Magister Legum - LLM / This paper analyses how the Zimbabwean economic history has led to the perception and attitude of the population towards the financial industry. It has been blighted by extremes to the extent that in 2008 the Zimbabwe economy had one of the highest hyperinflation rate in the world.1 Pettinger sums up the hyperinflation journey of Zimbabwe as having begun in the 1990s shortly after the disastrous land reform.2 This is where private farms were grabbed from landowners and re-allocated to mostly peasant farmers who had no technical know-how in farming. It was also a time when the country was involved in an unbudgeted and unsolicited second Congo civil war necessitating that the Government increase salaries to cater for soldiers and other officials assigned to the Congo.3 Earlier on the government had buckled under pressure from former war liberators (war veterans) and paid out unbudgeted bonuses.4

Migrants sending money to their countries of origin provide capital that has the potential to improve the long-run economic performance of many countries in the world. But the cost for sending remittances is unreasonably high, and there are a number of barriers hindering low- cost solutions, such as mobile money transfer services, to increase in scale. The transformation of the remittance industry is therefore impeded. This research aimed to address this problem and find the factors that are driving the market for mobile remittances forward. By identifying and understanding the key drivers, this research makes it possible for companies providing mobile remittance services to find countries that can foster a sustainable industry growth and transform the industry efficiently. As a complement to a majority of quantitative studies performed within the field of mobile money, this research used both qualitative and quantitative methods. To apply a holistic approach, the PESTLE framework was used as a structure for several parts of the research process. Key drivers were identified from an extensive literature review and interviews with industry experts. By answering a questionnaire, professionals, industry experts and researchers, rated the key drivers’ importance for the growth of the mobile remittance market. The most critical key drivers were identified and used to develop a framework for evaluating how suitable a country’s market environment is for mobile remittances. One main finding was that the perceptions on what, and who, is driving the market for mobile remittances forward are varying and highly dependent on whom is asked, but that there are some factors that people agree are of particular importance. First, the mobile remittance service should be easy to use, secure, and of lower cost than other services. It is important to have a supportive infrastructure providing efficient liquidity management for agents, high agent density and network reliability. To increase the customer awareness and adoption, agents should be educated in how to use and sell the service, and how to educate the customer. Collaborative partnerships could leverage the distribution network and increase the market interoperability, and lastly, it was shown that mobile remittances can be supported by a regulatory environment that enables mobile money and branchless banking. This research showed that to the degree to which a country’s market environment fulfils these criteria can give an indication on how suitable it is for mobile remittances. A wide range of aspects and stakeholders need to be considered and supported to foster a sustainable industry growth, and this research provides guidelines that are relevant for both companies and researchers. / Det kapital som migranter bidrar med när de skickar pengar till sitt hemland bidrar också till det landets ekonomiska utveckling. Kostnaden för att skicka remittanser är emellertid orimligt hög och det finns ett antal barriärer som hindrar lågkostnadslösningar, såsom mobila finansiella tjänser, att nå stor skala. På grund av sådana barriärer hämmas utvecklingen av den ineffektiva och ofta riskfyllda remittansindustrin. Den här studien har strävat efter att angripa problemet genom att hitta faktorer som driver marknaden för mobila remittanser framåt. Genom att identifiera och förstå de drivande faktorerna gör den här forskningen det möjligt för företag som erbjuder mobila remittanstjänster att hitta länder som kan främja en hållbar remittansindustri och bidra till en effektivare förändring av industrin. Som ett komplement till de i huvudsak kvantitativa studier som genomförts inom området för mobila finansiella tjänster har den här studien använt både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. För att göra tillvägagångssättet holistiskt har PESTLE-ramverket använts som en struktur under flera delar av forskningsprocessen. Drivande faktorer identifierades genom en omfattande litteraturstudie och intervjuer med industriexperter, och genom att besvara en enkät graderade yrkesverksamma, industriexperter och forskare de drivande faktorernas betydelse för den mobila remittansmarknadens tillväxt. De mest kritiska drivande faktorerna identifierades och användes för att utveckla ett ramverk som har syftet att utvärdera hur passande ett lands marknadsmiljö är för mobila remittanser. En av huvudslutsatserna är att uppfattningarna kring vad och vem som driver marknaden för mobila remittanser framåt varierar stort mellan de tillfrågade. Men forskningen visar också att det finns några faktorer vars höga betydelse de tillfrågade personerna var eniga om. Mobila remittanstjänster ska vara enkla att använda, säkra och kosta mindre än andra remittans- tjänster. Det är viktigt att infrastrukturen är stöttande genom en hög drifttillförlitlighet och att agenter har möjlighet till effektiv likviditetshantering. För att öka kundmedvetenheten och upptagandet bör agenter bli utbildade i hur tjänsten ska användas och säljas, samt hur kund- erna ska utbildas. Marknaden för mobila remittanser kan stöttas ytterligare genom partnerskap som utnyttjar distributionsnätverk och ökar marknadens interoperabilitet, samt genom regel- verk som främjar mobila finansiella tjänster. Forskningen visade att flera av dessa faktorer kan indikera hur passande ett lands marknadsmiljö är för mobila remittanser. Det finns många aspekter och intressenter som behöver tas hänsyn till och bli stöttade för att främja tillväxt, och studien bidrar med riktlinjer som kan vara av värde för både företag och forskning.

Des innovations monétaires, donnant à la monnaie des formes et des caractéristiques nouvelles, sont aujourd’hui utilisées dans le but de favoriser le processus de développement économique. Au Kenya, elles se concrétisent dans les systèmes de monnaie mobile tels que le M-Pesa, ainsi que dans plusieurs monnaies locales mises en place sur le modèle du Bangla-Pesa. Ces monnaies ont des natures et des logiques divergentes, dont la thèse vise à en montrer les impacts et les implications. Pour cela, nous utilisons notamment des données issues de deux enquêtes de terrain.Les innovations monétaires interpellent les théories du développement, qui ont largement exclu la monnaie de leurs analyses, et qui la considèrent généralement comme étant neutre. L’étude de ces dispositifs nous permet de poser les bases d’une théorie monétaire du développement, en questionnant ce faisant le sens à donner au concept de développement, et les rôles que doivent jouer pour celui-ci la monnaie et la finance. / Monetary innovations, giving money new forms and characteristics, are now used to promote the process of economic development. In Kenya, they unfold in mobile money systems such as M-Pesa, as well as in several local currencies implemented on the model of the Bangla-Pesa. These monies have different natures and logics, and the thesis aims to show their impacts and implications. For this, we use data from two field surveys.Monetary innovations challenge development theories, which have largely excluded money from their analyzes, and which generally consider it to be neutral. The study of these schemes allow us to lay the foundations of a monetary theory of development. By doing so, we question the meaning of the concept of development, and the roles that money and finance have to play for it.

Submitted by Juliette Poiret (juliette.poiret@sciencespo.fr) on 2016-12-30T08:01:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Juliette_Poiret_vF.docx: 1279498 bytes, checksum: 153cc89d1cb3411eba9857e1a4552000 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2016-12-30T14:13:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Juliette_Poiret_vF.docx: 1279498 bytes, checksum: 153cc89d1cb3411eba9857e1a4552000 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-30T15:26:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Juliette_Poiret_vF.docx: 1279498 bytes, checksum: 153cc89d1cb3411eba9857e1a4552000 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / This research explores the relationship between the penetration of mobile money services and the state of women empowerment across 30 Sub-Saharan African countries. Our purpose is to determine whether fostering the development of mobile money can be a useful tool to reinforce women empowerment in developing countries. We perform an exploratory data analysis, as well as correlation and regression analyses, to assess the effect of mobile money services on women empowerment. In order to do that, we construct several mobile money variables and a women empowerment index, using national-level data collected through questionnaires addressed by the World Bank on selected samples. Our results show a positive yet moderate relationship, and pave the way for further research on this subject. / Esta dissertação analisa a relação entre a expansão dos serviços de mobile money e o empoderamento das mulheres na África Subsariana. O propósito é determinar se mobile money pode ser um instrumento útil para reforçar o empoderamento das mulheres dos países em desenvolvimento. Realizamos uma análise exploratória dos dados através de correlações e regressões para avaliar o efeito dos serviços de mobile money sobre o empoderamento das mulheres. Criamos diversas variáveis associadas os serviços de mobile money e um index do empoderamento das mulheres utilizando dados do Banco Mundial. Nossos resultados mostram uma relação positiva mas moderada, preparando caminho para outras pesquisas.

Submitted by Francisco Molnar Neto (francisco.molnar@gmail.com) on 2013-04-19T18:49:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MOBILE PAYMENT E O CASO DA PAGGO NO BRASIL - FRANCISCO MOLNAR NETO 2013 - VERSÃO FINAL. .pdf: 2036789 bytes, checksum: e6565f181d4be2dd3d3c3e277adb7fff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-04-19T18:59:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MOBILE PAYMENT E O CASO DA PAGGO NO BRASIL - FRANCISCO MOLNAR NETO 2013 - VERSÃO FINAL. .pdf: 2036789 bytes, checksum: e6565f181d4be2dd3d3c3e277adb7fff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-19T19:00:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MOBILE PAYMENT E O CASO DA PAGGO NO BRASIL - FRANCISCO MOLNAR NETO 2013 - VERSÃO FINAL. .pdf: 2036789 bytes, checksum: e6565f181d4be2dd3d3c3e277adb7fff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o caso da Paggo, a iniciativa de maior destaque em Mobile Payment no Brasil. A escolha pelo tema de Mobile Payment se deu devido ao seu caráter de inovação e disruptura num mercado consolidado como o de meios de pagamento. Através de uma análise qualitativa, o autor se propõe a identificar e elucidar alguns dos atributos básicos fundamentais necessários a uma iniciativa de Mobile Payment. Um modelo teórico foi então desenvolvido com o intuito de aplica-lo à iniciativa da Paggo de forma a verificar a presença destes atributos e seu alinhamento com o direcionamento das ações estratégicas da companhia. Por tratar de um caso específico, limitamos nossa análise ao modelo de Mobile Payment adotado pela Paggo (B2C). Para tal, foram analisados diferentes estudos de autores acadêmicos especializados no tema de inovações tecnológicas e governança. Teorias relativas a inovações em meios de pagamento (CHAKRAVORTI e KOBOR, 2003), economia da informação (SHAPIRO e VARIAN, 1999), adequação das ferramentas organizacionais para a tarefa (CHRISTENSEN e OVERDORF, 2000) e evolução da plataforma de Serviços (TIWANA, KONSYNSKI e BUSH, 2010) compõe a base dos atributos selecionados para o modelo proposto pelo autor. Do ponto de vista prático, foram entrevistados presencialmente o antigo e o atual presidente da Paggo com a finalidade de se coletar dados relativos a aspectos de inovação tecnológica, estrutura organizacional e governança ao longo da história da companhia. Estas entrevistas, transcritas ao final do estudo, por si só já se revelaram como uma grande contribuição a estudiosos do tema, que muitas vezes carecem de perspectivas tão amplas como as apresentadas nestas entrevistas. O tema é ainda mais relevante não apenas pelos impactos diretos e indiretos que sua implementação poderá trazer, não apenas sobre toda a cadeia de valor atual de meios de pagamentos mas, principalmente, para toda a sociedade brasileira visto que o governo brasileiro anunciou recentemente que o Ministério das Comunicações em conjunto com o Banco Central e a Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (ANATEL) trabalham para apresentar uma proposta de marco regulatório para serviços de pagamento por meio de telefonia móvel ainda em 2012 . Este estudo é portanto de interesse de todos os agentes envolvidos no ecossistema de meios de pagamento: bancos, adquirentes, bandeiras de aceitação, fabricantes de dispositivos, governo e agencias reguladoras, além das operadoras de telefonia celular e outros agentes indiretos. Também é relevante para a sociedade em geral, representada pelos varejistas, comerciantes e prestadores de serviço que poderão se utilizar de novos meios de pagamento móveis e dos usuários finais (compradores) os quais poderão contar com novos serviços e uma dinâmica alternativa de pagamento para efetuar suas transações.

M-PESA (a mobile banking service in Kenya) was introduced to offer a person-to-person money transfer service. Its extensive adoption and appropriation for purposes other than person-to-person transfers has influenced the technology providers (Safaricom) to widen their services beyond their original intentions. M-PESA provides a wide range of financial services including services for people who were previously unbanked. Users of M-PESA can now pay different utilities, those without credit cards can purchase products online, others can repay loans to microfinance institutions, pay insurance premiums, withdraw money from ATMs, use it as Point of Sale Payment and open savings accounts. This research examines the existence of “bi-directional” influences between technology and society by taking M-PESA business users as a case. It specifically investigates how M-PESA as a technology has influenced the business environment in Kenya and how the design of M-PESA has in turn been influenced by its adoption. The research adopts the Adaptive Structuration Theory as the theoretical framework and interpretive case study research as a methodological approach. Interviews with different stakeholders in the industry were used to collect data. Data was analyzed using Diachronic Analysis. The results of the research show that there is a “bi-directional” influence between technology and people as they affect each other over time. Mobile technologies shape the way businesses operate, allowing them to provide new services and improve existing ones. At the same time, usage and adoption trends affect the design of mobile technologies. Over time, technology is adapted to accommodate the new needs of businesses and other needs in the wider community. This research shows that the impact of technology depends not only on its functionality but also on its use and appropriation in society. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Informatics / unrestricted

For the past decade, there has been many innovations made to the mobile phone and new features such as payments have been added to the mobile phone’s capabilities. East Africa is the region with the fastest uptake and highest adoption rates of mobile money in the world. Despite the success, the amount of active users of mobile money is still low in comparison to the number of registered users. The purpose of this master thesis is to analyze what mobile money providers should consider when trying to drive activity from the already registered user base. The main theoretical concept that was used is resource-based view and the analytical framework is an importance-effort matrix. The empirical study consisted of in-depth interviews with key experts and stakeholders from the mobile money industry. Most of the interviews were face-to-face interviews during a research trip to Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. The findings were then reviewed during the Mobile Money Africa 2014 conference in South Africa. This thesis has identified a number of reasons for low user activity of the registered user base together with strategies that has the potential to tackle them. In order to drive activity, it is important for the service provider to understand and consider what that is desired and required to possess in terms of tangible, intangible and human resources to be able to successfully implement and run the identified strategies. The study concludes that tangible resources (physical and financial resources) are of great important for enabling success of most of the identified strategies whereas intangible (intellectual property, reputation and culture) and human (skills and knowledge, communication and interaction, and motivation) resources have great variance of importance. / Under det senaste decenniet har det skett många innovationer till mobiltelefonen och nya funktioner som mobilbetalningar har lagts till. Östafrika är den region med den snabbast växande adoptionen och högsta utnyttjandegraden av mobilbetalningar i världen. Trots regionens framgångar är det dock fortfarande få aktiva användare av mobilbetalningar i förhållande till antalet registrerade användare. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att analysera vad mobilbetalningsleverantörer bör tänka på när man försöker driva aktivitet från den registrerade användarbas. Det teoretiska ramverket har byggts huvudsakligen på resource-based view och den analytiska modell som används är en viktighet-instats-matris. Den empiriska studien bestod av ingående intervjuer med nyckelpersoner och intressenter från mobilbetalningsindustrin. Majoriteten av intervjuerna utfördes på plats med intervjuobjekten under en forskningsresa till Kenya, Uganda och Tanzania. Resultaten utvärderades därefter under Mobile Money Africa 2014 konferensen i Sydafrika. Denna studie har identifierat ett antal anledningar som orsakar låg användaraktivitet av den registrerade användarbasen och strategier som har möjlighet att angripa dessa anledningar. För att driva aktivitet, är det viktigt att mobilbetalningsleverantörerna förstår vad för materiella, immateriella och mänskliga resurser som är önskvärda samt krävs för att framgångsrikt kunna genomföra och driva de identifierade strategierna. I studien dras slutsatsen att materiella resurser (fysiska och finansiella resurser) är av stor betydelse för att möjliggöra framgång av de flesta identifierade strategier medan viktigheten för immateriella (immaterialrätt, rykte och kultur) och mänskliga (kompetens och kunskap, kommunikation och interaktion, och motivation) resurser varierar.

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / The study investigated the effects of social media on mobile money adoption in South Africa and Zimbabwe. The main gap identified in empirical literature is the omission of social media use in technology adoption models and social networking theories. While some theories acknowledge the role of social influences in technology adoption, the social interactions considered therein are not mediated through the internet as is social media. Furthermore, no empirical study has to date focused on how social media influences mobile money technology adoption. Thus, this study deviates from the offline social network analysis approach which is restricted to the neighbourhood effects, physical contact, cell phone calls and text messages where information on mobile money technology is disseminated to an individual’s limited social circle. The secondary data used for the study were obtained from individual responses in the cross-sectional FinScope consumer surveys South Africa 2015 and Zimbabwe 2014 which were conducted and reported by FinMark Trust (2015; 2014). The study employed the binary logistic regression model to estimate the nature of effect. The results of the study indicated that use of social media had a positive and statistically significant impact on mobile money adoption in both South Africa and Zimbabwe. The results also revealed that despite there being a lower internet penetration and social media usage rate in Zimbabwe than South Africa, the use of social media in the former led to a higher rate of mobile money adoption. The study also established that mere use of social media and availability of mobile money technology did not translate to a high adoption rate; instead, availability had to be matched by a demand for the financial services. Additionally, the study found that the interaction of mobile money adoption and use of social media increased the overall mobile money adoption in both countries. The study recommended the implementation of collective policies that increase internet penetration to facilitate increased use of social media platforms and promote mobile money adoption to foster improved financial inclusion in developing countries. / Hierdie studie het die gevolge van sosiale media op die ingebruikneming van mobiele geld in Suid-Afrika en Zimbabwe ondersoek. Die belangrikste leemte wat in empiriese literatuur geïdentifiseer is, is die weglating van die gebruik van sosiale media in tegnologieaanvaardingsmodelle en sosialenetwerkvorming-teorieë. Hoewel sommige teorieë (teorie van beredeneerde handeling; teorie van beplande gedrag; diffusie van innovasie) die rol van sosiale invloede op tegnologieaanvaarding erken, word die sosiale interaksies wat daarin oorweeg word nie deur middel van die internet bemiddel nie, soos wel in die geval van sosiale media. Boonop het geen empiriese studie tot op hede gefokus op hoe sosiale media die ingebruikneming van mobielegeld-tegnologie beïnvloed nie. Hierdie studie wyk dus af van die niegekoppelde sosialenetwerkontleding-benadering, wat beperk is tot die omgewingsgevolge, fisieke kontak, selfoonoproepe en teksboodskappe, waar inligting oor mobielegeld-tegnologie aan ʼn individu se beperkte sosiale kring versprei word. Die sekondêre data wat vir die studie gebruik is, is verkry uit afsonderlike response in die deursnee- FinScope-verbruikersopnames (Suid-Afrika 2015 en Zimbabwe 2014), wat onderneem en bekendgemaak is deur FinMark Trust (2015; 2014). Die studie maak gebruik van die binêre logistiese regressiemodel om die aard van effek te skat. Studiebevindings dui daarop dat die gebruik van sosiale media ’n positiewe en statisties beduidende uitwerking op die ingebruikneming van mobiele geld in sowel Suid-Afrika as Zimbabwe het. Die resultate wys ook dat, ondanks ’n laer internetpenetrasie en sosialemedia-gebruikskoers in Zimbabwe, die gebruik van sosiale media in Zimbabwe tot ’n hoër koers van ingebruikneming van mobiele geld in dié land as in Suid-Afrika tot gevolg het. Daar word verder waargeneem dat die blote gebruik van sosiale media en die beskikbaarheid van mobielegeld-tegnologie nie geredelik omgesit kan word in ’n hoë ingebruiknemingskoers nie; beskikbaarheid moet met ’n vraag na die finansiële dienste gepaard gaan. Daarbenewens toon die studie dat die interaksie tussen mobielegeld-ingebruikneming en die gebruik van sosiale media die oorkoepelende ingebruikneming van mobiele geld in albei lande versterk. Die studie beveel die implementering van beleide aan wat internetpenetrasie verhoog om wydverspreide gebruik van sosiale media te fasiliteer, wat op sy beurt die ingebruikneming van mobiele geld sal bevorder, wat finansiële insluiting sal bevorder. / Ucwaningo luphenyisise imiphumela ye-social media ekwamukelweni kwe-mobile money eNingizimu Afrika naseZimbabwe. Igebe elikhulu eliphawuliwe kwimibhalo yobufakazi ukweqiwa kokussetshenziswa kwe-social media ekwamukelweni kwama-technology adoption models kanye namathiyori e-social networking. Kodwa amanye amathiyori (i-theory of reasoned action; i-theory of planned behaviour; i-diffusion of innovation) amukela indima yemithelela ye-social influences ekwamukelweni kwetheknoloji, ngokusebenzisana kwama-social interactions abonelelwe lapha, awaxhunyaniswa nge-inthanethi, njenge-social media. Kanti-ke futhi okunye, akukho bufakazi bocwaningo kuze kubemanje obugxile kwindlela i-social media enomthelela ngayo kwi-mobile money technology adoption. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luyehluka kwizinqubo ze-offline social network analysis approach, enezihibe kwimiphumela esondelene nayo, ukuxhumana ngokubamba, ukushayelana izingcingo nge-cellphone, kanye nemilayezo ebhaliwe, lapho ulwazi kwi-mobile money technology lusatshalaliswa kumuntu ngamunye nalabo asondelene nabo. I-secondary data esetshenzisiwe kucwaningo itholakale kwizimpendulo zabantu ngamunye kwi-cross-sectional FinScope consumer surveys (iNingizimu Afrika 2015 kanye neZimbabwe 2014), olwenziwa nokubikwa nge-FinMark Trust (2015:2014). Ucwaningo lusebenzisa i-binary logistic regression model ukulinganisa inhlobo yomphumela. Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi i-social media inomphumela omuhle futhi ngomphumela wezibalo ezibalulekile ekwamukelweni kwe-mobile money okwamukelwe kuwo womabili amazwe iNingizimu Afrika kanye neZimbabwe. Imiphumela ikhombise nokuthi, ngisho noma i-inthanethi ingakangeneleli kangako kwezinye izindawo, kodwa izinga lokusetshenziswa kwe-social media eZimbabwe kungaphezulu kuneNingizimu Afrika, ukusetshenziswa eZimbabwe kuhola phambili ngezinga eliphezulu ekwamukelweni kwe-mobile money kunaseNingizimu Afrika. Kanti futhi kuphawulwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-social media kanye nokutholakala kwe-mobile money technology, akuhambelani ngezinga lokwamukelwa kakhulu; ukutholakala kumele kuhambelane nesidingeko samasevisi ezezimali. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukusebenzisana kokwamukelwa kwe-mobile money nokusetshenziswa kwe-social media kuphakamisa ukwamukelwa kakhulu kwe-mobile money kuwo womabili amazwe. Ucwaningo luncoma ukuthi ukwamukelwa kwemigomo enyusa ukungenelela kakhulu kwe-inthanethi ukulekelela ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwe-social media, kanti futhi lokhu okuzophakamisa kakhulu ukwamukelwa kwe-mobile money okusiza ukubandakanya wonke kwezezimali. / Business Management / D. Phil. (Management Sciences)

With mobile phones almost being ubiquitous in most communities, the electronic payment industry has realised the potential of using mobile phones as devices that can be used to conduct electronic payments. This realisation has led to an increase in the number of mobile payment solutions, which are being deployed for use by the public. However, these mobile payment solutions have not been widely adopted, especially by the citizens who are residing in the townships. Thus, this study investigates the factors that inhibit township residents from adopting mobile payments. The study was done at the Soshanguve township on the outskirts of Pretoria in Gauteng, South Africa. The study adopted a mixed method approach to collect data. Phase 1 relied on the interviews from a few selected individuals to collect the initial data, once this process was complete; a questionnaire (Phase 2) was developed and distributed to the general community of Soshanguve for data collection, which was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed.the diffusion and use of mobile payments in the townships. Some of the factors are as follows: mobile payments are not easy to use; lack of products to purchase using mobile payments; high costs associated with using mobile payment solutions; lack of trialability of mobile payment solutions; and lack of awareness of mobile payment providers in the townships. The study proposes several guidelines that could help developers and operators of mobile payment solutions to design and deploy their solutions in such a way that they are suitable for consumption by the users in township communities. Proposed guidelines are as follows: (1) when a mobile payment solution is launched, effort should be made to market it to the target market; (2) potential adopters of mobile payments should be able to try it without incurring any financial penalties; (3) mobile payments should be easier to use; (4) mobile payment security features should be apparent to the potential adopters in order to alleviate their fears; (5) mobile payment solutions should be designed according to the needs of the target market as one size fits all does not work; (6) mobile payment solutions should fulfill a need which is not met by the current alternatives or it should offer more value than the existing alternatives; (7) the cost of conducting mobile payments should be affordable; and (8) the regulator should develop legislation that stimulates innovation and competition while ensuring the security of mobile payments. / Computing / M. Sc. (Computing)

Cette thèse comporte trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre décrit les moyens de paiement permettant le transfert de monnaie électronique (e-monnaie), les déterminants de leur adoption et leur usage dans le monde. Les deux chapitres suivants sont des articles qui analysent la concurrence entre la monnaie fiduciaire et l’e-monnaie à partir du modèle de Lagos-Wright (2005). Dans le premier article, à la différence des espèces, la détention d’e-monnaie est garantie contre le risque de perte ou de vol, et les marchands doivent investir pour recevoir l’e-monnaie. Du fait des complémentarités stratégiques entre les acheteurs et les vendeurs, il existe une multiplicité d’équilibres où seule une monnaie, ou les deux circulent. Nous analysons le bien-être et quantifions le modèle pour expliquer l’échec de l’e-monnaie en Europe et son succès en Asie et aux Etats-Unis. Dans le second article, les espèces concurrencent la monnaie mobile (M-monnaie). Les agents peuvent créer des partenariats et chaque transaction est réglée avec un seul moyen de paiement. Les agents sans partenaire utilisent les espèces, les autres utilisent l’M-monnaie. Les acheteurs avec un partenaire détiennent toujours de l’M-monnaie, seule ou en complément des espèces, alors que les acheteurs sans partenaire utilisent soit l’une, soit l’autre, soit les deux, soit aucune monnaie. Cependant, l’M-monnaie ne remplace les espèces que si le nombre de vendeurs traditionnels est très faible et l’inflation pas trop élevée. Ainsi, le partenariat est un mécanisme de coordination qui explique le succès des applications de paiement mobile proposées par des enseignes à leurs clients fidèles aux Etats-Unis. / This thesis has three chapters. The first chapter describes the means of payment allowingthe transfer of electronic money (e-money), the determinants of their adoption and their usein the world. The following two chapters are articles that analyze the competition between fiat money and e-money from the Lagos-Wright model (2005). In the first article, unlike cash, the holding of e-money is guaranteed against the risk of loss or theft, and merchants must invest to receive e-money. Due to strategic complementarities between buyers andsellers, there is a multiplicity of equilibria where only one money, or both, circulate. We analyze welfare and quantify the model to explain the failure of e-money in Europe and its success in Asia and in the United States. In the second article, cash competes with mobilemoney (M-money). Agents can create partnerships and each transaction is settled with one means of payment only. Agents without a partner use cash, the others use M-money.Buyers with a partner always hold M-money, alone or in addition to cash, while buyers without a partner use either one, or the other, or both, or no money. However, M-money replaces cash only if the number of traditional sellers is very low and inflation not too high.So, partnership is a coordination mechanism that explains the success of mobile payment applications offered by brands to their loyal customers in the United States.