The thesis deals with Britain's early Cold War history and the political history of the Church of England. It mainly uses primary sources, and contributes to our growing understanding of the early Cold War, especially in its cultural/religious elements. It explores how the Church of England dealt with the development of the early Cold War in Britain. It argues that in order to understand better the Church of England's role, an account of its perspective on issues of state modernisation dating back to at least the 1930s is necessary. It was then, during a decade of authoritarianism, and especially at the Oxford Conference of 1937, that the Church' standpoint towards secularisation was established, while the transnational agenda of the ecumenical movement was also adopted and internalized by Church of England. The thesis also examines the agencies which it built and worked with: in particular the British Council of Churches and the World Council of Churches. As the Church is the Established Church, its relationship with specific government agencies, especially the British Foreign Office and the Ministry of Information also became increasingly important. The thesis reveals the Church of England's lack of autonomy in time of crisis and the importance of key individuals for the institutional leadership of the Church. Its ecumenical agenda had played an important role, but this was under pressure after the War, as a Europe-wide Christian community was increasingly challenged by 'Western Union' plans for a Cold War Western, Christian community and bloc. By 1948 the Church had been enrolled in the Cold War between East and West which was apparent in its alignment with British government policies and its withdrawn role in the ecumenical community. The thesis adds to our understanding of the Church of England's relationship to the state in these years, and contributes to the cultural dimension of the early Cold War in Britain.

O presente trabalho investiga a influência do sistema internacional e de seus principais componentes no processo de construção e desconstrução da República Federativa Socialista da Iugoslávia. A partir da consideração dos conceitos de Charles Tilly sobre guerra e dominação, busca-se trazer a política e as relações internacionais para o centro da discussão sobre a questão iugoslava, a qual é comumente tratada apenas na perspectiva étnica. Assim, os principais fatos da trajetória iugoslava são pincelados à luz das estratégias político-econômicas dos grandes poderes mundiais em relação ao território balcânico. Para isso, analisa-se a criação e a dissolução da Iugoslávia pela ótica da teoria dos sistemas-mundo de Immanuel Wallerstein, para mostrar que a posição que este país ocupou no sistema mundial contemporâneo foi determinada pelos interesses estratégicos das grandes potências, que exerceram a dominação da região em termos políticos e econômicos. O propósito é mostrar que os principais pólos de poder do sistema-mundo da época incentivaram a criação do Estado iugoslavo em razão de interesses específicos, e instrumentalizaram o conflito étnico quando estes interesses já não mais existiam, com o fim da Guerra Fria e a queda do comunismo. / This study investigates the influence of the international system and its major components in the construction and dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Considering Charles Tilly’s concepts on war and domination, we try to bring politics and international relations to the center of the discussion on Yugoslavia, which is often treated solely from the ethnicity perspective. Thus, the main facts of Yugoslav history are brushed in light of the political-economic strategies of the great powers over the Balkans. We analyze the creation and dissolution of Yugoslavia from the perspective of Immanuel Wallerstein's worldsystems theory, in order to show that the position occupied by this country in the contemporary world system was determined by strategic interests of great powers which have dominated the region politically and economically. The purpose is to show that the major powers encouraged the establishment of the Yugoslav state due to their interests, and when these interests no longer existed, they instrumentalized the ethnic conflict in the end of the Cold War and the fall of communism.

On the Blacklist: Hollywood Reds and Witch Hunting in the American Motion Picture Industry (1947-1960) Abstract At the beginning of the Cold War, the American motion picture industry was struck with a "witch-hunt" that led to establishment of the so-called blacklist. Due to this controversial policy, three hundred "Reds" (actual or perceived members of the U.S. Communist Party) were shut out from work in Hollywood during 1947-1950. The first explanation of this phenomenon can be seen in the bipolarity of the post-war world where the United States took leadership in a crusade against the Soviet Union. One result of this seemingly international crusade was that it also became domestic-followers of the U.S. Communist Party became actual public enemies. A deeper analysis of whole issue, however, requires that other elements must be seriously taken into account. The microcosm of Hollywood, some principles of American thinking and the activities of the Reds themselves provide crucial insights into comprehensively understanding the complexity of blacklisting. Experience with the Hollywood blacklist included many different aspects. First of all, it was a political battle with the "inquisitors" from the House Committee on Un-American Activities who helped establish the anti-Communist policy in American motion...

HORÁK, Pavel, Počátky poúnorového sociálnědemokratického exilu (1948-1953) [Forming of socialdemocratic post-February exile (1948-1953)], Praha, Karlova univerzita, Filozofická fakulta, Ústav českých dějin, 2014, 392 s. Vedoucí diplomové práce Doc. PhDr. Jana Čechurová, Ph.D. The study aims to answer questions in which way was formed socialdemocratic exile party in the years 1948-1953. It studies who, how and why could have or wanted to have been involved in this process. The topic is viewed from the institutional perspective of an "exile party". It analyses how was the party organised and negotiated. Besides personal stories in the background of refugee everydayness it also looks into what it meant to a be a "social democrat" in "post-February exile" and whether the "exile party" created its own sphere of communicative space for formulating program and various demands and initiatives. The work focuses on the formative period of "exile". It is delimited by the year 1953 which proved a long-term, bipolar character of the world order. The hypothesis is the statement that the "exile socialdemocratic party" was formed in the frame of Czechoslovakian post-February migration as an institution which was creating its own communication, social and migration networks based on specific criteria. At the same...

The doctoral thesis Czechoslovakia, Mexico and Central America 1945-1989 analyses political, economic and cultural relations between that country of the called Iron Curtain and the Mesoamerican countries during the Cold War in the twentieth century. The research is based mainly on unpublished archival materials, mainly of Czech origin. It is also complemented by fewer materials obtained at the Central American countries' official archives. The wider context of international politics is primarily outlined in the introductory chapters, which aims, on one hand, to inform readers about the development of the Czechoslovak diplomacy and foreign policy and how it was influenced by the Soviet Union and, on the other hand, to describe the unstable political situation prevailing then in the Central American countries, which were also under the constant scrutiny of the United States of America. Thereafter, the analysis focuses on the Czechoslovak-Mexican relations, which is thematically divided into political, cultural and economic sections. A special chapter is dedicated to the activities of the Czechoslovak secret service in Mexico, as a country conveniently located near to the United States. Other chapters study the bilateral relations between Prague and the individual capitals of Central America. The work...

This master's thesis focuses on the development of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization between 1955 and 1956. One of its main aims is to analyze the impact the crisis had on the members of NATO, especially on the relations between Great Britain and France and between Great Britain and the United States. Therefore, the author of the thesis concentrates on various disagreements within NATO and their possible impact on how the organization reacted during the crisis. The author will also examine the development in the Middle East and the role of NATO members outside clearly defined boundaries of the organization. The research will be placed in broader context of the Cold War and political development in the Middle East. To find answers for all the research inquiries, structural changes within the organization and the development in the economically key area of defense capability are also examined in the thesis.

Berlin, de 1961 à 1989, est une ville divisée, partagée par un mur de béton séparant l'Est, capitale de la République démocratique allemande, de l'Ouest, îlot isolé de la République fédérale d'Allemagne. Front de la Guerre froide, les caméras s'en sont emparées. Filmer Berlin, ce n’était pas seulement montrer un territoire urbain précis et délimité, c'était porter à l’écran un espace régi par un contexte historique, social et politique extrêmement prégnant traduisant de fortes spécificités. Deux systèmes de représentation de l’espace urbain ont coexisté dès 1945 nourris d’éléments propres à chaque partie de la ville et de formes esthétiques spécifiques. À partir du 13 août 1961, date de la construction du Mur, la réalité de la division de la ville s'acte dans le béton. Le cinéma s'en est fait le témoin. Ces images, celles de Soi, celles de l’Autre peuvent être envisagées comme des produits de deux sociétés avec leurs symbolismes propres, leurs codes socioculturels et leurs histoires parallèles. Elles sont à ce titre révélatrices de la manière dont a été montré Berlin. Ces deux imageries participent à la construction d’une identité urbaine plurielle, tendant parfois à revêtir un caractère protéiforme dont il importe de questionner les aspects. C’est aux expressions filmées de cette altérité, de cet espace urbain singulier, que cette thèse d'études cinématographiques s'attache. Au carrefour de plusieurs observatoires disciplinaires et avec une démarche géo-centrée, elle propose un essai de topographie cinématographique. / From 1961 to 1989, Berlin is a divided city, split by a concrete wall separating the eastern part, capital city of the German Democratic Republic, from the western one, isolated island of the German Federal Republic. Frontline of the Cold War, the cameras captured it.Filming Berlin was not only depicting a precise and bound urban territory, it was bringing to the screen a space ruled by a very significant historical, social and political context conveying strong specificities. Two systems of representation of the urban space coexisted as soon as 1945, fueled by each side of town’s own elements and specific aesthetic forms. From August 13th 1961, the day the Wall was built, the reality of the division of the city is made concrete-solid. Cinema was made the witness of this reality. These pictures, of the Self, of the Other, can be considered as products of both societies, with their own symbolisms, their sociocultural codes and parallel histories. As such, they are indicative of the way Berlin has been shown.Both imageries take part in the construction of a plural urban identity, that sometimes tends towards a shape-shifting hallmark, whose aspects it seems important to question. This PhD in cinematic studies endeavours to describe, analyse and interpret the filmed expressions of this alterity, this singular urban space. At the crossroad of several disciplinary fields and in a geo-centered approach, it offers an essay on cinematic topography.

The aim of the research was to consider the relationship of political ends and the use of military force and, using empirical data gathered from South Africa's experience from 1987 to 1988, to consider whether there might be any implications for existing theory. The question that was formulated for research was: What relationship could be distinguished between the South African government's use of military force in Angola and the government's political ends? The conclusion was reached that the relationship of the application of military force by the South African government to the attainment of political ends was one of inhibition. The concept of 'inhibitive war', refers to the severe .restraint on the use of military force, resulting from the influences of environmental conditions on political ends, so that the political ends themselves become a restriction on the achievement of military aims. / Political Sciences / M.A. (Strategic Studies)

В настоящей диссертации изучается внешняя политика Советского Союза в период пика его существования, то есть, после кончины Иосифа Виссарионовича Сталина в 1953 г., до прихода Михаила Сергеевича Горбачева к власти в 1985 г. Чтобы пристально понимать такой вопрос, предлагается разделить на два разные основные периоды: Хрущевская эра (1953-1964); и Брежневская эра (1964-1982 гг.), в которую также вписываются правления Андропова (1982-84) и Черненко (1984-85). Второй период называется «развитым социализмом» его сторонниками или «эпохой застоя» ее критиками. Чтобы создать более эффективную и одновременно упрощенную аналитическую структуру, выбираются три примера двусторонних отношений с странами, которые играли доминировавшую роль в каждой из тогдашних «миров»: Соединенные Штаты (Первой мир или группа развитых капиталистические страны), Китайская Народная Республика (Второй мир, или группа стран социалистического лагеря), и Индия (Третий мир, или группа развивающихся стран). В данном исследовании стремится применять и продвигать многоуровневый подход в области анализа внешней политики (АВП), с учетом и теорию «Двухуровневую игру» Роберта Пунтама, и так называемый неоклассический реализм. Две основные цели определяют осуществление этой работы: первая из них является эмпирическим пониманием поведения одного из двух главнейших держав во время «холодной войны». Вторая – вносить критический вклад в аналитические дебаты внутри самой АВП. Одним из основных результатов данного исследования является определение процесса переориентации в советской внешней политике в 1950-х годах. На протяжении следующих десятилетий, сущность действий Советского государства оставалась неизменной, только с корректировками на стратегических и программных сферах в каждом из трех пересмотренных взаимоотношений. Для более точного описания внешней политики, утверждается необходимость учитывать различные аналитические аспекты в соответствии с многоуровневым подходом, такие как: глобальное соотношение сил, внутренние борьбы между разными социальными группами, мировоззрение правящей элиты, а также динамику институтов, в которых принимаются и реализуются решения. Эта работа основывается на основной источник, особенно в отношении экономических и военных данных, а также и на вторичные источники российской и зарубежной историографий. / Esta tese busca entender e explicar a política externa da União Soviética durante seu ápice, isto é, entre 1953, após a morte de Josef V. Stálin, e 1985, com a ascensão de Mikhail S. Gorbatchov. Para uma compreensão mais abrangente do tema, propõe-se a distinção de dois períodos principais: a Era Khrushchov (1953-1964); e a Era Brejnev (1964-1982), à qual acrescentamos, também, os hiatos de Andropov (1982-84) e Tchernenko (1984-85), fase denominada como ‘Socialismo Desenvolvido’, por seus próceres, ou ‘Era da Estagnação’, por seus críticos. Para obter um recorte analítico ao mesmo tempo mais robusto e ao mesmo tempo parcimonioso, selecionam-se três relações bilaterais de países representativos de uma categorização bastante comum durante a Guerra Fria, a imagem dos Três Mundos: os Estados Unidos (Primeiro Mundo, ou dos países capitalistas avançados), a República Popular da China (Segundo Mundo, ou dos países de orientação socialista), e a Índia (Terceiro Mundo, ou do heterogêneo grupo dos países em desenvolvimento). Busca-se desenvolver e aplicar uma metodologia multinível no escopo da Análise de Política Externa (APE), tendo-se como inspiração tanto a Teoria dos Jogos de Dois Níveis, de Robert Putnam, como o chamado realismo neoclássico. Dois grandes objetivos guiam a realização desta pesquisa: o primeiro, de caráter empírico, que é o de entender o comportamento de um dos dois grandes polos de poder durante a Guerra Fria; e o segundo, contribuir criticamente para o debate analítico em APE. Uma das principais revelações da tese é a ocorrência de um processo de reorientação na política externa do país na década de 1950, cuja essência se manteve inalterada nas décadas posteriores, com alterações no plano estratégico e tático em cada uma das três interações supramencionadas. Em consonância à abordagem multinível, defende-se a necessidade de se considerar diferentes níveis de análise em um mesmo esquema analítico para uma compreensão mais rigorosa da política externa, como a correlação de forças no sistema internacional, bem com as lutas internas, a visão de mundo predominante em dado governo e, também, a dinâmica das instituições onde as decisões são formuladas e implementadas. O trabalho utiliza tanto fontes primárias, sobretudo de indicadores econômicos e militares, mas também secundárias por meio da historiografia de autores russos como de outras nacionalidades. / This dissertation aims to analyze the foreign policy during the peak of Soviet Union, after Yosef Stalin’s death in 1953, and before the rise of Mikhail S. Gorbachev in 1985. For a more comprehensive understanding on the issue, a division of two distinct main periods is proposed: the Khrushchev Era (1953-1964), and the Brezhnev Era (1964-1982), to which is also added the hiatuses of Andropov (1982-84) and of Chernenko (1984-85), which is labeled ‘Developed Socialism’ by its supporters, or ‘Stagnation Era’ by its critics. To obtain an analytic framing simultaneously more revealing and parsimonious, it is selected three cases of bilateral relations of representative nations of a very common categorization during the Cold War, the concept of the Three Worlds: the United States (First World, or the set of developed capitalist nations), the People’s Republic of China (Second World, or the group of the socialist-oriented countries), and India (Third World, or the group of the developing countries). Initially, we proceed to apply a multilevel approach in the field of Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA), by bearing in mind both the Robert Putnam’s ‘Two-Level Game’ and the so-called neoclassic realism. Two main objectives guide the making of this work: the first one, of empiric nature, consists of grasping the behavior of one of the two power poles during the Cold War; and second one is to critically contribute to the analytic debate within FPA. One of the major findings of this research is the delimitation of reorientation in Soviet foreign policy in the 1950’s, whose essence remained largely unchanged over the decades ahead, with alterations in strategic and programmatic plans in each of the three overmentioned interactions. In line with the multilevel approach, it contends that, to obtain a more accurate depiction of foreign policy, one must consider different analytical dimensions, such as the global division of power, as well as the domestic disputes, the predominant worldview within a ruling elite, and the dynamics of institutions where decisions are taken and implemented. This work is informed both by primary sources, especially as regards of economic and military figures, and secondary ones of Russian and foreign historiography.

Com a Revolução Cubana a Guerra Fria se torna mais presente no continente americano. O governo dos Estados Unidos da América começa a desenvolver ações para combater o governo revolucionário que assume o poder naquele país. Essas ações são baseadas no emprego da força militar e em soluções diplomáticas. Nesse mesmo período, João Goulart se torna presidente do Brasil. Ele continua a Política Externa Independente do governo Jânio Quadros. E o governo brasileiro acaba se envolvendo na questão de Cuba. Esta tese procura investigar a participação do governo de João Goulart na Crise dos Mísseis (1962) e compreender o que esse episódio representa para a Política Externa Independente. Nossos objetivos são demonstrar como o Brasil percebe a evolução da questão de Cuba; perceber como o país se posicionou na Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA) e quais foram as repercussões decorrentes; procurar entender qual a razão do envio do general Albino Silva à Cuba; compreender a posição brasileira na Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) através do projeto de desnuclearização da América Latina; verificar como a sociedade brasileira se manifestou a respeito desse episódio; e, por fim, analisar se a Crise dos Mísseis modifica as relações entre os governos de Goulart e Kennedy. / With the Cuban Revolution to Cold War becomes more present in the Americas. The government of the United States of America begins to develop actions to combat the revolutionary government that assumes power in that country. These actions are based on the use of military force and diplomatic solutions. In the same period, becomes president of Brazil João Goulart. He continues the Política Externa Independente of Quadros government. And the brazilian government gets involved in the issue of Cuba. This thesis investigates the involvement of the government of João Goulart in Missile Crisis (1962) and understand what this episode is for the Política Externa Independente. Our objectives are to demonstrate how Brazil sees the evolution of the issue of Cuba; see how the country stood at the Organization of American States (OAS) and what were this repercussions; seek to understand the reason of sending general Albino Silva the Cuba; understand the brazilian position at the United Nations (UN) through the project of denuclearization of Latin America; check how brazilian society manifested related to this episode; finally, analyze the Missile Crisis produced some effect in relations between the governments of Goulart and John Kennedy; analyze if the Missile Crisis modifies the relations between the government of Goulart and Kennedy.