Lärare använder IKT i olika utsträckning i verksamheten och de har olika kompetens när det gäller hur verktygen ska användas (Skolverket 2009). Kompetens och kunskapssyn är två begrepp som är nära förbundna. Lärarens kunskapssyn påverkar hur verktygen används i verksamheten och kompetensen påverkar om läraren kan använda verktygen på rätt sätt för att skapa möjligheter till lärande. I uppsatsen studeras lärarens kunskapssyn och hur den påverkar undervisningen med IKT.    Frågeställningar:     Hur kommer kunskapssyner till uttryck i lärarens undervisning med IKT?   I uppsatsen görs en litteraturstudie av ett urval av studier som tolkats utifrån hur syner på kunskap kommer till uttryck genom lärarens undervisning med IKT. Det finns verktyg och metoder som bygger på sociokulturellt lärande, t.ex. CSCL verktyg och Write to Learn metoden, verktyg som bygger på behaviorism, CAI, och verktyg eller metoder som bygger på den pragmatiska kunskapssynen, utforskande av kunskap genom Inquiry. I resultaten framgår att kunskapssynerna kommer till uttryck med IKT verktyg och metoder när behavioristiska verktyg används i verksamheten men i mindre omfattning när verktyg och metoder som bygger på andra kunskapssyner används. Ett par faktorer framkommer i resultaten som påverkar om kunskapssynerna kommer till uttryck. Dessa faktorer är lärarens kompetens och förmåga att använda digitala verktyg.

This study has been undertaken using an interpretive methodology in order to examine the socially constructed views of Saudi EFL teachers and their decision-making with regards to the appropriate cultural models for EFL textbooks in Saudi public schools. The study also examines the factors affecting the teachers’ views and how they apply their beliefs in their classrooms. In addition, the study will also examine if the Saudi EFL teachers have any concerns about what they have been through and examined and accordingly investigates how they address their pedagogical decision-making in the classroom. Moreover, this study is interested in looking at EFL teachers as local teachers teaching a global language. In view of the exploratory nature of this study and its context-specificity, the naturalistic orientation of interpretive and social constructivism as an epistemological stance were selected. The research design employed a concurrent mixed methods design using an adapted version of Cresswell (1996). In this study, the participants were Saudi Arabian EFL teachers from one city in Saudi Arabia teaching in all of the three public education levels (primary, intermediate and secondary). The data collected were both qualitative (interviews and open-ended questionnaires) and quantitative (close-ended questionnaires). For the interviews, 14 male and female teachers equally interviewed, whereas for the questionnaires 280 male and female participated. The data collection of both data qualitative and quantitative occurred at the same time during my field journey in 2009 in Saudi Arabia. I used the SPSS descriptive statistics for the analysing the quantitative data and used exploratory content analysis for the qualitative data. The study findings revealed that the Saudi EFL teachers were not satisfied with the cultural content currently promoted in the Textbooks as they inappropriately contradict the local cultural values. Thus, they believe that for a better cultural content, the textbooks should therefore include a mixture of different cultures that do not mismatch with the local. And as they are controlled by some educational and social factors, they are limited to practice what they think is appropriate to apply in the classroom, therefore, their decision-making in this regards to some extent are to be controlled. In addition, the findings of the current study revealed that the Saudi EFL teachers show their openness to other cultures based on their glocal position as local Saudis teaching a global language. The conclusion of the study has some suggestion and implications to improve the cultural content of the EFL textbooks as well as implications for the EFL teachers in general and their practices and decision-making with regards to the textbook. Furthermore, the study proposed a model for the appropriate EFL textbooks for each educational level and can be applied locally in the Saudi context and globally for other similar context around the world.

The main theme of this thesis is the isue of leases and its treatment in International Financial Reporting Standards. The thesis is devided into five parts. The first part is devoted to basic characteristics of the lease, its structure and historical development. The third part focuses on convergence of IFRS and US GAAP in leases. This section contains a summary of the opinions contained in Discussion Paper and decisions made at meetings of the IASB and the FASB after publishing of Discussion Paper. The fourth part deals with practical application of the rules contained in IAS 17 at real lease contract. The last part is devoted to research of implementation of disclosure requirements specified in IAS 17.

This project examines and compares the political philosophies supporting the centralized authority of monarchs elaborated by two major figures of antiquity, Mèngzǐ (Mencius, 372-289 BC) of the Warring States period in China, and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Μαρκος Αυρηλιος Αντωνινος, 121-180 AD) of the later Roman Empire. The texts that have transmitted the ideas of these two men--the Mèngzǐ and the Meditations--have shaped the political actions of rulers, as well as the ideas and ideals of political theorists, from their formation down to the present day. Each thinker made substantial claims concerning the role of a philosophically-oriented monarch in actualizing governance that is both benevolent and beneficent under a form of absolute authority. The present study will compare basic principles of Mèngzǐ's and Marcus's political philosophies as they relate to monarchical rule expressed in those two classic works, and draw from these principles to create a new criterion in political philosophy that can be used to critique contemporary political arrangements characterized by strong centralization of power. This project will not be a polemic for monarchy or strongly centralized political governments; it is an exploration into political philosophical principles advocated by Marcus and Mèngzǐ, demonstrating how rulers in strongly centralized political institutions can exercise their power in ways that result in good for the people, and how principles advocated by Marcus and Mèngzǐ can be transformed into a criterion for practical application in contemporary political settings, without having to resort to political philosophical principles popular in most Anglo-European contexts.

[pt] A pesquisa descreve e analisa os processos de construção e reconstrução das visões de mundo e dos projetos de trabalhadores técnicos de nível médio em seu diálogo com a dinâmica cultural da sociedade na modernidade tardia. Foram entrevistados 20 técnicos de nível médio (16 homens e 4 mulheres), alguns recorrentemente, ao longo de três anos. Foram entrevistados ainda alguns pais e mães e visitadas algumas residências, locais de trabalho e espaços de lazer desses técnicos. Com foco nas concepções dos sujeitos, procurou-se identificar, descrever e interpretar o diálogo desses sujeitos, oriundos de diferentes contextos sócio- culturais, com os padrões culturais e disciplinares modernos encontrados, em diferentes graus e formas, nas famílias, vizinhança, escolas, empresas e nos espaços de sociabilidade e lazer. A pesquisa constatou que, ainda que inseridos no modelo mais geral de homem burguês, os técnicos, tanto os oriundos dos setores populares quanto de setores médios, apresentam universos simbólicos particulares, compostos, de forma híbrida, de práticas e representações selecionados de diferentes grupos sócio- culturais, em função dos eixos articuladores de seus projetos. Inúmeros fatores são descortinados como elementos que orientam tal seleção, desde as configurações familiares e as condições de vida até as características pessoais, passando ainda pelas instituições e práticas vivenciadas. As conclusões do estudo apontam para a clássica tensão entre sujeito, subjetividade e identidade, de um lado e racionalidade, universalidade e vida social de outro, equacionada de diversas maneiras nos vários grupos culturais. No caso dos técnicos investigados foi identificada uma tendência ao favorecimento do pólo da racionalidade, em detrimento do pólo da subjetividade, nas instituições acessadas ao longo de suas trajetórias de vida, como a escola profissional, os sindicatos, as universidades e as empresas. Mas tal tendência não é única e dialoga tensa e intensamente com os valores oriundos da cultura popular através de instituições como a família e a religião, e de espaços como a vizinhança e as redes de sociabilidade. Nesse quadro complexo, os técnicos constroem suas visões de mundo e projetos, plenos de limites mas também de possibilidades. / [en] This research describes and analyses the construction and reconstruction process of secondary level skilled workers world views in their dialogue on the cultural dynamics of the late modern society. The data was collected through interviews with twenty secondary level skilled workers ( sixteen men and four women) some of them for three years following their life histories. Some of the workers´ fathers and mothers were also interviewed in their homes. Interviews also took place at work and in their places of leisure. Focusing on the subjects´ perceptions, the research tried to identify, describe and interpret the dialogue between these workers, which come from different socio-cultural contexts, and the modern cultural and disciplinary patterns encountered in their families, neighborhoods, schools, companies and places of leisure. The research findings show that, belonging to the bourgeois human model, the workers also are influenced by popular groups and also by the middle class. This reveals particular symbolic universes, hybrids, composed with practices and representations chosen from different social groups, institutions and media, and referred in the central elements of their projects. The research also points to various factors which direct these choices, from the familiar configurations to personal peculiarities and the experienced institutions and practices. The conclusions point to the classic tension between the individual, subjectivity and identity, on the one hand and, on the other, rationality, universality and social life - a tension that is differently managed by the various cultural groups. In the case of these workers, a tendency of the institutions accessed by them along their life histories was identified as encouraging the rationality aspects in prejudicing their subjectivity in areas such as educational establishments, trade unions, universities and work place. But this is not the only tendency and the rationality dialogues tensely and intensely with the popular culture values stemming from institutions such as the family and religion and from areas such as the local neighborhood and social networks. In this complex framework the skilled workers compose their world views and projects, full of limits as well as possibilities.

The proposed study intended to identify the public education agenda and the success of implementation of this agenda of four Presidents: Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, William Clinton, and George W. Bush. In addition, the study aimed to indentify if any of the above listed Presidents can be categorized as charismatic leaders as defined by Charismatic Leadership Theory and if this categorization can be linked to the determined success or failure of the agenda implementation. This was done using two research methods, document and content analysis, on such documents as presidential speeches and writings, speeches and writings of the Secretary of Education, biographies and autobiographies, editorials from three major newspapers, writings from people working closely with the Presidents, writing of political analysts, and writing of Senate and House majority leadership. The study found the education agendas of the four presidents, and those education items that were passed by Congress. The study also found that Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Clinton were found to be Charismatic Leaders, while George W. Bush was not. A conclusion was made with this data that there were no connection between Charismatic Leadership Theory and the passage of presidential education agendas. / by Randye Shanfeld. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Esta dissertação dedica-se ao estudo da obra \"Cem Vistas do Monte Fuji\" (Fugaku Hyakkei) (1834-47?), de Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849), pintor japonês do século XVIII-XIX. Trata-se de um livro-imagem (ehon), com cento e duas estampas impressas em preto-e-branco (sumizukuri) e tons de cinza (em sua 1ª edição), produzidas com a técnica da xilogravura japonesa, dentro do estilo ukiyo-e (pinturas do mundo-flutuante). O foco da pesquisa está em (1) estudar os assuntos presentes nas estampas, reconhecendo suas categorias dentro de tópicas tradicionais da pintura japonesa, suas referências temáticas, literárias, mitológicas, religiosas e particularidades; (2) analisar os aspectos temáticos e estéticos, em relação à espacialidade, perspectivas e composições, para identificar e refletir acerca das influências ocidentais, chinesas e da tradição japonesa presentes na obra. Ao final do projeto propõe-se uma revisão de nomenclatura para as vistas do mundo natural (shizen), produzidas por Hokusai, em sua última fase de criação (século XIX) comumente chamadas, pelos especialistas, de sansuiga (pinturas de montanhas-e-águas), no Japão, ou \"pintura de paisagem\", no Ocidente. Para tanto, na primeira parte contextualiza-se a vida e obra do pintor, apresentando brevemente características da sociedade japonesa, do período Edo (1603-1868), o estilo artístico ukiyo-e, a técnica utilizada, os sistemas tradicionais de transmissão de saberes nas artes e os nomes de artistas (go) do pintor, para então realizar um estudo sobre os gêneros \"pintura de paisagem\", da tradição ocidental, e \"pinturas de montanhas-e-águas\", da tradição chinesa (shanshuihua) e japonesa (sansuiga), a fim de compará-los e reconhecer as influências estéticas e temáticas presentes nas estampas do pintor. Na segunda parte analisa-se a obra \"Cem vistas do Monte Fuji\", elencando-se assuntos dentro de tópicas da tradição pictórica japonesa, para que assim fosse possível reconhecer as camadas e composições das estampas, tal como suas referências formais e temáticas, debatidas no primeiro capítulo. Foi realizado, para fins metodológicos, uma classificação em sete categorias, para cada uma delas foram selecionadas algumas imagens que melhor exemplificam temas e tratamentos formais que se pretendeu discutir: (i.) Cenas históricas, figuras mitológicas e lendárias; (ii.) Pinturas de montanhas-e-águas e de flores-e-pássaros; (iii.) Cenas de homens-letrados, de contemplação e de lugares-famosos; (iv.) Cenas de assuntos religiosos; (v.) Cenas de usos-e-costumes, de viajantes e trabalhadores; (vi.) Os disfarces e as linhas do Mt. Fuji; (vii.) Geometria, carpintaria e arquiteturas. / This dissertation is dedicated to the study of \"Hundred Views of Mount Fuji\" (Fugaku Hyakkei) (1834-47?), by Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849), a 18th-19th century Japanese painter. It is a picture-book (ehon), with one hundred and two prints in black-and-white (sumizukuri) and shades of gray (in its 1st edition), produced with the Japanese woodcut technique, in the style of ukiyo-e (floating-world paintings). The focus of the research is to (1) study the subjects present in the prints, recognizing their categories within traditional Japanese painting topics, their thematic, literary, mythological, religious, and particular references; (2) to analyze the thematic and aesthetic aspects, in relation to spatiality, perspectives and compositions, to identify and reflect on the Western, Chinese and Japanese influences present in the work. At the end of the project is proposed a review of nomeclature for the views of the natural world (shizen), produced by Hokusai, in their last phase of creation (19th century) commonly called by experts, sansuiga (mountains-and-waters paintings), in Japan, or landscape painting, in the West. Therefore, the first part contextualizes the work and life of the painter, briefly presenting characteristics of Japanese society in the Edo period (1603-1868), the ukiyo-e artistic style, the technique used, traditional transmission systems of knowledge in arts and the artist\'s names (g) of the painter, to carry out a study of the \"landscape painting\" genres, of the Western tradition, and \"mountains-and-waters paintings\", of the Chinese tradition (shanshuihua) and Japanese (sansuiga) traditions, in order to compare them and to recognize the aesthetic and thematic influences present in the painter\'s prints. In the second part, the work \"Hundred Views of Mount Fuji\" is analyzed, listing subjects within topics of Japanese painting tradition, so that it would be possible to recognize the layers and compositions of the paintings, as well as their formal and thematic references discussed in the first chapter. For methodological purposes, a classification was made in seven categories, for each one of them was selected some images that best exemplified formal themes and treatments that were intended to be discussed: (i) Historical scenes, mythological figures and legendary; (ii.) Mountains-and-waters and flowers-and-birds paintings; (iii.) Scenes of literate men, contemplation and famous-places; (iv.) Scenes of religious subjects; (v.) Scenes of uses-and-customs, travelers and workers; (vi.) Fujis disguises and lines; (vii.) Geometry, carpentry and architectures.

Em 1799, enquanto a Europa sacudia com as guerras napoleônicas, o naturalista prussiano Alexander von Humboldt e o botânico francês Aimé Bonpland embarcavam rumo à América do Sul para realizar uma expedição científica. Oficialmente, era a primeira vez que cientistas viajavam ao mundo colonial espanhol sem escolta militar. Durante a viagem, uma peste atinge a tripulação obrigando Humboldt a desembarcar em Cumaná, na Tierra Firme, área marginalizada pela colonização espanhola. Humboldt permaneceria na área (hoje território colombiano e venezuelano) até 1801; este trecho da viagem seria seu principal objeto de representação quando, em 1808, já de volta ao mundo metropolitano, publica o Quadros da Natureza. No prefácio, Humboldt dizia que a obra tinha a intenção de evocar, através da descrição paisagística, aquilo que vivenciou no mundo colonial; neste procedimento, porém, pintava a colônia como espetáculo natural regido pela harmonia do mundo; com o Quadros da Natureza, Humboldt aniquilava, na paisagem descrita, aquilo que unia a colônia à metrópole: a mais brutal violência. / In 1799, while Europe concussed by the Napoleonic wars, the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt and the French botanist Aimé Bonpland boarded to South America to perform a scientific expedition. Officially, was the first time that scientists travelled to the Spanish colonial world without military bodyguard. During the trip, a plague reaches the ship forcing the scientists to land in Cumana, in Tierra Firme, Spanish colonization\'s marginal area. Humboldt stays in Tierra Firme (now Colombian and Venezuelan territory) until 1801; this travel section would be his main representation object when, in 1808, having returned to the metropolitan world, publishes Views of Nature. In the preface, Humboldt said that the work was intended to evoke, through the landscape description, what he experienced in the colonial world; this procedure, however, painted the colony as natural spectacle governed by harmonic forces; with Views of Nature, Humboldt annihilated, in landscape description, what tied colony and metropolis: the most brutal violence.

A Sociedade de Economia Mista (SEM) é um tipo societário sui generis que não tem merecido atenção especial nos estudos, principalmente nos que são relacionados com a Ciência Contábil. A particularidade de possuir aspectos públicos e particulares, função econômica e social e de estar intimamente atrelada aos aspectos políticos e partidários, pode aduzir que essas sociedades não necessitam apresentar níveis de qualidade da informação contábil compatíveis com os outros tipos societários, porém esse fato não pode prosperar, pois as SEM estão inseridas dentro do contexto empresarial brasileiro e devem evidenciar informações contábeis com qualidade e transparência, em conformidade com as melhores práticas contábeis. Entretanto a influência pública não pode ser dissociada deste tipo societário, especialmente pelo fato de que as SEM são consideradas como intermediárias para a execução de políticas sociais que, implementadas e/ou potencializadas em períodos eleitorais, alteram os seus resultados e os seus reflexos podem não ser evidenciados de forma adequada aos usuários externos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desta tese é analisar se a qualidade da informação contábil evidenciada pelas SEM sofre influência dos períodos eleitorais, das ideologias político-partidárias e da forma com que o capital é constituído (aberto ou fechado), bem como, qual o nível de comparação com as Sociedades Anônimas Privadas. Para a consecução dos objetivos, foram avaliadas 141 Sociedades de Economia Mista durante o período de 1995 a 2014 em três constructos de qualidade da informação contábil (suavização dos resultados, persistência dos resultados e conservadorismo condicional), através de regressões em dados em painel (desbalanceado), regressões em corte transversal e teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, com a finalidade de evidenciar os resultados desses constructos, sob o enfoque de dois conceitos de lucro: Lucro Líquido (LL) e Lucro Operacional (LO). Os resultados indicam que a qualidade da informação contábil das SEM é alterada em anos eleitorais, apresentando redução do nível de Persistência (LL e LO) e aumento no Conservadorismo (LL). Em relação à ideologia político-partidária do órgão governamental controlador da SEM, os resultados demonstram que a esquerda apresenta maior nível de Suavização (LL) e a direita apresenta níveis de Conservadorismo (LL) e de Persistência (LL/LO) maiores; quando analisados apenas os anos eleitorais, não existe diferença entre as ideologias. Na análise entre as SEM de Capital Aberto e Fechado aufere-se que as Fechadas possuem maior Suavização (LL), menor Persistência (LO) e menor Conservadorismo (LL); em anos eleitorais as Fechadas apresentam Conservadorismo (LL) maior. Na comparação com as Sociedades Privadas, tanto para a totalidade do período analisado quanto apenas dos anos eleitorais, vislumbra-se que as SEM apresentam: maior Suavização (LL/LO), menor Persistência (LL/LO) e menor conservadorismo (LL). Com esses resultados é possível concluir que o nível da qualidade da informação contábil das SEM sofre alterações em razão dos anos eleitorais, da ideologia politica e do tipo empresarial, porém sem ser possível identificar se a alteração é para um nível maior ou menor de qualidade; já em relação à comparação com as Sociedades Privadas, é possível afirmar que as SEM possuem um nível de qualidade da informação contábil inferior, considerando os constructos adotados na pesquisa. / The State-Owned Company (SOC) is a sui generis type of company that has not deserved special attention in studies, especially those related to Accounting Science. The particularity of having public and private aspects, economic and social function and being intimately tied to political and party aspects may suggest that these societies do not need to present levels of quality of accounting information compatible with other societal types, however, this fact cannot prosper, because the SOC are inserted within the Brazilian business context and should evidence accounting information with quality and transparency, in accordance with the best accounting practices. However, public influence cannot be dissociated from this societal type, especially because SOCs are considered as intermediates for the implementation of social policies that, implemented and / or enhanced in electoral periods, alter their results and the reflexes may not be properly evidenced to external users. In this context, the purpose of this thesis is to analyze whether the quality of the accounting information evidenced by the SOC is influenced by electoral periods, political-partisan ideologies and the way in which capital is constituted (open or closed), and what level comparison with Private Corporation. In order to achieve the objectives, 141 State-Owned Companies were evaluated during the period from 1995 to 2014 in three constructs of quality accounting information (smoothing of results, persistence of results and conditional conservatism) through panel data regressions (unbalanced ), cross-sectional regressions, and Pearson\'s Chi-Square test, with the purpose of evidencing the results of these constructs, under the focus of two profit concepts: Net Profit (NP) and Operational Profit (OP). The results indicate that the quality of the accounting information of the SOCs is altered in electoral years, presenting a reduction in the level of Persistence (NP and OP) and an increase in Conservatism (NP). In relation to the political-party ideology of the governmental governing body of SOC, the results show that the left has a higher level of Smoothing (NP) and the right has higher levels of Conservatism (NP) and Persistence (NP/OP); when only electoral years are analyzed, there is no difference between ideologies. In the analysis between the Open and Closed Capital SOCs, the closed have a greater Smoothing (NP), lower Persistence (OP) and lower Conservatism (NP); in electoral years the Closed present Conservatism (NP) major. In the comparison with the Private Companies, both for the entire analyzed period and only for the electoral years, it is possible to observe that the SOCs have: greater Smoothing (NP / OP), lower Persistence (NP / OP) and lower conservatism (NP). With these results it is possible to conclude that the level of the quality of the accounting information of the SOC change due to electoral years, political ideology and business type, but is not possible to identify if the change is to a higher or lower level of quality; already in relation to the comparison with the Private Companies, it is possible to affirm that the SOCs have a level of quality of the lower accounting information, considering the constructs adopted in the research.

Chung Yi Cheung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-121). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Why This Topic? --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Scope of This Thesis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Structure of this Thesis --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Christianity and Nihilism --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Death of God and Nihilism --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Nihilism and the Project of Revaluation --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Project of Revaluation and the Method of Genealogy --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Fulfillment of Revaluation --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Method of Revaluation --- p.3 3 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Genealogy of Christianity --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Morality of Good and Evil --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Interpretation of Human Nature --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Ascetic Ideal --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Nietzsche's Criticism of Christianity --- p.65 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Slave and the Overman --- p.65 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Nihilistic Effects of Christianity --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Evaluation of Nietzsche's Understanding and Criticism of Christianity --- p.85 / Chapter 6.1 --- Nietzsche's Understanding of Christianity --- p.85 / Chapter 6.2 --- Nietzsche's Criticism of Christianity --- p.98 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.105 / Chapter 7.1 --- Dionysus versus the Crucified --- p.105 / Chapter 7.2 --- What Christian and Non-Christian Can Learn from Nietzsche --- p.109 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of this Thesis --- p.112 / Bibliography --- p.114