Since the transportation sector is highly responsible for U.S. fuel consumption and emissions, assessing the environmental impacts of transportation activities is essential for air-quality improvement programs. Also, high emitting vehicles need to be considered in the modeling of mobile-source emissions, because they contribute to a large portion of the total emissions, although they comprise a small portion of the vehicle fleet. In the context of this research, the thesis quantifies the environmental impacts of roadway grades and proposes a procedure that can enhance the screening of high emitting vehicles. First, the study quantifies the environmental impacts of roadway grades. Although roadway grades are known to affect vehicle fuel consumption and emission rates, there do not appear to be any systematic evaluations of these impacts in the literature. Consequently, this study addresses this void by offering a systematic analysis of the impact of roadway grades on vehicle fuel consumption and emission rates using the INTEGRATION microscopic traffic simulation software. The energy and emission impacts are quantified for various cruising speeds, under stop and go conditions, and for various traffic signal control scenarios. The study demonstrates that the impact of roadway grade is significant with increases in fuel consumption and emission rates in excess of 9% for a 1% increase in roadway grade. Consequently, a reduction in roadway grades in the range of 1% can offer savings that are equivalent to various forms of advanced traffic management systems. Second, the study proposes a new procedure for estimating vehicle mass emissions from remote sensing device measurements that can be used to enhance HEV screening procedures. Remote Sensing Devices (RSDs) are used as supplementary tools for screening high emitting vehicles (HEVs) in the U.S. in order to achieve the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). However, tailpipe emissions in grams cannot be directly measured using RSDs because they use a concentration-based technique. Therefore, converting a concentration measurement to mass emissions is needed. The research combines the carbon balance equation with fuel consumption estimates to make the conversion. In estimating vehicle fuel consumption rates, the VT-Micro model and a Vehicle Specific Power (VSP)-based model (the PERE model) are considered and compared. The results of the comparison demonstrate that the VSP-based model under-estimates fuel consumption at 79% and produces significant errors (R2 = 45%), while the VT-Micro model produces a minimum systematic error of 1% and a high degree of correlation (R2 = 87%) in estimating a sample vehicle's (1993 Honda Accord with a 2.4L engine) fuel consumption. The sample vehicle was correctly identified 100%, 97%, and 89% as a normal vehicle in terms of HC, CO, NOX emissions, respectively, using its in-laboratory measured emissions. Its estimated emissions yielded 100%, 97%, and 88% of correct detection rates in terms of HC, CO, NOX emissions, respectively. The study clearly demonstrates that the proposed procedure works well in converting concentration measurements to mass emissions and can be applicable in the screening of HEVs and normal emitting vehicles for several vehicle types such as sedans, station wagons, full-size vans, mini vans, pickup trucks, and SUVs. / Master of Science

Ein vielversprechendes Design für organische lichtemittierende Dioden (OLEDs) verwendet eine Wirt-Gast-Strategie durch Dispergieren einer kleinen Menge eines hocheffizienten Emitters (der Gast) in eine passende Transportmatrix (der Wirt). Die Aufgabe des Wirts ist den Exzitonentranport zum Emitter sicherzustellen und den Zerfall von Triplet-Exzitonen zu verhindern, und damit eine hohe Bauteilperformance zu erreichen. Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Beziehung zwischen Molekülstruktur und optoelektrischer Eigenschaften von Carbazol/Dibenzothiophen-Derivaten. Die Untersuchung umfasst sieben dieser Derivate für den Wirt, bei denen die Carbazoleinheit als Donator und die Dibenzothiopheneinheit als Akzeptor fungiert, wobei beide durch einen oder mehrere Phenylabstandshalter verbunden sind. Diese Wahl der Wirtsmaterialien erlaubt es den Einfluss der erweiterten Phenylabstandshalter und der unterschiedlichen molaren Verhältnisse von Akzeptor zu Donator zu untersuchen. Es ergab sich, dass eine kürzere Phenylabstandshalterlänge die Bauteilperformance durch eine größere Löcher- und Elektronendichte in der Emitterschicht verbessert; und ein 1:1 Carbazol-zu-Dibenzothiophen-Verhältnis der Bauteilperformance zuträglich ist, da es zu einem Ladungsträgergleichgewicht in der Emitterschicht führt. Diese Arbeit zeigt, unter Verwendung dieser Wirtsmaterialien, blaue FIrpic-basierte phosphoreszierende OLEDs (PhOLEDs) und grüne 4CzIPN-basierte thermisch aktivierte verzögerte Phosphoreszenz (TADF) OLEDs. Die blauen PhOLEDs und grünen TADF OLEDs mit mDCP zeigten Effizienzen von 43 cd/A (18.6%) beziehungsweise 66 cd/A (21%). / A particularly interesting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) design adopts a host-guest strategy by dispersing a small amount of highly efficient emitter (the guest) into an appropriate transport matrix (the host). The host is utilized to transfer excitons to the emitter and to prevent triplet exciton quenching, thus high device performance can be achieved. The present thesis focuses on the relationship between the molecular structure and opto-electrical properties of carbazole/dibenzothiophene derivatives. The investigation encompasses seven of these derivatives for the host, in which the carbazole unit acts as a donor and the dibenzothiophene as an acceptor while they are linked through phenyl spacer(s). This choice of host materials enables to assess the impact of extended phenyl spacers and different acceptor to donor molar ratios. It was found that decreasing the phenyl spacer length enhances the device performance due to the larger both hole and electron densities in the emitting layer; and a 1:1 carbazole to dibenzothiophene ratio is favorable for device performance, since it balances the charge carriers in the emitting layer. Using these host materials, the work presented in this thesis demonstrates high-performance blue FIrpic-based phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs) and green 4CzIPN-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) OLEDs. The blue PhOLEDs and green TADF OLEDs with mDCP showed efficiencies of 43 cd/A (18.6%) and 66 cd/A (21%), respectively.

The global lighting source energy consumption accounts for about 22% of the total electricity generated. New high-efficiency solid-state light sources are needed to reduce the ever increasing demand for energy. Single-phased emitter-based composed of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) nanocrystals and fluorescent dyes can potentially revolutionize the typical composition of phosphors, the processing technology founded on the binding of dye acceptors on the surface of nanocrystals, and the configurations of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and electroluminescence devices. The hybrid white-light-emitting nanomaterial is based on the expanded spectral range of the donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission originated from the γ-gallium oxide nanocrystals via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the surface-anchored fluorescent dyes. The emission of the nanocrystals and the sensitized emission of the chromophore act in sync as an internal relaxation upon the excitation of the γ–gallium oxide nanocrystals. It extends the lifetime of the secondary fluorescent dye chromophore and the internal relaxation within this hybrid complex act as a sign for a quasi single chromophore. The model system of white-light-emitting nanostructure system developed based on this technology is the γ–gallium oxide nanocrystals-Rhodamine B lactone (RBL) hybrid complex. The sufficient energy transfer efficiency of 31.51% within this system allowed for the generation of white-light emission with the CIE coordinates of (0.3328, 0.3380) at 5483 K. The relative electronic energy differences of the individual components within the hybrid systems based on theoretical computation suggested that the luminance of the nanocomposite comprised of RBL is dominantly mediated by FRET. The production of white-light-emitting diode (WLED) based on this technology have been demonstrated by solution deposition of the hybrid nanomaterials to the commercially available ultraviolet (UV) LED due to the versatility and chemical compatibility of the developed phosphors.

Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Dissertation stand die Herstellung von organischen Leuchtdioden und Passiv-Matrix-Displays an einer neuartigen Durchlauf-Depositionsanlage. Die Abscheidung von "small molecule" Materialien im Hochvakuum wurde dabei mittels organischer Molekularstrahldeposition (OMBD) durchgeführt. Um effiziente Leuchtdioden zu erzielen, sind die Bauelemente als Mehrschichtsystem aufgebracht worden. Als Grundstruktur kam eine Schichtenfolge zur Anwendung, die als Löchertransporter aus dem Starburst-Derivat 2-TNATA, daran anschließend einem tertiären Arylamin, dem elektronenblockierenden a-NPB sowie dem Oxinat-Komplex Alq3 besteht. Dabei diente das Aluminium-Oxinat als Elektronenleiter und Emissionsmaterial. Mit dem Quinacridon-Derivat QAD als Dotierstoff wurde außerdem eine OLED-Struktur mit Gast-Wirtsystem realisiert Eine kontrollierte und reproduzierbare Deposition der organischen Materialien ist eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung, um organische Leuchtdioden kommerziell als Mehrschichtbauelemente herstellen zu können. Dazu wurde ein Hochvakuumsystem der Firma Applied Films installiert und in Betrieb genommen. Die VES 400/13-Entwicklungsanlage ist als Vertical Evaporation and Sputtering Durchlaufsystem für bis zu 400 mm hohe Substrate mit 11 individuellen Prozesskammern sowie zwei daran anschließenden Stickstoffboxen konzipiert. Diese Technologie ermöglicht das Aufdampfen einer oder nacheinander mehrerer Schichten auf beliebiges Substratmaterial. Entsprechend den Erfordernissen sind wichtige Prozessparameter wie Depositionsrate, Transportgeschwindigkeit des Substrates sowie Filmdicke der funktionellen Schichten in einem weiten Bereich frei einstellbar. Neben einer ausgeglichenen Löcher- und Elektroneninjektion werden die Eigenschaften der hergestellten Leuchtdioden durch die Dicken der einzelnen Schichten, der Beweglichkeit der Ladungsträger in den verwendeten organischen Materialien sowie der energetischen Lage der höchsten besetzten und niedrigsten unbesetzten Molekülorbitale der Halbleiter bestimmt. Als undotierte OLED-Struktur wurde eine Schichtenfolge aus ITO / 2-TNATA / NPB / Alq3 / Mg verwendet. Die Stärke der elektrischen Kontakte betrug jeweils etwa 150 nm für ITO bzw. Magnesium. Die organischen Halbleiterfilme verfügten über Lagendicken von 60 / 10 / 60 nm. Eine derart aufgebaute Leuchtdiode zeigte ein grünes Emissionsspektrum, dessen Mittenwellenlänge bei etwa 537 nm lag und eine Halbwertsbreite von circa 112 nm aufwies. Für die Betriebsspannung, die Leuchtdichte, die Strom- sowie die Leistungseffizienz ergaben sich für die beiden Stromdichten von 3 mA/cm² und 30 mA/cm² optimierte Werte zu 5,3 V bzw. 9,4 V, 100 cd/m² bzw. 1317 cd/m², 3,3 cd/A bzw. 4,4 cd/A sowie 2 lm/W bzw. 1,5 lm/W. Das Sperr- oder Gleichrichtungsverhältnis Gv wurde für die beiden gemessenen Maximal-spannungen von ±10 Volt zu <5 x 107 bestimmt. Durch die Dotierung der Alq3-Emissionsschicht mit etwa 1 mol% des Quinacridon-Derivats QAD und Hinzufügen einer separaten Elektronentransportschicht konnte eine Steigerung der Elektrolumines-zenz erreicht werden. Der OLED-Aufbau des Gast-Wirt-Systems verfügt über einen Schichtenstapel mit den Lagen ITO / 2-TNATA / NPB / Alq3 + QAD / Alq3 / Mg. Die Filmdicken der organischen Schichten der OLED mit den besten Eigenschaften betragen 60 / 10 / 35 / 25 nm. Die anorganischen elektrischen Kontakte waren jeweils etwa 150 nm dick. Die dotierten Bauelemente zeigen ein bei einer Mittenwellenlänge von 527 nm emittierendes, grünes Spektrum. Mit einer geringen Halbwertsbreite von 28 nm ist die Bedingung einer schmalen Emissionsbreite für die Anwendung in OLED-Displays erfüllt. Die Betriebsspannung, die Leuchtdichte, die Strom- und die Leistungseffizienz ergeben für die beiden Stromdichten von 6,2 mA/cm² und 45,6 mA/cm² optimierte Werte zu 10,8 V bzw. 17,0 V, 445,4 cd/m² bzw. 3816,7 cd/m², 7,2 cd/A bzw. 8,4 cd/A sowie 2,1 lm/W bzw. 1,6 lm/W.

On demand single-photon and entangled-photon sources are key building-blocks for many proposed photonic quantum technologies. For practical device applications, epitaxially grown quantum dots (QDs) are of increasing importance due to their bright photon emission with sharp line width. Particularly, they are solid-state systems and can be easily embedded within a light-emitting diode (LED) to achieve electrically driven sources. Therefore, one would expect a full-fledged optoelectronic quantum network that is running on macroscopically separated, QD-based single- and entangled-photon devices. An all-electrically operated wavelength-tunable on demand single-photon source (SPS) is demonstrated first. The device consists of a LED in the form of self-assembled InGaAs QDs containing nanomembrane integrated onto a piezoelectric crystal. Triggered single photons are generated via injection of ultra-short electrical pulses into the diode, while their energy can be precisely tuned over a broad range of about 4.8 meV by varying the voltage applied to the piezoelectric crystal. High speed operation of this single-photon emitting diode up to 0.8 GHz is demonstrated. In the second part of this thesis, a fast strain-tunable entangled-light-emitting diode (ELED) is demonstrated. It has been shown that the fine structure splitting of the exciton can be effectively overcome by employing a specific anisotropic strain field. By injecting ultra-fast electrical pulses to the diode, electrically triggered entangled-photon emission with high degree of entanglement is successfully realized. A statistical investigation reveals that more than 30% of the QDs in the strain-tunable quantum LED emit polarization-entangled photon-pairs with entanglement-fidelities up to f+ = 0.83(5). Driven at the highest operation speed ever reported so far (400 MHz), the strain-tunable quantum LED emerges as unique devices for high-data rate entangled-photon applications. In the end of this thesis, on demand and wavelength-tunable LH single-photon emission from strain engineered GaAs QDs is demonstrated. Fourier-transform spectroscopy is performed, from which the coherence time of the LH single-photon emission is studied. It is envisioned that this new type of LH exciton-based SPS can be applied to realize an all-semiconductor based quantum interface in the foreseeable distributed quantum networks.

The global lighting source energy consumption accounts for about 22% of the total electricity generated. New high-efficiency solid-state light sources are needed to reduce the ever increasing demand for energy. Single-phased emitter-based composed of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) nanocrystals and fluorescent dyes can potentially revolutionize the typical composition of phosphors, the processing technology founded on the binding of dye acceptors on the surface of nanocrystals, and the configurations of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and electroluminescence devices. The hybrid white-light-emitting nanomaterial is based on the expanded spectral range of the donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission originated from the γ-gallium oxide nanocrystals via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the surface-anchored fluorescent dyes. The emission of the nanocrystals and the sensitized emission of the chromophore act in sync as an internal relaxation upon the excitation of the γ–gallium oxide nanocrystals. It extends the lifetime of the secondary fluorescent dye chromophore and the internal relaxation within this hybrid complex act as a sign for a quasi single chromophore. The model system of white-light-emitting nanostructure system developed based on this technology is the γ–gallium oxide nanocrystals-Rhodamine B lactone (RBL) hybrid complex. The sufficient energy transfer efficiency of 31.51% within this system allowed for the generation of white-light emission with the CIE coordinates of (0.3328, 0.3380) at 5483 K. The relative electronic energy differences of the individual components within the hybrid systems based on theoretical computation suggested that the luminance of the nanocomposite comprised of RBL is dominantly mediated by FRET. The production of white-light-emitting diode (WLED) based on this technology have been demonstrated by solution deposition of the hybrid nanomaterials to the commercially available ultraviolet (UV) LED due to the versatility and chemical compatibility of the developed phosphors.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-09T14:16:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigocouradias.pdf: 2508131 bytes, checksum: a85f5360d98ae17dab9812e3e61a46cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-23T11:19:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigocouradias.pdf: 2508131 bytes, checksum: a85f5360d98ae17dab9812e3e61a46cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-23T11:19:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigocouradias.pdf: 2508131 bytes, checksum: a85f5360d98ae17dab9812e3e61a46cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Um tipo de dispositivo que tem atraído atenção nos últimos anos no campo da Eletrônica Orgânica é as Células Eletroquímicas Emissoras de Luz, mais conhecidas como LECs (ou LEECs), do inglês Light Emitting Electrochemical Cells. Esses dispositivos eletrônicos têm baixa voltagem de operação, fabricação simples e barata, alto desempenho, ligeira independência dos materiais usados como eletrodo ou da espessura de suas camadas emissoras, além de terem a possibilidade de serem fabricados sobre substratos flexíveis. Por essas razões, as LECs têm sido usadas como possíveis substitutas para os já conhecidos OLEDs (Diodos Orgânicos Emissores de Luz), e o estudo de suas propriedades ópticas e elétricas e de seu princípio de funcionamento têm sido foco de trabalho de muitos cientistas. Dentre os modelos conhecidos que propõem descrever o funcionamento das LECs podemos citar três: a Teoria da Difusão, a Teoria da Dopagem Eletroquímica e a Teoria Mista. No primeiro a injeção de portadores na camada ativa seria facilitada pelos compostos iônicos presentes na blenda que a compõe, com posterior movimentação de cargas por difusão e recombinação no centro da camada. No segundo modelo ocorre a formação de três regiões dentro da blenda polimérica: uma região dopada do tipo p, uma região dopada do tipo n e uma camada isolante onde ocorre a recombinação de cargas para emissão de luz. A teoria mista assume que ambas são possíveis dependendo das condições em que se encontra o dispositivo. A fim de compreender como esses processos ocorrem e interferem no desempenho desses dispositivos propusemos diversas experiências alterando parâmetros importantes na sua fabricação. É proposto um modelo para a influência do tipo de cátion e ânion usado no sal presente na camada ativa e para descrever a influência da concentração desse sal na blenda polimérica que a compõe. Com base nas teorias descritas é colocada em evidência a influência da concentração de polímero transportador de íons na camada emissora e da espessura desta camada. Ao fim de todo o estudo obtivemos um dispositivo otimizado que é comparado com um dispositivo feito com um material novo sintetizado por colaboradores do departamento de Química da UFJF a fim de gerar expectativas para futuros trabalhos. / One type of device that has attracted attention in recent years in the field of Organic Electronics are the Light Emitting Electrochemical Cells, better known as LECs (or LEECs) These electronic devices have low operating voltage, simple and inexpensive manufacture, high-performance, light independence of the material used as electrode or the thickness of its emissive layer, besides having the possibility to be manufactured on flexible substrates. For these reasons the LECs have been used as possible substitutes for known OLEDs (Organic Light Emitting Diodes), and the study of their optical and electrical properties, and its operating principle have been working focus of many scientists. Among the known models proposed to describe the operation of LECs we can name three: the Theory of Diffusion, the Theory of Electrochemical Doping, and the Mixed Theory. In the first, injection of carriers in the active layer would be facilitated by the ionic compounds present in the blend that makes up, with subsequent movement of charges by diffusion and recombination in the center of the layer. In the second model happens the formation of three layers within the polymer blend: A p-type doped region, a n-type doped region and an insulating layer where recombination occurs for emitting light. Mixed theory assumes that both are possible depending on the conditions in which the device is. In order to understand how these processes occur and interfere with the performance of these devices we have proposed several experiments changing important parameters in its manufacture. A model is proposed for the influence of the type of cation and anion used in the salt present in the active layer, and to describe the influence of the concentration of this salt in the polymer blend that makes up. Based on the theories described it is put in evidence the influence of the concentration of the ion carrier polymer in the emitter layer and the thickness of this layer. After all the study we obtained an optimized device that is compared with a device made with a new material synthesized by employees from the Chemistry Department of UFJF to generate expectations for future work.

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have drawn great attention in the last few years owing to their unique properties such as excellent water solubility, chemical stability, inertness, low toxicity, good bio-compatibility, and tunable photo physical properties. Recently, researchers have focused on hetero atom (N, S and B) doped CNPs due to their excellent properties. These properties make the CNPs and doped CNPs as potential candidates for a wide range of applications. For example, metal ion detection in aqueous solution, bio-imaging, bio-sensing, photovoltaic devices, cleavage of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and catalysis. Therefore, CNPs are alternative to inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles. However, CNPs with diameter less than 10 nm have been prepared using various approaches including top down and bottom methods. Cutting the bulk carbon from high dimensional to zero dimensional by using either physical or chemical process are classified as top down method. Bottom up method refers the conversion of organic precursor to nano-carbon by using thermal pyrolysis, microwave based hydrothermal method, cage opening of C60 molecules. In the present work, I have dealt with the facile synthesis of CNPs and different hetero atom doped carbon nanoparticles (N-CNPs, B-CNPs, and BN-CNPs) using the hydrothermal method. Based on their intriguing physical and chemical properties, these CNPs/doped-CNPs have been explored for various applications such as (i) metal-free catalysts, (ii) color tunability from red to blue and bio-imaging, (iii) ammonia sensing, (iv) white light generation, and (v) detection of picric acid (PA) in aqueous solution. Finally, I have presented 3D nanodendrites of N-CNPs and Pd NPs and their excellent catalytic mass activity for methanol electro-oxidation and ultra-fast reduction of 4-nitrophenol.

The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology is emerging to be the future technology of choice for thin, flexible and efficient display and lighting panels and is a potential competitor for the existing flat panel display technologies, like liquid crystal display (LCD) and plasma display panel (PDP). OLEDs display is already making their way from both lab and industry research to display market and the pace of development of laboratory OLED design into a commercial product is very impressive. The OLED display offers several advantages over other display technologies, such as low power consumption, easy fabrication, high brightness & resolution, light weight, compact, flexible, wide viewing angle and fast response. However, OLED display is still in amateur stage in terms of their cost and lifetime. Despite of the abovementioned advantages of OLEDs, there still several issues that need to be addressed to explore the full potential of this display technology. The development of materials with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), thermal and electrochemical stability, packaging, and light extracting technology are some of the major issues. Among the emitting materials, the achievement of robust blue emitting material with high PLQY and color purity is still a challenge due to its intrinsic wide bandgap and complex device configuration. The work presented in this thesis is devoted to the development of robust blue emitting materials based on fluoranthene derivatives. Fluoranthene unit has been chosen due to its blue emission, high photoluminescence quantum yield, thermal and electrochemical stability. The thesis is organized in six chapters, and a brief discussion on the content of individual chapters is provided below. Chapter 1 provides a short description of evolution of display technology and history of OLEDs. The generation wise development of emitting materials for white OLED is concisely illustrated. The working principle, function of individual layer and factors governing external quantum efficiency of OLED device are elaborated. Finally, the important prerequisite properties of blue emitting materials for OLED application are outlined. Chapter 2 reports the design and synthesis of symmetrically and asymmetrically functionalized fluoranthene-based materials to address the issue of PL quenching in solid state, and subsequently for application in non-doped electoluminescent devices. A detailed experimental and theoretical study has been performed to understand the effect of symmetric and asymmetric functional groups on optical, thermal and electrochemical properties. The fluoranthene derivatives reported in this chapter exibited deep blue emission with high PLQY in both solution and solid state. The vacuum deposited non- doped OLED devices were fabricated and characterized utilizing these materials as emitting layer. Chapter 3 describes the rationale design of thermally stable fluoranthene derivatives as electron transport materials for OLEDs. The two derivatives investigated in this chapter comprised of two fluoranthene units linked by diphenylsulfane and dibenzothiophene linkage. The effect of rigidity provided by ring closure in molecular structure on the physical and charge transport properties has been investigated. Such materials are urgently demanded for better performance and durability of displays. In an extension to chapter 3, fluoranthene based dual functional materials possessing blue light emission and electron transport characteristics are described in Chapter 4. The application of these materials in bilayer blue OLED device successfully demonstrated. The development of such dual functional materials is an important step to not just simplify the OLED device architecture; but also has the potential to reduce the manufacturing and processing cost significantly. Chapter 5 reports the synthesis of the star-shaped fluoranthene-triazine based blue photoluminescent materials for solution processable OLEDs. The effect of chalcogen on the photophysical and electroluminescence properties has been investigated. The main advantage of such solution processable materials over small molecules is to overcome the power consuming vacuum thermal evaporation technique for deposition. Chapter 6 describes the design and synthesis of a new blue emitting material comprising of a donor moiety and an acceptor unit to observe thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). However, photophysical studies did not show any sign of delayed fluorescence in this molecule. Nevertheless, a deep blue electroluminescence is achieved using a multilayer OLED device configuration.

Det blir allt vanligare att kommuner väljer att förnya och byta ut de befintliga gatuarmaturerna från högtrycksnatrium till LED (light emitting diode) då LED drar mindre energi och har en bättre färgåtergivning än högtrycksnatrium. Däremot skiljer spektralfördelningen mycket mellan LED-modulen och högtrycksnatrium vilket leder till att staden kommer se annorlunda ut på natten. Vad händer då med växterna som växer i närheten av dessa nya armaturer? Det forskas mycket om hur LED skulle kunna användas för att effektivisera odling, men det finns inte så mycket information om vad som kommer hända i staden när LED blir den dominerande ljuskällan. Därför har denna undersökning som syfte att se hur LED respektive högtrycksnatrium i gatuarmaturerna påverkar de växter som växer kring vägarna, och om något av alternativen påverkar växterna mer än den andra. Syftet är också att öka medvetenheten om hur strålningen från LED-armaturer påverkar vår miljö.Kattgräs (Hordeum vulgare L.), Rajgräs (Lolium multiflorum L.) och en blandning av vilda blommor odlades under en period på 20 dagar, under antingen högtrycksnatrium eller LED. Armaturerna var tända dygnet runt och mätningar av längden på ett skott per sort och rum gjordes varje dag. Vid slutavläsningen mättes också medellängden och medianen för 20 strån av respektive grässort per rum. För vildblomsblandningen gjordes en visuell utvärdering.Medelvärdet hos både rajgräset och kattgräset var kortare för odlingarna som exponerats för LED än de odlingar som exponerats för högtrycksnatrium. Kattgräset var 4% kortare, och rajgräset var 16% kortare. Vid den visuella utvärderingen ansågs vildblomsblandningen som vuxit under högtrycksnatrium vara högre och rangligare än växterna under LED. LED-odlingen uppfattades något grönare medan högtrycksnatriumodlingen uppfattades som något gulare och blekare.Undersökningen visade att växterna påverkades olika beroende på om de exponerades för högtrycksnatrium eller LED. Detta skulle kunna resultera i att kommuner som investerar i LED-armaturer inte bara kan spara pengar på energiförbrukning utan också på underhåll av stadsmiljön. Vidare bör det göras fler fältstudier om vad som händer med miljön när armaturerna byts ut från högtrycksnatrium till LED. Det bör även göras liknande studier men som pågår under en längre tid.