Tendo em vista que a análise de unidades lexicais neológicas tem muito a contribuir para os estudos de formação de palavras, procuramos, neste trabalho, com base nos modelos teóricos de Bybee (1988) e Langacker (1987, 1991) descrever um aspecto da formação de palavras no português brasileiro: os chamados nominais (substantivos abstratos derivados de verbos). Abordamos as tendências e restrições de uso de cada sufixo nominalizador (enfatizando -ção, -mento, -agem, -da e -nc(i)a) bem como da chamada derivação regressiva. Também descrevemos certas características semânticas (polissemia, especialização semântica etc.), sintáticas (exigências sintáticas, uso de verbos-suporte etc.) e discursivas (emprego em textos mais ou menos formais, mecanismos de coesão textual etc.) desse tipo de formação. Em seguida, buscamos mostrar como os sufixos nominalizadores e os nominais são descritos nos dicionários de língua do português brasileiro. A partir de uma base de dados de formações neológicas coletadas em textos jornalísticos entre os anos de 1993 e 2000, analisamos cerca de 170 nominais neológicos, com a finalidade de verificar se tais formações obedecem às tendências e restrições de uso descritas, e se é possível detectar tendências novas. Observamos que: o sufixo -ção, o mais freqüentemente empregado, tem se unido a verbos da segunda conjugação, fenômeno não-atestado em períodos anteriores da língua; os sufixos -ção e -agem vêm apresentando conotações familiares ou jocosas, com destaque para o chamado -ção iterativo; as formas -nça e -ncia vêm adquirindo conotações divergentes, o que pode apontar para que não mais sejam analisadas como formas alomórficas do mesmo sufixo; entre outras observações. Por fim, propusemos uma forma de descrever esses nominais neológicos, a ser utilizada no Dicionário de Neologismos do Português Brasileiro Contemporâneo (Década de 90). / Bearing in mind that the analysis of neological lexical units has much to contribute to word-formation sdudies, we attempt, in the present work, based on the theoretical models of Bybee (1988) and Langacker (1987, 1991), to describe an aspect of Brazilian Portuguese word-formation: the so-called nominals (abstract nouns derived from verbs). We address the usage tendencies and restrictions of each nominalizing suffix (with emphasis on -ção, -mento, -agem, -da and -nc(i)a), as well as the so-called “regressive derivation". We also describe certain characteristics of this kind of word-formation, such as: semantic (polysemy, semantic specialization etc.), syntactic (valency, support-verbs etc.) and discursive (text formality, textual cohesion etc.). Then, we attempt to show how the nominalizing suffixes and the nominals are described in Brazilian Portuguese dictionaries. Based on a neologism database collected from journalistic texts published between 1993 and 2000, we analyze about 170 neological nominals, in order to verify if these formations follow the above described usage tendencies and restrictions, and if it is possible to detect new tendencies. We have observed, among other minor characteristics, that: the suffix -ção, the most frequent nominalizing suffix, can be combined with second-conjugation verbs, a phenomenon attested only very recently in the Portuguese language; the suffixes -ção and -agem have presented colloquial or playful connotations, especially the so-called iterative -ção; the forms -nça and -ncia are being used with diverging connotations, which can indicate that they should not be analyzed as allomorphic forms of the same suffix. Finally, we propose a way of describing these neological nominals, to be used in the Dicionário de Neologismos do Português Brasileiro Contemporâneo (Década de 90) (Dictionary of Neologisms of Contemporary (90’s) Brazilian Portuguese.

Kin Fai Ellick Wong. / "July 2000." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-130). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

In sum, the three studies suggest that, on one hand, Chinese compound words, particularly the opaque ones, seem to be represented as holistic orthographic units in the mental lexicon. On the other hand, the meanings of the component morphemes are activated in visual recognition of Chinese compound words, suggesting a decomposed access. The implications of these results for a model of Chinese compound word representation and access, as well as the dispute between morpho-orthographic and morpho-semantic decomposition accounts of morphological processing in other languages, were discussed. / Study 2 adapted the transposed-letter similarity effect in English (Forster, Davis, Schoknecht, & Carter, 1987; Acah & Perea, 2008) into transposed-character similarity effect in Chinese to further examine the orthographic representation of Chinese compound words. Study 2 examined the processing of both transposable and untransposable compound words to distinguish the decomposed account (which assumes morpheme-to-word activation) and the holistic account (which assumes activation of word-level orthographic representation) of the mental representation of Chinese compound words. It was found that transposable word-word pairs (e.g., [special characters omitted], means tie in English-[special characters omitted], means lead in English) did not produce significant priming effects. This result is inconsistent with the decomposed account, but is explicable in terms of the holistic account. Two follow-up experiments show that the transposed-character similarity effects differ for transparent (e.g., [special characters omitted], means proud in English) and opaque words (e.g., [special characters omitted], means careless in English). Transposed nonwords show significant facilitation effect to the original words when the original words were opaque (e.g., [special characters omitted]) but not when they were transparent words (e.g., [special characters omitted]). It suggests that opaque words are more likely than transparent words to be represented as orthographic wholes. The findings of word-level orthographic representation and the influence of semantic transparency provide convergent evidence for the conclusions reached by Study 1. / The first two studies are concerned with whether Chinese two-character compound words have decomposed or holistic orthographic representations in the mental lexicon. Study 1 made use of the high frequency orthographic neighbor inhibition effect (Grainger & Jacobs, 1996; Davis & Lupker, 2006) in the masked priming paradigm. It was found that a high frequency orthographic neighbor (e.g., [special characters omitted] means virtually in English) inhibited recognition of a low frequency target word (e.g., [special characters omitted], means brief in English). The high frequency orthographic neighbor inhibition effect was supposed to be caused by lexical competition between prime and target words (Grainger & Jacobs, 1996). Therefore, the observation of inhibition in Study 1 suggests that the prime words have word-level representations that compete with those of target words for lexical access. It is argued that the activated word-level lexical representation is likely to be orthographic representation, rather than phonological and semantic representations, because the influence of phonology was found to be limited in a follow-up experiment, and the semantic relatedness between the prime and target words was low. Furthermore, because the inhibition effects were stronger for semantically opaque than transparent compound words, it seems that opaque words are more likely than transparent words to be represented as unitary units. / The third study investigated whether or not the meaning of a component morpheme would be activated in the process of recognizing a Chinese two-character compound word. Current accounts of morphological processing disagree on whether morphological processing is form then meaning, or form with meaning (Feldman, O'Connor, & Del Prado Martin, 2009; Davis & Rastle, 2010). The focus of the debate is actually whether morpheme meaning activation occurs at early stage of compound word processing. This study attempted to contribute to that debate by trying to dissociate morphological processing of form and meaning. The method was to investigate masked priming effects produced by prime-target pairs that contained a pair of semantically related morphemes but without any overlap in orthography, phonology or whole-word meaning (e.g., [special characters omitted] /surprised in English/-[special characters omitted]/break one's promise in English/). Since there was no overlap between the prime and the target in form, any priming effects produced could be attributed unequivocally to activation of morpheme meaning (e.g., [special characters omitted], both means eat in English). The results of Study 3 show that morpheme meaning activation without form overlap occurred as early as the first 60ms of word processing. This finding is more consistent with the form-with-meaning than the form-then-meaning account. / This dissertation reports on three studies of the cognitive representations and processes in visual recognition of Chinese two-character compound words. Because Chinese two-character compound words are composed of two spatially separated characters which themselves are words, there has been a debate about whether these words are represented and processed in the mental lexicon as unitary wholes or as combinations of the component characters (Zhang & Peng, 1992; Taft & Zhu, 1995). / Zhang, Lingyan. / Advisers: Yujing Ni; Ling-po Shiu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-07(E), Section: A. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-153). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; includes Chinese.

Thesis. 1980. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 321-326. / Ph.D.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:07:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zanetti_fr_me_sjrp.pdf: 714623 bytes, checksum: 300ee88f62a12650b522b8995bf3edac (MD5) / O presente trabalho se propôs a estudar e apresentar alguns neologismos veiculados na mídia por meio do colunista do jornal Folha de São Paulo, José Simão. Inicialmente, apresentamos uma explanação teórica sobre o estudo do léxico, além da sua ampliação e utilização na língua escrita, sob as perspectivas teóricas de Alves (1994), Barbosa (1981) e Biderman (2001), entre outros. Coletamos e organizamos os textos jornalísticos do caderno Ilustrada, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2003, perfazendo um total de 289 seções de artigos em formato word, que resultaram em aproximadamente 300 neologismos. Essa base lingüística foi armazenada no programa computacional Folio Views® 4.1, gerando assim, o corpus de nossa pesquisa, a partir do qual resgatamos e apresentamos o contexto, a ocorrência de itens lexicais, como por exemplo, lulanês, que se trata de um neologismo sintático formado por derivação sufixal e faz parte da linguagem empregada pelo atual presidente da república do Brasil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Essas novas criações lexicais foram classificadas em campos semânticos, a saber: televisão, política e cotidiano. Oferecemos, além disso, uma apresentação, por meio de gráficos, dos recursos neológicos mais utilizados por José Simão, com o intuito de observamos a vivacidade do processo de criação neológica que esse escritor exibe em seus textos. / The following work proposed to study and show some neologisms presented in the communication system by a columnist of Folha de São Paulo newspaper, José Simão. First, we showed a theoretical explanation about lexical studies beyond its application and use in the written language, using the perspectives theoricals of Alves (1994), Barbosa (1981) and Biderman (2001), etc. We collected and organized the journalistic texts of the Ilustrada paper, from this columnist, in the period of January to December of 2003, totaling 289 sections of articles in the word format, ending in approximately 300 neologisms. This linguistic base was kept in a computer program called folio views® 4.1. giving the corpus of our survey, and then we took back and showed the context, the occurrence and we classificated the lexical items, as for example, the neologism lulanês, which is a syntactic neologism formed by suffixal derivation and makes part of the spoken language used by our actual republic president of Brazil, Luis Inácio da Silva. These new lexical creations were classificated in semantic fields like: television, politics, and everyday. We proposed, moreover, a presentation by graphics of the neologics resources more used by José Simão which were more used to verify the vivacity of the neological processes that he presented in his texts.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-11T18:19:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloRibeiro.pdf: 1230100 bytes, checksum: 26a17492c9bab64fa9b26fb0eae9aa6c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-11T18:19:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloRibeiro.pdf: 1230100 bytes, checksum: 26a17492c9bab64fa9b26fb0eae9aa6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-06 / Production of a glossary which presents the names for prostitute in the Brazilian State of Maranhão, considering the linguistic taboos and the word formation. For the construction of this glossary, it is discussed the propost of linguistic taboos presented by por Guérios (1956), Leach (1964), Grimes (1978) and Ulmann (1987). It is also considered some previous studies developed in Maranhão and Brazil about the linguistic taboos in the names used to prostitute, as Pereira (2010), Guedelha (2011) and Ribeiro (2012, 2013) – the results presented in Ribeiro´s studies are used as basis to the composition of the data to this study. Considering the substitution strategies of the linguistic taboos presented in Guérios (1956) and Ullmann (1987), it is defended that the processes to formation of words are also a relevant and productive process, since the speakers, intending do not to pronounce the words related to taboos, tend to create or resignify them. So, it is impossible do not mention the neological typology and the processes presented by Guilbert (1975), Alves (1994), Biderman (2001) eCorreia e Almeida (2012), as well the process focused by Basílio (1991), Sandmann (1997) and Nascimento (2013). Aiming to show a synthesis which organizes the words to prostitute in the Brazilian State of Maranhão, it is presented a glossary. For its elaboration, it was necessary: to develop bibliographic searches, delimitate the corpus, filling of lexicographic files, analysis of data and the writing of 46 entries, that follows the structure: Word + Morphological classification + Word formation +/- etymology + variant + Motivation+/- remissive. / Produção de glossário que apresenta as denominações para prostituta no estado do Maranhão, tendo como base a tabuização e levando em conta os processos de formação de palavras. Para a construção desse glossário, discute-se a proposta de tabus linguísticos defendida por Guérios (1956), Leach (1964), Grimes (1978) e Ulmann (1987), além de estudos previamente realizados no Maranhão e no Brasil sobre os tabus linguísticos presentes nas denominações para prostituta, como em Pereira (2010), Guedelha (2011) e Ribeiro (2012, 2013) – os resultados apresentados nos estudos de Ribeiro serão utilizados como base para a composição dos dados para este estudo. Considerando as estratégias de substituição de vocábulos tabus propostas por Guérios (1956) e Ulmann (1987), defende-se que os processos de formação de palavras também constituem um mecanismo de fuga relevante e produtivo, uma vez que os falantes, com a intenção de não pronunciar itens lexicais considerados inadequados, tendem a criar outros ou a ressignificá-los. Assim, não se pode deixar de mencionar as tipologias neológicas e os processos presentes nos estudos de Guilbert (1975), Alves (1994), Biderman (2001) e Correia e Almeida (2012), bem como os processos de formação de palavras focalizados em Basílio (1991), Sandmann (1997) e Nascimento (2013). Com o intuito de organizar os itens lexicais para prostituta no estado do Maranhão, considerando a relação existente entre os tabus e os processos de formação de palavras, é apresentado um glossário que foi elaborado seguindo as seguintes etapas: pesquisas bibliográficas, delimitação e seleção do corpus, preenchimento de fichas lexicográficas, análise dos dados e a redação dos 46 verbetes do glossário, que seguem a estrutura: Item lexical + Classificação morfológica +/- Processo(s) de formação de palavras +/- Etimologia +Variante + Motivação +/- Remissiva

Tendo em vista que a análise de unidades lexicais neológicas tem muito a contribuir para os estudos de formação de palavras, procuramos, neste trabalho, com base nos modelos teóricos de Bybee (1988) e Langacker (1987, 1991) descrever um aspecto da formação de palavras no português brasileiro: os chamados nominais (substantivos abstratos derivados de verbos). Abordamos as tendências e restrições de uso de cada sufixo nominalizador (enfatizando -ção, -mento, -agem, -da e -nc(i)a) bem como da chamada derivação regressiva. Também descrevemos certas características semânticas (polissemia, especialização semântica etc.), sintáticas (exigências sintáticas, uso de verbos-suporte etc.) e discursivas (emprego em textos mais ou menos formais, mecanismos de coesão textual etc.) desse tipo de formação. Em seguida, buscamos mostrar como os sufixos nominalizadores e os nominais são descritos nos dicionários de língua do português brasileiro. A partir de uma base de dados de formações neológicas coletadas em textos jornalísticos entre os anos de 1993 e 2000, analisamos cerca de 170 nominais neológicos, com a finalidade de verificar se tais formações obedecem às tendências e restrições de uso descritas, e se é possível detectar tendências novas. Observamos que: o sufixo -ção, o mais freqüentemente empregado, tem se unido a verbos da segunda conjugação, fenômeno não-atestado em períodos anteriores da língua; os sufixos -ção e -agem vêm apresentando conotações familiares ou jocosas, com destaque para o chamado -ção iterativo; as formas -nça e -ncia vêm adquirindo conotações divergentes, o que pode apontar para que não mais sejam analisadas como formas alomórficas do mesmo sufixo; entre outras observações. Por fim, propusemos uma forma de descrever esses nominais neológicos, a ser utilizada no Dicionário de Neologismos do Português Brasileiro Contemporâneo (Década de 90). / Bearing in mind that the analysis of neological lexical units has much to contribute to word-formation sdudies, we attempt, in the present work, based on the theoretical models of Bybee (1988) and Langacker (1987, 1991), to describe an aspect of Brazilian Portuguese word-formation: the so-called nominals (abstract nouns derived from verbs). We address the usage tendencies and restrictions of each nominalizing suffix (with emphasis on -ção, -mento, -agem, -da and -nc(i)a), as well as the so-called “regressive derivation”. We also describe certain characteristics of this kind of word-formation, such as: semantic (polysemy, semantic specialization etc.), syntactic (valency, support-verbs etc.) and discursive (text formality, textual cohesion etc.). Then, we attempt to show how the nominalizing suffixes and the nominals are described in Brazilian Portuguese dictionaries. Based on a neologism database collected from journalistic texts published between 1993 and 2000, we analyze about 170 neological nominals, in order to verify if these formations follow the above described usage tendencies and restrictions, and if it is possible to detect new tendencies. We have observed, among other minor characteristics, that: the suffix -ção, the most frequent nominalizing suffix, can be combined with second-conjugation verbs, a phenomenon attested only very recently in the Portuguese language; the suffixes -ção and -agem have presented colloquial or playful connotations, especially the so-called iterative -ção; the forms -nça and -ncia are being used with diverging connotations, which can indicate that they should not be analyzed as allomorphic forms of the same suffix. Finally, we propose a way of describing these neological nominals, to be used in the Dicionário de Neologismos do Português Brasileiro Contemporâneo (Década de 90) (Dictionary of Neologisms of Contemporary (90’s) Brazilian Portuguese.

[pt] Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as nominalizações no que tange ao seu aspecto polissêmico e multifuncional no Português do Brasil. Parte-se do pressuposto de que a nominalização constitui uma associação paradigmática entre nomes e verbos, podendo apresentar tanto uma interpretação verbal quanto uma interpretação nominal, dependendo do contexto de ocorrência. A partir deste pres-suposto, procede-se à análise de nominalizações com a finalidade de determinar se há uma prevalência da função predicadora sobre a função designadora. Os resul-tados da análise, baseada num corpus de língua escrita jornalística contemporâ-nea, revelam que a maioria das nominalizações analisadas apresenta função predi-cadora, enquanto a função designadora apresenta-se em menor proporção. Este resultado corrobora as expectativas iniciais de que, por se tratar de um corpus com linguagem escrita jornalística, este fator favoreceria a função predicadora sobre a função designadora. / [en] This paper analyzes nominalizations in what concerns their polysemic and/or multifunctional value is Brazilian Portuguese. It assumes that nominaliza-tion is a paradigmatic association between nouns and verbs, and that deverbal nouns can have either a verbal or a nominal interpretation, depending on the con-text of occurrence. Under this assumption, the work analyzes occurrences of de-verbal nouns with the purpose of determining whether there is a prevalence of the predicative (verbal) function over the denotative (nominal) function. The results of the analysis, based upon a corpus of contemporary journalistic written lan-guage, show that the use of deverbal nouns in predicative function is more fre-quent than that of deverbal nouns in denotative function. These results corroborate the expectation that journalistic written language would favor the use of deverbal nouns for predication, so that the denotative function would be less required.

No description available.

This thesis explores the properties of adjectives and adverbs in Inuit (Eskimo-Aleut), with focus on the Inuktitut dialect group. While the literature on Eskimoan languages has claimed that they lack these categories, I present syntactic evidence for two classes of adjectives, one verb-like and another strictly attributive, as well as a class of adverbs. These categories are then employed to diagnose more general properties of the language including headedness, word-formation, adjunct licensing, and semantic composition. In the first half of Chapter 2 I demonstrate that verb-like adjectives can be differentiated from verbs insofar as only the former are compatible with a particular copular construction involving modals. Similarly, verb-like adjectives can combine with a negative marker that is incompatible with genuine verbs. This contrast is further corroborated by an inflectional distinction between verb-like adjectives and verbs in the Siglitun dialect. A second class of strictly-attributive adjectives is argued for on the basis of stacking, variable order, optionality, and compositionality. The second half of the chapter examines semantic restrictions on membership in the strictly-attributive class whereby only adjectives with subsective and privative denotations are attested. These restrictions are explained by the proposal that Inuit lacks a rule of Predicate Modification, with the result that only adjectives with semantic types capable of composing with nouns via Functional Application can compose directly with nominals. Furthermore, to explain why this restriction does not extend to verb-like adjectives it is proposed that when these modify nominals, they are adjoined DP appositives and compose via Potts’s (2005) rule of Conventional Implicature Application. In Chapter 3 I argue for a class of adverbs, presenting evidence including degree modification, variable ordering, speaker-oriented meanings, and the ability to modify additional categories. Finally, data from adverb ordering is used to compare syntactically oriented and semantically oriented approaches to adjunct licensing and verbal-complex formation. I present arguments in favour of a right-headed analysis of Inuit in which the relative position of adverbs inside polysynthetic verbal-complexes is primarily determined by semantics, supporting Ernst (2002), contra cartographic approaches such as Cinque (1999).