evolution since it was founded seven centuries ago, a desirable type of urban form is proposed, one in which there is a "decentralized concentration" which would allow Mexico City to approach sustainability in a time frame that concludes in or about the year 2030. Accordingly, the thesis proposes urban policy measures that, while addressing issues of sustainability, permit Mexico City to face the challenges of globalisation, which would entail transforming it into a "global city'' within a worldwide network of great cities. The urban policy and environmental measures that are recommended anticipate the largest economic, demographic and technological changes that will affect Mexico City, but are above all in harmony with the natural ecosystems of the elevated endorheic basin in which it lies. They do no call for a break with or the alteration of the city's natural landscape or its already constructed historical patrimony and, when possible, they presuppose a new sustainable hydraulic model, capable of restoring lakes and recharging the underground aquifer. Finally, a great deal of emphasis is placed on the recuperation of green areas in accordance with the basin's original natural vegetation. / Geography / D.Litt. et Phil. (Geography)

高密度發展的都市型態已成為世界各國為追求永續發展的都市規劃方式。對政策規劃者來說，他們關心的議題之一為高密度都市發展後房價的變動是否會影響居民對住的福利水準，過去文獻之實證研究亦發現高密度發展將產生房價上漲或下跌的效果，此引發本研究欲得知高密度指標對台北市房價將如何影響之動機。然而高密度都市發展政策的實施對各所得階層居民的影響為何若以普通最小平方迴歸分析將無法得知，所以本研究以分量迴歸進行分析，增加變數的可解釋能力。 因此本研究以台北市十二個行政區為空間範圍，利用民國九十三年至九十六年間共1268筆房屋交易實例案例，作為實證研究之樣本。主題變數方面以容積率、是否為住宅大樓及人口密度來分析各變數對房價之影響。藉由普通最小平方迴歸及分量迴歸分析結果發現，高密度之都市發展將造成住宅平均價格下跌，對中低總價住宅亦產生價格下跌的效果，因此高密度都市發展型態將增加居民福利水準，增進都市整體效益。 / Nowadays, most nations in the world has thought of the urban form of high density development as a mean to pursue sustainable development. For policy planner, what they care is whether high density development would influence residents about the variation of welfare for living. Literatures of past empirical research also show that high density development will have the effects of rising or falling on housing prices, which leads to the motive of this study and also leads to a better understanding of how high density indicators would impact housing prices in Taipei City. However, what’s the impact for every income class through the implication of this urban development policy is impossible to know if we use OLS models, therefore, our study adopts Quantile Regression to enhance the interpretable abilities for every variable. Accordingly, our study uses 1268 property-trading-records from 2004 to 2007 as samples, which all locate within 12 districts in Taipei City. We use floorage ratio, residential building and population density as main variables to analyze their impacts on housing prices. The result shows that high density development will both lead to falling of average housing prices and middle and low housing prices. Consequently, the urban form of high density development will enhance the level of residents’ welfare and improve the benefits for all urban area.

土地使用與交通運輸在都市模式中，具有密切的相互影響關係，而土地使用與交通運輸的連結，依其連結的型態不斷地演變，形塑出不同的都市模式，也產生不同的連結效益與衝擊，其中汽車導向發展（AOD）與大眾運輸導向發展（TOD）為當今全球之主要都市模式型態，但諸多的研究也指出AOD都市模式在土地使用與交通運輸的連結上，產生的負面衝擊大過於正面效益，因此全球許多大都市與台灣都市皆企圖演變成TOD都市模式，然而各大都市要如何透過土地使用與交通運輸有效益的連結，以演變出適宜的TOD都市模式，首先，除了瞭解各種都市模式的分類基礎之外，尚需一套都市整體面的效益體系，以監控都市模式的演變，並評估出有效益的TOD模式演變策略，然而，當前國內、外諸多的研究中，卻缺乏此一關鍵議題的深入探討。據此，本研究探討都市模式的分類指標，以供台灣都市評估現今的都市模式與研擬台灣都市演變成TOD都市模式的相關策略，繼而建構一套可以監控台灣都市演變成TOD都市模式的效益體系，以期台灣都市能有效益地演變成TOD都市模式。 本研究首先分析土地使用與交通運輸如何透過連結，在複雜理論及相關文獻的立論下，如何演變出不同的都市模式，本研究運用計量指標設計，以全球36個城市為實證對象，建立出一套UTLC都市模式的分類指標，以瞭解當今各大都市在土地使用與交通運輸連結下，演變出什麼型態的都市模式，繼而探討現今都市型態要演變成TOD都市模式時，土地使用與交通運輸的連結時，產生了哪些效益，本研究運用群體決策明示結構法（GISM）與群體決策分析網絡程序法（GANP），據以評估台灣TOD都市模式效益體系，透過該效益體系評選出最具效益的TOD方案，最後，依循政策支援系統的理念，研議出土地使用與交通運輸效益連結下的都市模式發展機制。 基於上述研究內容，本研究得到如下之發現與結論： 一、都市模式演變實證分析部分：本研究設計計量指標與全球36個城市的實證分析，分類出這些城市在土地使用與交通運輸連結下的都市模式型態及其所具備之都市模式特徵，評估出台北市屬於緊密型汽車導向發展城市（AOD-S），並提出都市演變成TOD模式型態之初步策略構想，包括和諧地混合土地使用、人行導向的大眾運輸路網與都市設計、評估緊密發展的容受力總量與提高大眾運輸車站周邊土地使用強度。 二、台灣TOD都市模式效益體系建構部分：本研究設計「群體決策明示結構法（GISM）」與評分法，建立台灣TOD都市模式效益體系，該效益體系具有16個效益內涵、3個層次、35個影響關係以及5類時間動態關係，政府規劃部門可據此研擬出適宜的策略，以回饋與補強其演變的過程中，演變至TOD都市模式所欠缺的成效。 三、台灣都市演變成大眾運輸導向發展模式效益評估部分：本研究設計「群體決策分析網絡程序法（GANP）」，以台北市的都市背景為基礎，評估出TOD都市模式效益體系在網絡結構下的權重關係，繼而評選出最有效益的TOD方案，即為「提高TOD程度」，方案中的實施內容，又以提高大眾運輸搭乘率最為重要，其次分別為提高都市設計品質、提高土地使用密度與提高混合土地使用程度。 四、政策支援系統建構都市模式發展機制部分：本研究應用政策支援系統理念作為機制研擬的架構，進而發展出土地使用與交通運輸效益連結下的都市模式發展機制與配套措施，該機制具有模式分類策略、模式發展目標、效益連結策略與效益監控策略，在配套措施部分，包括特定專用區計畫、TOD實質計畫研擬、資本門改善計畫、計畫單元整體開發、開發協議與聯合開發，繼而形成有系統的「土地使用與交通運輸效益連結下的都市模式發展機制」。

But La diminution du transport actif scolaire est une problématique préoccupante dont les déterminants sont encore mal connus. Nous nous sommes donc penchée sur la question suivante : Quelle est la contribution de l’environnement bâti pour le choix d’un mode de transport actif pour les déplacements scolaires des enfants demeurant à proximité de leur école ? Méthodologie Pour répondre à cette question, nous nous sommes basée sur le cadre conceptuel de Tracy McMillan. Nous avons caractérisé le voisinage de trois écoles en milieu urbain et de trois écoles en milieu suburbain de la région de Montréal. Également, nous avons analysé les données du Groupe de recherche Ville et mobilité concernant les comportements des enfants ainsi que les comportements et perceptions des parents. Résultats Quatre des cas à l’étude se démarquent en raison de leur forte proportion de transport actif scolaire, soit les trois milieux urbains et un milieu suburbain. Les points communs de ces quatre cas sont la perméabilité du réseau viaire pour les piétons et les cyclistes et la perception favorable des parents vis-à-vis le transport actif scolaire. Conclusion Les environnements suburbains génèrent des comportements de transport actif uniquement chez les enfants alors que les environnements urbains génèrent systématiquement des comportements de transport actif chez les adultes et les enfants. Ce faisant, nous pouvons penser que les caractéristiques de l’environnement bâti des milieux urbains influencent les perceptions et les comportements des parents en faveur du transport actif scolaire. / Purpose The proportion of children actively commuting to school has decreased significantly but few studies have investigated factors that might affect school mobility. This research examines the influence of a wide range of factors (such as urban form characteristics, parent’s travel behaviours and parental perceptions) on school travel behaviour for children who live near school. Methods The Tracy McMillan’s conceptual framework of an elementary-aged child’s trip to school was used. We objectively measured environmental attributes of three urban neighbourhoods and three suburban neighbourhoods in Montreal metropolitan area. Data of the Groupe de recherche Ville et mobilité regarding children trips to school, parental perceptions and parents’ travel behaviours were analysed. Results A high proportion of children are actively commuting to school in the three urban neighbourhoods and in one suburban neighbourhood. Connectivity for pedestrians and cyclists and positive parental perception of school active transportation are positively associated with high proportion of walking and biking to school in these four neighbourhoods. Conclusion Suburban neighbourhoods support active transportation only for children whereas urban neighbourhoods support active transportation for children and parents. Attributes of built environment in urban neighbourhoods seem to have a positive effect on parental perceptions and behaviours regarding walking and biking for school trips.

La planification intégrée du développement urbain et des transports durables est aujourd’hui cruciale au double impératif d’une plus grande maîtrise des déplacements automobiles et d’une diminution de la « dépendance automobile », éléments essentiels au développement durable des grandes métropoles. La présente recherche visait l‘approfondissement des connaissances sur l‘évolution récente de la forme urbaine dans les trois régions métropolitaines canadiennes de Toronto, Montréal et Vancouver, sous l’angle particulier de l’intégration « forme urbaine – transports durables ». Notre stratégie de recherche a consisté en l’élaboration d’un cadre d‘analyse qui devait permettre une opérationnalisation complète du paradigme d‘aménagement à l‘étude ainsi qu’une évaluation de sa mise en œuvre. Ce cadre tire parti des opportunités analytiques qu‘offrent les systèmes d‘information géographique (SIG) ainsi que certains outils Internet courants de « visite virtuelle des lieux » tel que Google Earth. Il en est résulté une approche méthodologique originale, multidimensionnelle et multi-échelle. Son application a permis des analyses particulières de la forme urbaine pour chacune des trois régions cibles, structurées selon trois axes principaux : leur performance globale (autour de 2006), leur performance en périphérie métropolitaine ainsi que l’évolution de leur performance entre 2001 et 2006. De nos analyses comparatives, Vancouver se démarque avec des performances supérieures pour les trois axes, tout particulièrement pour l‘évolution de ses performances. Montréal arrive quant à elle troisième, en raison notamment de sa faible performance en périphérie. Globalement, les trois régions métropolitaines affichent de faibles niveaux d’intégration entre la forme urbaine et les réseaux de transport durable et souffrent d’une grande dépendance automobile structurelle, particulièrement en leur périphérie. Par ailleurs, en dépit d’objectifs de planification adéquats, les déficiences de leur forme urbaine et leurs progrès relativement modestes laissent présager une prédominance de la dépendance automobile qui perdurera au cours des prochaines années. Il nous apparaît primordial que tous les acteurs du domaine public fassent preuve d‘une plus grande « lucidité », voire maturité, face aux lourds constats exposant la difficile mise en œuvre de leurs objectifs ainsi que la dichotomie entre ce qui « se passe sur le terrain » et le contenu de leurs politiques. Une première étape obligée vers un raffinement des politiques et, peut-être, vers leur plus grande efficacité passe sans doute par la pleine reconnaissance des limites du paradigme d’aménagement actuel et de l‘immense défi que représente un inversement des tendances. Cela implique notamment une plus grande transparence en matière d‘évaluation des politiques ainsi que des efforts communs pour le développement et la diffusion de données de qualité dans les domaines connexes de la forme urbaine et des transports urbains, de meilleurs outils de monitoring, etc., qui pourraient aider à instituer une nouvelle synergie entre tous les acteurs impliqués tant dans la recherche urbaine, le développement urbain que les politiques d’aménagement et de transport. Le raffinement de notre propre approche méthodologique pourrait aussi bénéficier de telles avancées, approche qui constitue une des avenues possibles pour la poursuite de l‘exploration de l‘enjeu de l‘intégration « forme urbaine – transports durables » dans les régions métropolitaines canadiennes. / An integrated planning approach to urban development and sustainable transportation is key to managing car travels and mitigating car dependency, which are two essential elements to the sustainable development of metropolitan areas. This research focuses on the recent evolution of urban form in the three Canadian metropolitan regions of Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver, through the lens of the planning paradigm of “urban form – sustainable transportation” integration. Our research strategy centered on the elaboration of an analytical framework that would enable the full measurement and assessment of the planning paradigm. This framework takes advantage of analytical capabilities offered by geographic information systems (GIS), as well as by common Internet tools of “virtual place exploration” such as Google Earth. The result was an original, multidimensional and multi-scale methodological approach. Its application enabled specific urban form analyses for each of the studied metropolitan regions, structured around three main perspectives: their overall performance (around 2006), performance of their metropolitan fringe, and the evolution of their performance between 2001 and 2006. Our comparative analyses revealed that Vancouver ranks first in all three perspectives, while Montreal ranks third overall, mainly because of a particularly weak performance of its periphery. Globally, the three regions show a poor integration between urban form and sustainable transportation networks and suffer from high levels of car dependency, especially at their periphery. Despite the presence of adequate planning objectives, their urban form deficiencies and relatively weak progresses leave us to anticipate that the predominance of car dependency is there to stay in the near future. It appears vital that public stakeholders show more “lucidity”, or “maturity”, in face of tough evidences that that reveal how hard the implementation of their policy objectives is, as well as the dichotomy between these same objectives and what can be actually observed “on the ground”. A mandatory step towards improved and, maybe, more effective planning policies is a full recognition of the limits of the actual planning paradigm and of the huge challenge that a shift in trends represents. This would imply a greater transparency in the policy evaluation area, along with coordinated efforts to support the development and dissemination of high-quality data on urban form and urban transportation, improved monitoring tools, etc. All this could induce a new synergy among all stakeholders involved either in urban research, urban development or urban planning and transportation policies. An improvement to our own methodological approach could also benefit from such advances, being of many potential avenues for the ongoing exploration of the issue in Canadian metropolises.