Tesis por compendio / [ES] El transporte de personas y bienes supone un problema complejo a la vez que un servicio esencial en la sociedad moderna. Entre los distintos modos de transporte, el transporte rodado supone ventajas y retos únicos, gracias a su flexibilidad y operación tanto urbana como interurbana. La creciente preocupación social respecto al medio ambiente afecta también al transporte rodado, pues los vehículos a motor son una gran fuente de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Sin embargo, la digitalización de la sociedad y la aparición de nuevos modelos de transporte indican el potencial de mejora del transporte rodado, que podría adaptarse mejor a sus usuarios a la vez que operar de forma más sostenible. En esta tesis afrontamos la mejora del transporte rodado mediante técnicas de computación e inteligencia artificial. Esto incluye el modelado de sistemas de transporte mediante sistemas multiagente y su posterior simulación virtual. La operación de las flotas de transporte está determinada por la distribución de tareas, la planificación de las acciones de cada vehículo y su posterior coordinación. Exploramos distintas técnicas y desarrollamos propuestas que mejoran la operación de distintos sistemas de transporte rodado considerando tres puntos de vista: el del operador, el del usuario y, finalmente, el de la sostenibilidad. En otras palabras, apuntamos a obtener sistemas con mayor rendimiento económico y calidad de servicio a la par que un reducido impacto medioambiental. El objetivo de la mejora del transporte rodado se lleva a cabo desde tres frentes. Primero, se propone un marco de trabajo para el modelado efectivo y la simulación de sistemas de transporte. Esta aportación nos sirve como herramienta para la experimentación del resto de la investigación. Después, la investigación se centra en el transporte urbano, caso de uso para el que modelamos la ciudad como un escenario con recursos compartidos. Proponemos el uso de flotas de vehículos descentralizados para una mayor reactividad del sistema. Mediante un modelado de autointerés, se incentiva a los vehículos a proveer de un mejor servicio a los usuarios a la vez que evitan la congestión de los recursos. Finalmente, con la intención de aportar soluciones innovadoras también a las áreas rurales, se adaptan nuestras propuestas previas para el caso de uso del transporte rural interurbano. En este caso, observamos la necesidad de transporte público flexible y adaptado a los usuarios, con especial importancia en su sostenibilidad económica. Nuestras propuestas de sistema siguen estos principios atendiendo al paradigma del transporte adaptable a la demanda. Los resultados de esta tesis aportan soluciones prácticas para la mejora de distintos sistemas de transporte rodado, contribuyendo a un futuro de movilidad flexible más sostenible y adaptada al usuario. Como aportación en el ámbito de la inteligencia artificial, las técnicas desarrolladas tienen el potencial de ser adaptadas a campos más allá del transporte como soluciones generales para la distribución de tareas y la coordinación de elementos distribuidos. / [CA] El transport de persones i béns suposa un problema complex alhora que un servei essencial en la societat moderna. Entre els diferents modes de transport, el transport rodat suposa avantatges i reptes únics, gràcies a la seua flexibilitat i operació tant urbana com interurbana. La creixent preocupació social respecte al medi ambient afecta també al transport rodat, doncs els vehicles de motor són una gran font d'emissions de gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle. No obstant això, la digitalització de la societat i l'aparició de nous models de transport indiquen el potencial de millora del transport rodat, que podria adaptar-se millor als seus usuaris alhora que operar de forma més sostenible. En esta tesi afrontem la millora del transport rodat mitjançant tècniques de computació i intel·ligència artificial. Això inclou el modelatge de sistemes de transport mitjançant sistemes multiagent i la seua posterior simulació virtual. L'operació de les flotes de transport està determinada per la distribució de tasques, la planificació de les accions de cada vehicle i la seua posterior coordinació. Explorem diferents tècniques i desenvolupem propostes que milloren l'operació de diferents sistemes de transport rodat considerant tres punts de vista: el de l'operador, el de l'usuari i, finalment, el de la sostenibilitat. En altres paraules, apuntem a obtindre sistemes amb major rendiment econòmic i qualitat de servei al mateix temps que un reduït impacte mediambiental. L'objectiu de la millora del transport rodat es duu a terme des de tres fronts. Primer, es proposa un marc de treball per al modelatge efectiu i la simulació de sistemes de transport. Esta aportació ens serveix com a eina per a l'experimentació de la resta de la investigació. Després, la investigació se centra en el transport urbà, cas d'ús per al qual modelem la ciutat com un escenari amb recursos compartits. Proposem l'ús de flotes de vehicles descentralitzats per a una major reactivitat del sistema. Mitjançant un modelatge d'autointerés, s'incentiva als vehicles a proveir d'un millor servei als usuaris alhora que eviten la congestió dels recursos. Finalment, amb la intenció d'aportar solucions innovadores també a les àrees rurals, s'adapten les nostres propostes prèvies per al cas d'ús del transport rural interurbà. En este cas, observem la necessitat de transport públic flexible i adaptat als usuaris, amb especial importància en la seua sostenibilitat econòmica. Les nostres propostes de sistema segueixen estos principis atés el paradigma del transport adaptable a la demanda. Els resultats d'esta tesi aporten solucions pràctiques per a la millora de diferents sistemes de transport rodat, contribuint a un futur de mobilitat flexible més sostenible i adaptada a l'usuari. Com a aportació en l'àmbit de la intel·ligència artificial, les tècniques desenvolupades tenen el potencial de ser adaptades a camps més enllà del transport com a solucions generals per a la distribució de tasques i la coordinació d'elements distribuïts. / [EN] The transportation of people and goods is both a complex problem and an essential service in modern society. Among the various modes of transportation, road transport offers unique advantages and challenges, thanks to its flexibility and operation in both urban and interurban areas. The growing social concern for the environment also affects road transportation, as motor vehicles are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. However, the digitalisation of society and the emergence of new transport models indicate the potential for improvement in transportation, which could be better adapted to its users while operating in a more sustainable way. In this thesis, we address the improvement of road transportation by means of computational techniques and artificial intelligence. This includes the modelling of transportation through multi-agent systems and their subsequent simulation. The operation of transportation fleets is determined by the distribution of tasks, the planning of the actions of each vehicle and their subsequent coordination. We explore different techniques and develop proposals that improve the operation of different transportation systems by considering three points of view: that of the operator, that of the user and, finally, that of sustainability. In other words, we aim to obtain systems with higher economic performance and quality of service while reducing their environmental impact. The objective of improving road transportation is pursued on three fronts. First, a framework for the effective modelling and simulation of transportation systems is proposed. This contribution serves as a tool for the experimentation of the rest of the research. Next, the research focuses on urban transportation, a use case for which we model the city as a shared resource scenario. We propose the use of decentralised vehicle fleets for greater reactivity of the system. Through self-interested modelling, vehicles are incentivised to provide a better service to users while avoiding resource congestion. Finally, with the intention of bringing innovative solutions also to rural areas, our previous proposals are adapted to the use case of rural interurban transportation. In this case, we note the need for flexible and user-friendly public transportation, with special emphasis on its economic sustainability. Our system proposals follow these principles following the demand-responsive transportation paradigm. The results of this thesis provide practical solutions for the enhancement of different road transportation systems, contributing to a future of more sustainable and user-tailored flexible mobility. As a contribution to the field of artificial intelligence the developed techniques have the potential to be adapted to fields beyond transportation, providing general solutions for the task allocation and the coordination of distributed elements. / Martí Gimeno, P. (2024). Towards Sustainable and Efficient Road Transportation: Development of Artificial Intelligence Solutions for Urban and Interurban Mobility [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203076 / Compendio

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-03-13T11:41:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDO HENRIQUE SILVA RIBEIRO.pdf: 5154598 bytes, checksum: 867c7a891e599c9bd9e1381c69482488 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-13T11:41:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDO HENRIQUE SILVA RIBEIRO.pdf: 5154598 bytes, checksum: 867c7a891e599c9bd9e1381c69482488 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-23 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas ? PUC Campinas / This study has evaluated the condition of the urban mobility in the city of Campinas, Paulo, Brazit. through the application of the tool Index of Sustainable Urban Mobi!?ty (I_SUM), enabling the identification of criticai indicators of urban mobility that should be prioritized by the public administration. Throughout the development of the study, the results of the application of the tool were cornplemented with the analysis of the urban expansion pattern to verify its influence on the city's travei behaviour in order to establ?sh a correlation between expansion and urban mobility. The definition of the urban mobility scenario for Campinas allowed to determine how the guidelines establ?shed until then influenced rnobitity, as well as to enable the identification of criticai indicators that more broadly address the guidelines regarding mobllity, complementing the guidelines defined by the public administration. It was to identify, in Campinas, an evident dependence on the use of cars, as a result of the settlement pattern, which requires the car for travelinq, since there is no prioritization of collective transportation, in addition to the incentive to acquire cars. The cross-checking of the data showed the dose relationship that urban planning and transportation system planning should have in order to harmonize the relationship between settlement patterns and travei behaviour, highlighting the role of prioritization of collective medes and non-rnotorized medes, in order to democratize access to urban space. / O estudo avaliou a condi??o da mobilidade urbana em Campinas atrav?s da aplica??o da ferramenta IMUS (?ndice de Mobilidade Urbana Sustent?vel), possibilitando a identifica??o dos indicadores cr?ticos da mobilidade urbana que devem ser priorizados pela administra??o p?blica. Ao longo do desenvolvimento do trabalho. os resultados da aplica??o da ferramenta foram complementados com a an?lise do padr?o de expans?o urbana de Campinas para verificar sua influ?ncia no padr?o de deslocamento da cidade, a fim de estabelecer uma correla??o entre expans?o e mobilidade urbana. A defini??o do panorama de mobilidade urbana para Campinas permitiu determinar como as diretrizes at? ent?o estabelecidas influenciaram na mobilidade, al?m de possibilitar a identifica??o de indicadores cr?ticos, que abordam de forma mais ampla as diretrizes em rela??o a mobilidade, complementando as diretrizes definidas pela administra??o p?blica. Foi poss?vel identificar, em Campinas, uma evidente depend?ncia do uso do autom?vel, tanto em decorr?ncia do padr?o de ocupa??o, que exige o autom?vel para deslocamentos, uma vez que n?o existe uma prioriza??o do transporte coletivo. tanto pelos incentivos para aquisi??o do autom?vel. O cruzamento dos dados permitiu evidenciar a estreita rela??o que o planejamento urbano e o planejamento do sistema de transporte devem ter para harmonizar a rela??o entre os padr?es de assentamento e os padr?es de deslocamento, democratizando o acesso ao espa?o urbano.

La mobilité rurale-urbaine est sans contredit l’un des phénomènes les plus marquants que la Chine a connus depuis ses réformes des années 1980. D’une ampleur colossale, elle a constitué un fondement essentiel de sa transition et de son développement économiques. Or, si l’impact social de cette mobilité a été abondamment étudié dans les villes où séjournent les paysans, il demeure peu connu dans leur communauté d’origine, et encore moins en contexte de « nationalité minoritaire ». Reposant sur une enquête de terrain de plus d’une année, cette thèse en géographie sociale examine la (re)construction sociale dans une communauté rurale et minoritaire (c.àd. Hmong ou Miao) de Chine en lien avec le phénomène de la mobilité de travail. D’une intensité croissante, la pratique de la mobilité de travail par les membres de cette communauté est double. Les migrants sont soit des herboristes ambulants dans les villes de l’espace régional, soit des travailleurs salariés dans les villes orientales du pays. L’utilisation d’une approche du changement social intégrant les sphères du réel et de l’imagination et prenant en compte les dimensions territoriale et économique du phénomène migratoire est originale. De même, l’importance égale portée aux discours et aux actions des migrants et des non-migrants dans le processus de transformation sociale se veut novatrice. Dans ses résultats, cette thèse fait état, premièrement, d’une refonte des logiques territoriales et économiques de la communauté étudiée sous l’effet du phénomène migratoire. De toute évidence, les fondements géographiques de son territoire se sont récemment complexifiés et multipliés. Désormais, une variété de lieux, de frontières, de réseaux sociaux et d’échelles se dessine dans les configurations territoriales de ses membres. Les implications économiques sont tout aussi patentes. Outre la forte dominance des transferts d’argent des migrants dans les budgets familiaux, les questions du développement et des inégalités aux différentes échelles de la communauté renvoient aujourd’hui essentiellement au fait migratoire. Deuxièmement, cette thèse montre la forte empreinte laissée par la mobilité dans la sphère sociale. Nécessitant soutien aux extrémités de leur parcours, les migrants sollicitent de plus en plus l’aide de leurs réseaux lignagers, claniques, villageois et matrilinéaires. Et dans ce processus, il n’est pas rare qu’ils enfreignent consciemment les principes hiérarchiques traditionnels de leurs rapports familiaux. Aussi, au travers de la mobilité, des groupes longtemps marginalisés, tels les femmes et les jeunes adultes, ont acquis estime, autonomie et pouvoir décisionnel. Parallèlement, l’ordre social s’est bouleversé. Ce n’est plus le volume de la production agricole, mais le nombre de travailleurs migrants qui détermine aujourd’hui les différentes classes sociales de la communauté. Finalement, dans le contexte plus large des populations rurales et minoritaires de Chine et du Massif sud-est asiatique, cette thèse fait ressortir l’importance d’aborder la question de l’impact social de la mobilité au-delà des paradigmes de la modernisation et de l’intégration. Contrairement à la plupart des écrits touchant à cette question, il ne suffit pas de porter le regard sur l’influence que les urbains et leur mode de vie soi-disant moderne exercent sur les migrants. Il est également nécessaire de reconnaître les capacités d’initiative et d’innovation sociale des membres de ces populations, migrants et non-migrants. Mais aussi, cette recherche démontre que la question identitaire se doit d’être prise en compte. Les sentiments de marginalité et de subordination demeurent vivaces au travers du phénomène migratoire. Et de tels sentiments semblent se traduire, le plus souvent, par un renforcement des liens sociaux et intracommunautaires au sein même de ces populations minoritaires. / Rural-urban mobility is unquestionably one of the most striking phenomena that China has experienced since the wide-ranging reforms of the 1980s. Besides its unparalleled magnitude, it has been an essential foundation of its economic transition and development. But if the social impact of mobility has been extensively studied in cities where ‘peasants’ (as farmers are called in China) sojourn, little is known of the effects of mobility in their community of origin, and even less when the community belongs to a ‘minority nationality’. Based on fieldwork conducted over an 18-month period, this dissertation examines the impact of labor migration on the social (re)construction of a Hmong (Miao) community in rural China. Practices of mobility for work purposes are twofold in the studied community: migrants are either itinerant herbalists in close-by cities or factory workers in the eastern cities of the country. An original approach to social change has been used, integrating the spheres of imagination and practice, and takes into account the economic and spatial components of the migration phenomenon. Moreover, this research proposes an innovative theoretical model, by giving equal importance to the discourses and the actions in the process of social change of both migrants and non-migrants. First, this study reveals the recent remodeling of the spatial and the economic foundations of the studied community. It shows that places, scales, social networks and borders all structure the community’s territory – in both real and imaginary spheres – and that they have become more complex and numerous as a result of the unprecedented circular migration of its inhabitants to and from their village. At the economic level, besides confirming dominance of remittances at the household level, it also appears that development and inequality issues are now addressed by members of the community primarily through the phenomenon of migration. Second, the results expose the strong imprint of mobility in the social sphere. In need of support, migrants and left-behinds are increasingly seeking help within their lineage, clan, village, and matrilineal networks. In this process, it is not uncommon for them to consciously go against the traditional family hierarchies. Through mobility, long marginalized groups such as women and young adults, have now gained esteem, autonomy and decision-making power. Meanwhile, the social order has shifted. It is no longer the volume of agricultural production, but the number of migrant workers, which now determine the social classes within the community. Finally, in the broader context of minorities in China and the Southeast Asian Massif, this dissertation addresses the debate about the social impact of mobility beyond the paradigms of modernization and integration. Unlike most of the literature pertaining to this issue, this research provides evidence that it is not enough to focus on the changes experienced by migrants through contact with urban dwellers and their so-called modern way of life. It shows that it is necessary to recognize the capacity for initiative and social innovation of all the members of these minorities, migrants or non-migrants. It also stresses the centrality of the question of identity. Feelings of marginality and subordination remain strong and they do not seem to fade as a result of migration. On the contrary, these feelings seem to most often result in a strengthening of social and community bonds within these minorities.

Résumé : La coordination entre les politiques d'urbanisme et de transport, dans un nouveau contexte façonné par la montée en puissance des préoccupations environnementales et des enjeux du développement durable, est plus que jamais recherchée afin d'assurer une meilleure cohérence entre ces deux domaines. Ce travail a pour objectif d'analyser la place des politiques de mobilités urbaines au sein d'une politique plus globale de développement urbain durable.Beaucoup d'innovations et de bonnes pratiques dans le domaine du transport, proposant des modes alternatifs de déplacement, ont été adoptées pour répondre aux exigences du développement durable et surtout pour tenter de diminuer la place de la voiture particulière. Pour ce faire, des actions technologiques et organisationnelles doivent être insérées au sein de formes urbaines alternatives favorisant la ville à courte distance et la mixité et renforçant l'accessibilité (une des facettes du lien entre transport et urbanisme). De ce fait, la coordination et la complémentarité entre les politiques d'urbanisme, d'habitat et de transport ainsi qu'entre les acteurs aux échelles urbaine et interurbaine, doivent être renforcées.Cette recherche trouve son originalité dans l'étude comparative des quatre principales agglomérations de la région Champagne-Ardenne (Reims, Troyes, Charleville-Mézières et Châlons-en-Champagne), agglomérations de taille moyenne qui ont moins été étudiées que les grandes agglomérations. Elle examine comment les questions des déplacements et des mobilités ont été prises en compte dans les documents de planification stratégique de transport (SCoT et PDU). Alors que le lien entre transport et urbanisme se présente comme un des objectifs prônés par la loi SRU, qu'en est-il vraiment de la cohérence entre ces deux domaines en Champagne-Ardenne ? / Abstract : Mobility planning and urban sustainable development in Champagne-Ardenne. Analytical approach of the four main cities of Champagne-ArdenneCoordination between urbanism and transportation policies is more and more demanded in a new context characterized by an increasing concern for environmental issues and sustainable development. This research aims to analyse the role of urban mobility policies within more global sustainable development policies. Many innovative practices have been adopted in order to limit the importance of private cars and to foster alternative modes of mobility. This supposes to integrate technological and organisational actions into alternative urban forms favouring short distance, mixity and accessibility, which needs a better coordination between urbanism, dwelling and transportation policies at both urban and interurban scales.This research takes its originality from a comparative survey of the four main cities in Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, Troyes, Charleville-Mézières and Châlons-en-Champagne, i.e. mid-size cities that have been less studied than greater cities. It appreciates how mobility issues have been taken into account in strategic planning documents (SCOT, PDU). Since the link between mobility and city planning is one of the main objectives of the Solidarity and Urban Renewal act implemented in 2000, how far goes the coherence between these two fields of action ?Key-words : Strategic planning – Mobility planning policies – Urban mobility plans (PDU) – Master plans (SCOT) – Coherence between transport and urbanism – Champagne-Ardenne – Mid-size cities.

Cette thèse étudie les recompositions des colonies populaires périphériques de la zone métropolitaine de Mexico depuis vingt ans. Les liens entre les mobilités spatiales, les espaces de vie des habitants dans des quartiers illégaux à l’origine, et les stratégies de régularisation physique et juridique sont interrogés au regard des évolutions sociales, démographiques et politiques. Le caractère dynamique et divers des colonies populaires a été examiné à travers deux outils conceptuels de l’étude des territorialités urbaines : l’ancrage, point de vue sur les expériences des individus ; la maturation, pour analyser les changements des contextes résidentiels. Les trajectoires de maturation ont été comprises à partir de l’analyse de données sociodémographiques systématiques et d’un travail empirique dans quatre quartiers. Une fois le cadre de travail présenté, les contextes de la maturation ont été observés selon trois entrées : sociale, relative aux mobilités, et politico-juridique. Les trajectoires plurielles de cette maturation ont ensuite été analysées du point de vue de l’ancrage, en tentant de comprendre les chemins ayant conduit à la diversité visible aujourd’hui : il s’est agi de décrire les itinéraires résidentiels des habitants, leurs expériences citadines, en particulier par rapport aux ressources de la proximité, les dynamiques de régularisation foncière et urbanistique dans leur complexité et les évolutions de la division sociale de l’espace. Au final, ces quartiers deviennent de plus en plus hétérogènes et « banals » par rapport au reste de la ville, révélant l’obsolescence d’une lecture unique en termes de pauvreté ou de marginalité juridique. / This doctoral thesis explores the recomposition of colonias populares on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Mexico-City for twenty years. Links between spatial mobility, living spaces of residents in informal settlements and strategies of physical and legal regularization are enlightened though social, demographic and political evolutions. The dynamic and heterogeneous characteristics of colonias populares was examined through two conceptual tools for the study of urban territoriality: the anchorage, as a point of view on the experiences of people; maturation, in order to analyze changes in residential settings. The trajectories of maturation have been understood from the analysis of systematic demographic data and from empirical work in four areas. Once the framework presented, the contexts of maturation were observed in three inputs: social, mobility, and political. Plural trajectories of this maturation were analyzed from the point of view of the anchorage: we tried to understand the pathways leading to the actual visible diversity. We described the residential routes of inhabitants, their urban experiences, more particularly in relation to the resources of the area, the complex dynamics of land and planning regularization and changes in the social division of space. Finally, these neighborhoods are becoming increasingly heterogeneous and "common" compared to the rest of the city, revealing the obsolescence of a single reading in terms of poverty or legal marginality. / En esta tesis de doctorado, se analiza la recomposición de las colonias populares de la periferia de la Zona Metropolitana de México desde veinte años. Los vínculos entre la movilidad espacial, los espacios de vida de los residentes de los asentamientos irregulares, y las estrategias de regularización legal y física se examinan a la luz de factores sociales, demográficos y políticos. El rasgo dinámico y diverso de las colonias populares se examinó a través de dos herramientas conceptuales para el estudio de la territorialidad urbana: el anclaje, para tener un punto de vista de las experiencias de los individuos; la maduración, para analizar los cambios en entornos residenciales. Las trayectorias de maduración son entendidas a partir del análisis sistemático de los datos demográficos y del trabajo empírico en cuatro grupos de colonias. Después de la presentación del marco de estudio, se observaron los contextos de la maduración con tres entradas: social, sobre la movilidad, y política. Las trayectorias plurales de esta maduración se analizaron desde el punto de vista del anclaje, tratando de entender las vías que conducen a la diversidad visible hoy. Llegamos a describir a las rutas residenciales de los habitantes, sus experiencias urbanas, particularmente en relación con los recursos de la zona, la dinámica compleja de la regularización del suelo y de la planificación, y los cambios en la división social del espacio. Al final, estas colonias son cada vez más heterogéneas y "triviales" en comparación con el resto de la ciudad, dejando al descubierto la obsolescencia de una sola lectura en términos de pobreza o marginalidad.

A Lei nº 12.587, de 3 de janeiro de 2012, obriga a todos os municípios brasileiros com população superior a 20 mil habitantes a elaborarem um plano de mobilidade urbana integrado e compatível com seus respectivos planos diretores ou neles inseridos, priorizando os modos de transporte não motorizados. Apesar da exigência legal, muitos municípios brasileiros, principalmente os de pequeno porte, não dispõem de diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de sistemas cicloviários. O objetivo deste trabalho é elaborar um método para definição de rede de rotas cicláveis em áreas urbanas de cidades de pequeno porte, cuja ideia central é avaliar segmentos viários com relação a fatores que influenciam no uso da bicicleta como modo de transporte urbano, tais como declividade, disponibilidade de espaço e influência exercida pelos veículos motorizados. O método proposto é subdividido em cinco etapas: (1) caracterização da área de estudo; (2) análise dos polos geradores de tráfego por bicicletas; (3) avaliação da compatibilidade das vias com o transporte cicloviário; (4) identificação das rotas cicláveis; e (5) definição da rede. Os modelos escolhidos para a verificação do perfil topográfico e para a avaliação da qualidade de serviço das vias de tráfego para o transporte cicloviário são, respectivamente, o modelo da AASHTO (1999) e o modelo de Sorton e Walsh (1994). Foi realizado um estudo de caso na cidade de Bariri-SP. Os resultados mostram que as rotas cicláveis identificadas priorizam segmentos com infraestrutura cicloviária pré-existente, assim como locais que necessitam de facilidades para ciclistas, como ciclofaixas e ciclovias, e dispõem de espaço para sua inserção. Quanto aos espaços compartilhados, nota-se uma tendência de que as rotas cicláveis sejam compostas por segmentos com boas avaliações globais de nível de estresse. A rede de rotas cicláveis definida para a cidade de Bariri-SP é formada por 19 eixos viários distribuídos de maneira a atender toda a área delimitada para estudo. / The law 12.587 of January 3rd, 2012, enforces every Brazilian city over 20,000 inhabitants to elaborate an urban mobility plan integrated and compatible with their respective master plans, giving priority to non-motorized transportation modes. Despite legal enforcement, many Brazilian cities, mainly the small ones, are not given proper guidelines to develop cycling systems. This research\'s goal is to elaborate a method to define a cycling routes network in urban areas of small-sized cities, whose main point is to assess road segments according to factors that influence the bicycle use as an urban transportation mode, such as slope, space availability to stand cycling transportation as well as motorized vehicles influence on bicycle traffic. The proposed method splits into five steps: (1) study area characterization; (2) analysis of bicycle traffic generator poles; (3) evaluation of the streets compatibility with bicycle transportation; (4) cycling routes identification; (5) network definition. The chosen models for topographic verification and service quality ratings of the roads for cycling transportation are, respectively, the AASHTO\'s (1999) model and the Sorton and Walsh\'s (1994) model. A case study was carried out in the city of Bariri-SP. The results of the proposed method\'s application show that the identified cycling routes prioritize road segments with cycling infrastructure already existent, as well as places in need of cycling facilities, such as cycle lanes and cycle paths, that have available space to accommodate them. Concerning shared spaces, there\'s a trend that cycling routes are composed of segments with good global stress level evaluations. The cycling routes network defined in the city of Bariri-SP is made up by 19 road axes widespread to serve the whole area delimited for study.

Há cerca de uma década, a inserção da bicicleta como modal de transporte regular em diversas cidades brasileiras vem colaborando para a paisagem da mobilidade urbana no país tornar-se mais sustentável. Esta pesquisa teve por objeto estudar a prática do ciclismo utilitário1 em Piracicaba - SP, de modo a identificar e dimensionar quais os fatores culturais e características ambientais e urbanísticas concorrem para o uso da bicicleta como meio de transporte, e suscitar as possíveis contribuições de sua inclusão no sistema de mobilidade urbana local, com vistas à construção de uma cidade socialmente mais justa, ambientalmente mais adequada, e apta para oferecer maior qualidade de vida aos seus habitantes. A pesquisa foi realizada em três eixos: o primeiro dedicado a conhecer a cultura de mobilidade da cidade e sua dinâmica, à exploração e análise das políticas públicas específicas destinadas ao setor, à compreensão do posicionamento de gestores públicos e técnicos sobre as orientações das intervenções urbanas realizadas ou por realizar, e à compreensão e análise das práticas ativistas pró-mobilidade sustentável da cidade, em especial, as ações dos cicloativistas, como expressões de mudanças na cultura de mobilidade local; o segundo foi estruturado com o propósito de conhecer o perfil sociocultural e econômico do ciclista utilitário de Piracicaba, suas motivações, representações, hábitos, demandas e percepções sobre a paisagem urbana; e o terceiro buscou caracterizar as condições ambientais onde ocorre a prática do ciclismo utilitário em Piracicaba. O estudo mostra que a cultura de mobilidade local foi conformada pelas políticas públicas rodoviaristas2 adotadas na cidade, que implicaram em sucessivas intervenções urbanas que desestimularam o uso de modalidades não motorizadas e coletivas de transporte; mas apesar disto, a bicicleta nunca deixou de ser utilizada por trabalhadores e estudantes, e que características ambientais, como o relevo acidentado e o clima quente da cidade não são empecilhos para a prática do ciclismo utilitário, ou mesmo para a construção de uma cidade ciclável3. 1 Ciclismo utilitário compreende qualquer ciclismo que não seja primariamente praticado para fins de exercício físico, de recreação ou de esporte (...). É o tipo de ciclismo mais comum em todo o mundo. O ciclismo utilitário ou \"transportacional\" geralmente envolve deslocamentos a curta e média distância. Inclui ida ao trabalho, à escola, à faculdade, ou entrega de bens ou serviços. (Fonte: blog Amigos do Pedal Belo Jardim. Disponível em: <http://cdcamigosdopedalj.blogspot.com.br/ 2011/12/ciclismoutilitario. html>. Acesso em: 25 jun. 2013. 2 Neste estudo, entende-se por políticas de mobilidade rodoviaristas, intervenções urbanas que privilegiam a circulação de carros no malha viária das cidades, em detrimento de modais de transporte coletivos ou não motorizados. (Fonte: NOBRE, 2012. Disponível em: <http://www.revistaau.com.br/ arquitetura-urbanismo/191/artigo161845-1.aspx>. Acesso em: 25 jun. 2013. 3 Cidade ciclável é um termo utilizado por inúmeros cicloativistas e especialistas de mobilidade urbana. Para Ricardo Corrêa, sócio da TC Urbes, empresa de consultoria em mobilidade sustentável, a cidade é ciclável quando a bicicleta deixa de ser um meio de transporte alternativo e passa a ser uma alternativa de transporte, como o carro, o transporte coletivo, o andar a pé. (FONTE: Revista VO2, n 81, junho 2012). / It has been a decade since bicycles inserted as a mode of regular transportation in various cities have been cooperating to a more sustainable urban mobility landscape in the country. This research has had as its aim the study of the practice of transportational cycling4 in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, with the purpose of identifying and giving dimension to cultural factors and environmental and urbanistic characteristics which compete with the use of bicycling as a means of transportation as well as bringing about the possible contributions to its inclusion in the system of local urban mobility taking into account the building of a fairer and more environmental oriented city, and able to offer a higher quality of life to its inhabitants. The research was carried out within three frameworks: the first was dedicated to understand the culture of mobility in the city and its dynamics, to explore and analyze specific public policies destined to the sector, to understand the positioning of public and technical management on the guidance of urban interventions that have already been carried out or to be carried out in the future, and to the understanding and analysis of activist practices for sustainable mobility in the city, in special, the actions of cycling activists, while expressions of changes in the culture of local mobility. The second was structured with the goal of comprehending the sociocultural and economical profile of transportational cyclists in Piracicaba, their motivations, representations, habits, demands, and perceptions on urban landscape. The third was aimed at characterizing the environmental conditions where transportational cycling practice takes place in Piracicaba. The study shows that the culture of local mobility has been structured according to the road users public policies adopted by the city which have implied in successive urban interventions discouraging the use of non-motorized and collective modes of transportation. Nevertheless, bicycles have never been forgotten by workers and students. Environmental characteristics such as rugged terrain and warm weather in the city are no obstacles to the cycling practice of transportational cycling or even to the construction of bicycle-friendly city5. 4 Transportational cycling comprehends any cycling mode, which is not primary practiced for physical exercises, recreation or sports (...). It is the most common type of cycling in the world. Utility or \"transportational\" cycling generally involves short and medium routes. It includes commuting, going to school, to university and/or the delivery of goods and services. (Source: blog Amigos do Pedal Belo Jardim. Available at http://cdcamigosdopedalj.blogspot.com.br/ 2011/12/ciclismo-utilitario.html. Acesse on June 25th, 2013). 5 Cycling-friendly city is a term used by several urban mobility cycling activists and specialists. For Ricardo Corrêa, TC Urbes\' partner, consulting enterprise on sustainable mobility, the city is cyclingfriendly when the bicycle is no longer a means of transportation and becomes an alternative to transport, as cars, collective transportation, and walking. (SOURCE: VO2 Magazine, n#81, June 2012).

Esta dissertação propõe um modelo tecnológico de automação para realização de pesquisas no setor do transporte público, com o objetivo de contribuir para o aprimoramento da coleta de dados, avaliação e manutenção da qualidade dos serviços prestados à população. O trabalho justifica-se pela necessidade de superação de lacunas existentes para obtenção de informações, o que repercute na gestão do sistema de transporte público como um todo. Devido à relevância crescente do tema da mobilidade urbana e os impactos que provoca na qualidade de vida das pessoas, o objeto de estudo escolhido foram os deslocamentos dos passageiros por meio do uso de ônibus na cidade de São Paulo. O modelo proposto integra a tecnologia de identificação por radiofrequência (RFID - Radio Frequency IDentification), em cartões inteligentes, utilizados atualmente para pagar a tarifa, com tecnologias de rastreamento da frota, que, por meio de GPS (Global Position Systems), fornecem informações sobre os locais de circulação dos ônibus. Os resultados obtidos mostram que esta integração pode resolver os problemas da falta de precisão no levantamento de dados sobre os locais onde são iniciadas e finalizadas as viagens de passageiros, bem como tornar sistemáticos os levantamentos de tais dados, sem necessidade de pesquisas manuais, o que representa economia de recursos. Constitui uma proposta inovadora com grande utilidade para ampliar as condições que favorecem a mobilidade urbana e é convergente no desenvolvimento de cidades inteligentes. / This dissertation proposes a technological model for automation for conducting surveys in the public transport sector, in order to contribute to the improvement of data collection, evaluation and maintenance of quality of services rendered to the population. The work is justified by the need to overcome gaps for obtaining information, which affects the management of the public transport system as a whole. Due to the increasing relevance of the issue of urban mobility and its impact on quality of life, the chosen object of study were the passenger movements through the bus use in the city of São Paulo. The proposed model integrates the radio frequency identification technology - RFID, on smart cards currently used to pay the fare, with fleet tracking technologies, which, through GPS (Global Position Systems), provide information on the bus traffic locations. The results show that this integration can solve the problems of lack of precision in data about where passenger trips are initiated and completed as well as make systematic withdrawals of such data without the need for manual searches, saving features. It is an innovative proposal with great use to expand the conditions that improve urban mobility and is convergent to the development of smart cities.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-03-24T17:54:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALESSANDRA ARGENTON SCIOTA.pdf: 14278315 bytes, checksum: 7b50c1b9e4fde7b265c67cf68b0d8a21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T17:54:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALESSANDRA ARGENTON SCIOTA.pdf: 14278315 bytes, checksum: 7b50c1b9e4fde7b265c67cf68b0d8a21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas ? PUC Campinas / The present thesis aims to problematize the gated communities model (produced in Brazil as condominium and closed parceling, among others), named here by ?closed urban nucleus?, and to construct arguments to questioning the effects generated by these communities closed by walls. It is the hypothesis that is possible to measure the impact of this model taking with categories of analysis of the changing in the urban landscape, in the urban mobility and in the integration to the urban dynamic. Using the objective criteria associated to urban morphology, the valuation of the effects caused by this model reproduction, alone or in group, intend to cause the creation of arguments that sustain technically the oppose to this model, criticized for different areas of knowledge. Throughout the process of this study, has been developed a method to read the effects caused by these ?closed urban nucleus? in the city. The punctuation criteria established to evaluate the resultant effects of this urban design permit problematize and question the limits of this urban development model. This research analyzed 85 ?closed urban nucleus? located at Valinhos, belonging to Campinas Metropolitan Region, S?o Paulo State. / A presente tese tem por objetivo problematizar o modelo dos empreendimentos imobili?rios que se fecham entre muros (conhecidos como condom?nios horizontais e loteamentos fechados, entre outros) e denominados aqui de n?cleos urbanos fechados e construir argumentos no questionamento quanto aos efeitos gerados por esses empreendimentos. Tem-se como hip?tese que ? poss?vel medir o impacto deste modelo, a partir do conceito de morfologia urbana, tomando como categorias de an?lises as transforma??es provocadas na paisagem urbana, na mobilidade urbana e na integra??o ? din?mica urbana. Por meio de crit?rios objetivos e relacionados ? morfologia urbana, a valora??o dos efeitos causados pelo empreendimento, de forma isolada ou em conjunto, visa provocar a constru??o de argumentos que suportem tecnicamente o enfrentamento a este modelo de urbaniza??o, criticado por diferentes ?reas do conhecimento. Ao longo do trabalho foi-se desenvolvendo um m?todo de leitura dos efeitos causados pelos n?cleos urbanos fechados na cidade. Os crit?rios de pontua??o estabelecidos para valorar os efeitos resultantes do desenho urbano implantado permitem problematizar e questionar os limites desse modelo de ocupa??o. S?o analisados 85 n?cleos urbanos fechados no munic?pio de Valinhos, pertencente a Regi?o Metropolitana de Campinas no estado de S?o Paulo.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-04-06T18:44:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RENATA COVISI PEREIRA.pdf: 1582187 bytes, checksum: ba134ebb5f044e24a48b61942a2c7db5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T18:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RENATA COVISI PEREIRA.pdf: 1582187 bytes, checksum: ba134ebb5f044e24a48b61942a2c7db5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-17 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas - PUC - Campinas / The concept of sustainability can be applied to the various forms of relationship between man and his habitat. The displacements of people and goods are aspects of the living conditions in the cities and their unfolding, representing part of this association. The process of urbanization and the widespread growth of the cities interfere with these displacements, causing problems in urban mobility. The collective urban transport, which can be an alternative to boost mobility and reduce the use of individual transport, has been weakened and scrapped by policies that go against sustainability. The use of fossil fuel, a consequence of the road transportation option for people and goods, is known as one of the main causes for pollution. In this context, the intense use of motorized transport makes it necessary to deepen the debate on sustainable urban mobility. The main purpose of this research is to discuss sustainable urban mobility, focusing on collective public transportation, its social and economic effects and the environmental impacts of different types of fuel. To achieve this goal, different methods will be used: bibliographic research, elaboration of an index of sustainable urban mobility and Full Cost Accounting Evaluation. These should help answering the following question: Can sustainable urban mobility be achieved by expanding and improving collective urban transport, with the use of renewable fuels (biodiesel and electricity) replacing fossil fuels (diesel) a being good alternative for these advances? As results we found that, in the city of Campinas, sustainable mobility has been negatively affected by the indiscriminate use of individual motorized vehicles, the consumption of fossil fuels, and by the constant increase of the fleet. Finally, from the comparison carried through the Full Cost Accounting Evaluation, it can be observed that the use of electric-powered buses, when compared to diesel and biodiesel, is the best alternative in all three dimensions of sustainability, specially in the environmental dimension. / O conceito de sustentabilidade pode ser aplicado ?s diversas formas de rela??o entre o homem e seu habitat. Os deslocamentos de pessoas e mercadorias s?o aspectos das condi??es de vida nas cidades e seus desdobramentos, representando parcela dessa associa??o. O processo de urbaniza??o e a amplia??o da ?rea ocupada pelas cidades dificultam esses deslocamentos, causando problemas na mobilidade urbana. O transporte coletivo urbano, que pode ser uma alternativa para dinamizar a mobilidade e reduzir a utiliza??o do transporte individual, tem sido enfraquecido e sucateado por pol?ticas que v?o na contram?o da sustentabilidade. O uso de combust?veis f?sseis, consequ?ncia da op??o pelo transporte rodovi?rio de pessoas e mercadorias, ? conhecido como uma das principais causas da polui??o atmosf?rica. Nesse contexto, o intenso uso de transporte motorizado torna necess?rio aprofundar o debate sobre a mobilidade urbana sustent?vel. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa ? discutir a mobilidade urbana sustent?vel, com foco no transporte p?blico coletivo, seus efeitos sociais, econ?micos e os impactos ambientais dos diferentes tipos de combust?vel. Para isso ser?o utilizados diferentes m?todos: pesquisa bibliogr?fica, elabora??o de um ?ndice de mobilidade urbana sustent?vel e Avalia??o de Custos Completos. Estes dever?o auxiliar na resposta ? seguinte quest?o: A mobilidade urbana sustent?vel pode ser alcan?ada por meio da amplia??o e melhoria no transporte coletivo urbano, sendo a utiliza??o de combust?veis renov?veis (biodiesel e eletricidade) em substitui??o aos f?sseis (diesel) uma boa alternativa para esses avan?os? Como resultados temos a indica??o de que, no munic?pio de Campinas, a mobilidade sustent?vel tem sido afetada negativamente pelo uso indiscriminado de ve?culos individuais motorizados, pelo consumo de combust?veis f?sseis, e pelo aumento constante da frota. Por fim, a partir da compara??o por meio da Avalia??o de Custos Completos, pode-se observar que a utiliza??o de ?nibus movidos ? energia el?trica, em compara??o com o diesel e o biodiesel, ? a melhor alternativa nas tr?s dimens?es da sustentabilidade, com destaque para a dimens?o ambiental.