Critical urban studies has shifted in recent years toward a focus on inequality and identity-based tension in developing countries. These theories have evolved alongside pressure for inclusive urban governance that recognizes a right to difference for minorities in cities. In the rapidly urbanizing People's Republic of China, these complex issues threaten the inclusiveness of future development. Ürümqi, the capital city of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), has been the site of social unrest between the Han Chinese majority and the Uyghur minority for more than a century. Economic growth and urbanization have resulted in increasing inequality and tensions between Han and Uyghur people that periodically erupt in violence, as did in Ürümqi in July of 2009. These tensions are complicated by the socio-economic marginalization of minorities, and the exclusion of the overall population from urban governance processes. Following the July 2009 riots, the Xinjiang government expressed willingness for more inclusive urban development; however the local government lacks the necessary tools to facilitate participation, and as such resident perceptions go unheard. This study adapts critical urban theory and Chinese political thought for the non-democratic context of Ürümqi, China. The perceptions of local residents are evaluated using a questionnaire and focus groups, through which it is shown that resident perceptions and use of urban space are heavily affected by ethnic identity. This, coupled with the banning of Uyghur cultural practices and exclusion of residents from public affairs, exacerbates urban inequalities and identity-based tension. It is important that critical urban studies take residents' inability to participate in urban governance processes (particularly in non-democratic contexts) into account when studying the link between identity and urban space.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 乙第13106号 / 論地博第21号 / 新制||地||81(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 清水 展, 教授 小泉 順子, 教授 Hau,Caroline Sy / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

<p> This paper focuses on the process of state intervention in the urban space economy. The circulation of capital in and its effect on urban space provide the context for the analysis of the intervention process. Particular attention is paid to the circulation of property capital and urban finance capital which are directly involved in capital formation in urban space. The model of the state formulated by Claus Offe forms the basis for establishing the relationship between the function and internal operation of the state and the conditions arising from capital circulation. By linking the model of capitalist urbanism with the model of the capitalist state a framework was created for the analysis and evaluation of state action. The components of the framework are capital circulation, the logic of urban planning and mechanisms governing the internal operation of the state. Socialized management and collective production are intervention strategies analyzed within the framework, and are shown to be sources of contradiction and crisis.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

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No / This output represents Allen's contribution to the Bradford Grid exhibition at Bradford Gallery 2 (30 July - 03 September 2006). Bradford Grid is a project sponsored by the Arts Council for England (ACE) and aims to find innovative ways of documenting photographically Bradford's rapidly changing urban landscape. The physical outputs here represent the catalogue for that exhibition and an early version of a book produced by the project. Allen's work is documented in both. All of the previous ouputs rest on the representation of space at different levels of granularity. At the very baseline it is only through the visual representation of space itself that informed judgements can be made about the representation of space, whether this is descriptive or performative in nature. Therefore, practice-based approaches to the representation of space - through photography and digital imaging ¿ are an integral and necessary aspect to this researcher¿s way of working and constitute a central part of his output. The exhibition work represented in this output is part of a significant archive documenting the visual and spatial aspects of the urban environment. This work, as a creative manifestation of the researcher¿s output, is by its very nature multimodal and is both a contribution to the analysis of urban space from a distinctly multimodal perspective; it is also a departure away from it. Whilst the visual analysis of urban space fits very neatly into the multimodal perspective it is also something of an innovation in terms of the use of digital technologies in recording an ever increasingly technologized urban landscape. The longitudinal nature of this work means that transformations in the urban environment can be recorded and analysed and ultimately fed into an approach to the built environment as a visual and multimodal text. / Arts Council for England (ACE)

Anxiety Disorders are the most common mental illness in the United States. While nearly 18% of Americans will experience an anxiety disorder within any given year, only one-third of those will receive treatment. Current mental health treatment facilities must navigate opposing needs for both awareness and access as well as privacy and respite. This thesis explores the ability of architecture to influence emotion and mediate between opposites through the design of a community anxiety treatment center in the heart of Old Town Alexandria, VA. The building combines community services, outpatient treatment, and in-patient treatment under one roof. Rather than a treatment facility that is removed from the city, the center is placed within an urban community, creating increased awareness and access to treatment as well as an expanded care journey through community connectivity. The building itself mediates between urban and therapeutic space, sequentially removing patients from urban stimuli as they move through increasing levels of treatment. As patients recover and begin to return to the city itself, the building gradually reintroduces them to the urban environment. Post-treatment, the location in Alexandria, VA allows patients to continue recovery through community support groups and activities. / Master of Architecture

L’espace urbain s’avère être un système complexe grâce aux interactions entre les composants de chaque milieu. L’homme n’est qu’un des multiples éléments de ce système mais il assume, en même temps, une posture singulière face aux autres composantes du fait de sa capacité à imaginer le futur. Cette condition lui a permis, à travers des outils de projection, d’orienter les transformations des milieux qu’il habite en décidant d’y soutenir ou d’y nier ces interactions. Pendant le XXème siècle, l’espace urbain de la ville européenne a été transformé à travers des projets urbains incarnant une idée de liberté. A partir de ces projets, l’espace urbain paraît subir des dissociations entre les acteurs, entre les outils de projection et le territoire et, enfin, entre les espaces physiques. Les résultats de processus de dissociations semblent être des espaces-fissures capables de faire émerger des métamorphoses par adaptation des milieux. Si la figure de l’intermilieux représente ces régénérations métaphysiques et physiques de la ville, le dispositif intermilieux en décrit l’approche opérationnelle basée sur le partage et l’expérimentation du projet urbain ouvert. La ville de Milan représente un champ d’investigation passionnant à cet égard. L’enquête menée dans ce territoire, la confrontation avec les acteurs impliqués, l’observation directe des lieux et de leur condition spatiale ont permis de faire émerger la diversification des expérimentations. Si in-situ, le dispositif intermilieux s’adapte en produisant des projets urbains ouverts, une contamination vertueuse se réalise entre ces projets en générant des réseaux trans-situ, des constellations cartographiques. / Urban space proves to be a complex system thanks to the interactions between the various components of each environment. Man is only one of the many elements of this system, but at the same time he assumes a singular position against the other components because of his ability to imagine the future. This condition allows him, through projection tools, to guide the transformations of the environments he inhabits by deciding to support or deny these interactions. During the twentieth century, the urban space of the European city was transformed through urban projects embodying an idea of ​​freedom. From these projects, the urban space seems to undergo dissociations between the actors, between the projection tools and the territory and, finally, between the physical spaces. The results of dissociation processes seem to be fissured spaces capable of bringing about a metamorphosis through the adaptation of the environment. If the figure of the intermilieux represents these metaphysical and physical regenerations of the city, the intermilieux apparatus describes the operational approach based on the sharing and the experimentation of the open urban project. Milan is an exciting field of investigation in this respect. The survey conducted in this territory, the confrontation with the actors involved, and the direct observation of the places and their spatial condition, made it possible to bring out the diversification of the experiments. If in-situ, the intermilieux apparatus adapts itself by producing open urban projects, a virtuous contamination is realized between these projects and these transformations by generating trans-situ networks, the cartographic constellations.

Esta tese investiga as correlações existentes entre os ciclos econômicos (enfatizando a localização das atividades econômicas motrizes) e os ciclos espaciais urbanos (entendidos como as “ondas” de construção da cidade). Aracaju, capital do estado de Sergipe, Brasil, foi escolhida como estudo de caso por apresentar especificidades em sua trajetória urbana e econômica. Em síntese, a cidade foi implantada em 1855, sob um planejamento inicial que se restringia a definição do traçado das ruas e ao código de posturas. As grandes áreas de mangue e regiões alagadiças não permitiram a expansão urbana com a tecnologia da época e com as condições financeiras do estado, o resultado foi uma cidade compacta. Com a descoberta do petróleo em Sergipe, na década de 1960, ocorreu o deslocamento dos escritórios da Região Nordeste de Petróleo de Maceió para Aracaju, decisão que trouxe novos funcionários a cidade, com remuneração maior que a média dos moradores até então e representando quase 10% da população da capital. Com a justificativa de fornecer infraestrutura física, diversas mudanças ocorreram. O resultado observa-se na expansão e fragmentação urbana. As áreas de concentração de atividade econômica motriz mudaram a paisagem. A área da antiga atividade motriz industrial, degradou-se e atualmente está em lento processo de requalificação urbana e “re”dinamização econômica. Nas áreas próximas à concentração de atividades de comércio e serviços surgem diversas “ilhas de crescimento”. Em áreas onde esta concentração de atividades de comércio e serviços gera externalidades negativas, ocorre o esvaziamento residencial. O processo verificado é apresentado como compatível com duas dinâmicas: a do ambiente construído como palco para a urbanização do capital e, a de atração-repulsão que pode existir na relação entre atividades diferentes. Para abordar o tema proposto, optou-se por uma análise baseada em partes de quatro teorias (HARVEY, 1985; WHEATON, 1987; ABRAMO, 2001 a, b; KRAFTA, 1992), que tratam o ambiente construído como elemento central da dinâmica do capitalismo associado: à constante criação de novas localizações como elemento de inovação, à reconstrução da parte interna das cidades através da substituição, visando maior lucratividade (WHEATON, 1982), à estratégia que a construção civil utiliza para convencer as famílias a mudarem para determinados locais – convenção urbana (ABRAMO, 2001a) e, às diferenciações locacionais que emanam da configuração urbana (KRAFTA, 1994 a, b). A partir deste arcabouço teórico foi proposta uma metodologia em que se buscou identificar e analisar: (i) cada ciclo econômico dentro do período de 1940 a 2008, e; (ii) os ciclos espaciais urbanos, nas áreas onde ocorreu a localização das atividades econômicas motrizes. A proposta de identificação e análise dos ciclos econômicos englobou os dados de cada atividade econômica (o número de pessoas ocupadas por atividade e a contribuição de cada atividade na composição do PIB municipal). A proposta de identificação e análise dos ciclos espaciais urbanos englobou características: (i) das mudanças no uso do solo e no perfil de renda do morador, (ii) da análise configuracional, e; (iii) das inovações construtivas (verticalidade-densidade e padrão-tipologia). O resultado do trabalho empírico evidenciou a diminuição do gap entre os ciclos econômicos de comércio e serviços e os ciclos espaciais urbanos. O conjunto das análises dos dois ciclos e suas correlações forneceu dados para uma leitura do trabalho empírico em convergência com o arcabouço teórico proposto. Conclui-se que na parte teórica do estudo, houve eficácia das teorias para a análise proposta ao processo urbano. A parte metodológica mostrou-se eficaz na identificação e análise das correlações, embora não se tenha obtido alguns dados para elaboração de determinadas correlações que possibilitariam maior número de dados para a medição do gap. Ressalta-se, porém, que a metodologia evidenciou a tendência de diminuição do gap entre os ciclos, confirmando a hipótese levantada pela tese, e; identificou as correlações entre os ciclos econômicos e espaciais urbanos, ou seja, apresentou as correlações entre o local de concentração das atividades econômicas motrizes industriais e de comércio e serviços e, as mudanças urbanas (nas tipologias construídas, nas densidades construtivas e populacionais e, nos perfis de renda do morador), alcançando-se assim o objetivo proposto. / This thesis investigates the correlations between economic cycles (emphasizing the location of the main economic activity) and urban spatial cycles (understood as the "waves" of construction of the city). Aracaju, capital of the Sergipe State, Brazil was chosen as a case study by presenting specific characteristics in its urban and economic trajectory. In summary, the town was implanted in 1855, under an initial planning that restricted the definition of the layout of the streets and the code of postures. The large mangrove areas and flood plains regions have not allowed urban sprawl with the technology of that epoch and with the financial conditions of the State, which resulted in a compact city. With the discovery of oil in Sergipe, in the 1960‟s, the displacement of the offices of the Northeastern Region of Petroleum from Maceió to Aracaju happened, decision that brought new employees to the city, with remuneration greater than the average of the residents until then and representing almost 10% of the population of the capital. With the justification of providing physical infrastructure, several changes occurred. The result is noted in urban expansion and urban fragmentation. The areas of concentration of the main economic activity have changed the landscape. The area of the old main industrial activity has been degraded and is currently in the slow process of urban develop and economic dynamics. In areas close to the activity concentration of trade and services appear several “islands of growth” In areas where this concentration of trade and services appear several generates negative externalities occurs emptying residential. The process verified is presented as compatible with two dynamic: the built environment as a place for the urbanization of capital and of attraction-repulsion that may exist in the relation between different activities. Regarding the approached proposed theme, it was chosen an analysis based on parts of four theories (HARVEY, 1985; WHEATON, 1987; ABRAMO, 2001 a, b; KRAFTA, 1992), dealing with the environment constructed as a central element of the dynamics of capitalism associated: to the constant creation of new locations as an element of innovation, to the reconstruction of the inner part of the cities by replacing, focusing at increased profitability (WHEATON, 1982), to the strategy that the real estate market uses to convince families to move to certain places – Urban Convention (ABRAMO, 2001a), and to the differentiations locational as a result from urban location (KRAFTA, 1994 a, b). Taking this theoretical skeleton into account, it was proposed a methodology where it was tried to find to identify and analyze: (i) each economic cycle within the period from 1940 to 2008; (ii) the urban space cycles, in areas where there was the location of main economic activity. The proposal for the identification and analysis of economic cycles involved the data of each economic activity (the number of persons employed by activity and the contribution of each activity in the composition of GDP). The proposal for the identification and analysis of urban spatial cycles involved characteristics: (i) of changes in land use and income of a resident profile, (ii), of the constructive innovations, (iii) of configurational language (verticality-density and pattern-typology). The result of empirical study showed the decrease in the gap between economic cycles and commercial services and urban spatial cycles. The group of analyses of the two cycles and their correlations provided data for a reading of empirical in convergence with the proposed theoretical framework. It is concluded that in the theoretical part of the study, there were effectiveness of theories for analyzing the proposal to the urban process. The methodological part proved effective in the identification and analysis of the correlations, although there has obtained some data to the production of certain correlations that would make possible a greater number of data for the measurement of the gap. Points out, however, that the methodology showed the declining trend of the gap between cycles, confirming the hypothesis raised by thesis, and; identified correlations between economic cycles and urban space, is presented the correlations between the concentration of the main economic activity (industrial, services) and urban changes (in typologies built, in constructive and population densities, and income of resident profiles), reaching the proposed goal.

Esta tese investiga as correlações existentes entre os ciclos econômicos (enfatizando a localização das atividades econômicas motrizes) e os ciclos espaciais urbanos (entendidos como as “ondas” de construção da cidade). Aracaju, capital do estado de Sergipe, Brasil, foi escolhida como estudo de caso por apresentar especificidades em sua trajetória urbana e econômica. Em síntese, a cidade foi implantada em 1855, sob um planejamento inicial que se restringia a definição do traçado das ruas e ao código de posturas. As grandes áreas de mangue e regiões alagadiças não permitiram a expansão urbana com a tecnologia da época e com as condições financeiras do estado, o resultado foi uma cidade compacta. Com a descoberta do petróleo em Sergipe, na década de 1960, ocorreu o deslocamento dos escritórios da Região Nordeste de Petróleo de Maceió para Aracaju, decisão que trouxe novos funcionários a cidade, com remuneração maior que a média dos moradores até então e representando quase 10% da população da capital. Com a justificativa de fornecer infraestrutura física, diversas mudanças ocorreram. O resultado observa-se na expansão e fragmentação urbana. As áreas de concentração de atividade econômica motriz mudaram a paisagem. A área da antiga atividade motriz industrial, degradou-se e atualmente está em lento processo de requalificação urbana e “re”dinamização econômica. Nas áreas próximas à concentração de atividades de comércio e serviços surgem diversas “ilhas de crescimento”. Em áreas onde esta concentração de atividades de comércio e serviços gera externalidades negativas, ocorre o esvaziamento residencial. O processo verificado é apresentado como compatível com duas dinâmicas: a do ambiente construído como palco para a urbanização do capital e, a de atração-repulsão que pode existir na relação entre atividades diferentes. Para abordar o tema proposto, optou-se por uma análise baseada em partes de quatro teorias (HARVEY, 1985; WHEATON, 1987; ABRAMO, 2001 a, b; KRAFTA, 1992), que tratam o ambiente construído como elemento central da dinâmica do capitalismo associado: à constante criação de novas localizações como elemento de inovação, à reconstrução da parte interna das cidades através da substituição, visando maior lucratividade (WHEATON, 1982), à estratégia que a construção civil utiliza para convencer as famílias a mudarem para determinados locais – convenção urbana (ABRAMO, 2001a) e, às diferenciações locacionais que emanam da configuração urbana (KRAFTA, 1994 a, b). A partir deste arcabouço teórico foi proposta uma metodologia em que se buscou identificar e analisar: (i) cada ciclo econômico dentro do período de 1940 a 2008, e; (ii) os ciclos espaciais urbanos, nas áreas onde ocorreu a localização das atividades econômicas motrizes. A proposta de identificação e análise dos ciclos econômicos englobou os dados de cada atividade econômica (o número de pessoas ocupadas por atividade e a contribuição de cada atividade na composição do PIB municipal). A proposta de identificação e análise dos ciclos espaciais urbanos englobou características: (i) das mudanças no uso do solo e no perfil de renda do morador, (ii) da análise configuracional, e; (iii) das inovações construtivas (verticalidade-densidade e padrão-tipologia). O resultado do trabalho empírico evidenciou a diminuição do gap entre os ciclos econômicos de comércio e serviços e os ciclos espaciais urbanos. O conjunto das análises dos dois ciclos e suas correlações forneceu dados para uma leitura do trabalho empírico em convergência com o arcabouço teórico proposto. Conclui-se que na parte teórica do estudo, houve eficácia das teorias para a análise proposta ao processo urbano. A parte metodológica mostrou-se eficaz na identificação e análise das correlações, embora não se tenha obtido alguns dados para elaboração de determinadas correlações que possibilitariam maior número de dados para a medição do gap. Ressalta-se, porém, que a metodologia evidenciou a tendência de diminuição do gap entre os ciclos, confirmando a hipótese levantada pela tese, e; identificou as correlações entre os ciclos econômicos e espaciais urbanos, ou seja, apresentou as correlações entre o local de concentração das atividades econômicas motrizes industriais e de comércio e serviços e, as mudanças urbanas (nas tipologias construídas, nas densidades construtivas e populacionais e, nos perfis de renda do morador), alcançando-se assim o objetivo proposto. / This thesis investigates the correlations between economic cycles (emphasizing the location of the main economic activity) and urban spatial cycles (understood as the "waves" of construction of the city). Aracaju, capital of the Sergipe State, Brazil was chosen as a case study by presenting specific characteristics in its urban and economic trajectory. In summary, the town was implanted in 1855, under an initial planning that restricted the definition of the layout of the streets and the code of postures. The large mangrove areas and flood plains regions have not allowed urban sprawl with the technology of that epoch and with the financial conditions of the State, which resulted in a compact city. With the discovery of oil in Sergipe, in the 1960‟s, the displacement of the offices of the Northeastern Region of Petroleum from Maceió to Aracaju happened, decision that brought new employees to the city, with remuneration greater than the average of the residents until then and representing almost 10% of the population of the capital. With the justification of providing physical infrastructure, several changes occurred. The result is noted in urban expansion and urban fragmentation. The areas of concentration of the main economic activity have changed the landscape. The area of the old main industrial activity has been degraded and is currently in the slow process of urban develop and economic dynamics. In areas close to the activity concentration of trade and services appear several “islands of growth” In areas where this concentration of trade and services appear several generates negative externalities occurs emptying residential. The process verified is presented as compatible with two dynamic: the built environment as a place for the urbanization of capital and of attraction-repulsion that may exist in the relation between different activities. Regarding the approached proposed theme, it was chosen an analysis based on parts of four theories (HARVEY, 1985; WHEATON, 1987; ABRAMO, 2001 a, b; KRAFTA, 1992), dealing with the environment constructed as a central element of the dynamics of capitalism associated: to the constant creation of new locations as an element of innovation, to the reconstruction of the inner part of the cities by replacing, focusing at increased profitability (WHEATON, 1982), to the strategy that the real estate market uses to convince families to move to certain places – Urban Convention (ABRAMO, 2001a), and to the differentiations locational as a result from urban location (KRAFTA, 1994 a, b). Taking this theoretical skeleton into account, it was proposed a methodology where it was tried to find to identify and analyze: (i) each economic cycle within the period from 1940 to 2008; (ii) the urban space cycles, in areas where there was the location of main economic activity. The proposal for the identification and analysis of economic cycles involved the data of each economic activity (the number of persons employed by activity and the contribution of each activity in the composition of GDP). The proposal for the identification and analysis of urban spatial cycles involved characteristics: (i) of changes in land use and income of a resident profile, (ii), of the constructive innovations, (iii) of configurational language (verticality-density and pattern-typology). The result of empirical study showed the decrease in the gap between economic cycles and commercial services and urban spatial cycles. The group of analyses of the two cycles and their correlations provided data for a reading of empirical in convergence with the proposed theoretical framework. It is concluded that in the theoretical part of the study, there were effectiveness of theories for analyzing the proposal to the urban process. The methodological part proved effective in the identification and analysis of the correlations, although there has obtained some data to the production of certain correlations that would make possible a greater number of data for the measurement of the gap. Points out, however, that the methodology showed the declining trend of the gap between cycles, confirming the hypothesis raised by thesis, and; identified correlations between economic cycles and urban space, is presented the correlations between the concentration of the main economic activity (industrial, services) and urban changes (in typologies built, in constructive and population densities, and income of resident profiles), reaching the proposed goal.