Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Introduction: Women’s household decision autonomy is a significant part of women’s empowerment and has, in previous studies, been shown to affect the possibility of negotiating for safe sex practices. Women in sub-Saharan Africa face difficulties in refusing sex from their partners due to stigmatization, which puts them at risk for both unwanted pregnancies and STIs. The aim of this thesis is to assess the association between participation in household decision-making and married women’s ability to refuse sex in Mali. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study using data from the 2018 Mali Demographic and Health Survey. The final study sample included 7681 married or women living in union, and the analysis used descriptive statistics and univariate- and multivariate logistic regression. Results: This study found that women who participate in household decisions are significantly more likely to be able to refuse sexual intercourse with their partners. Additionally, uneducated women and women living in rural areas were significantly less likely to be able to refuse sex, while women who have access to some sort of media on a weekly basis were more likely to be able to refuse. Age, sex of head of household, and partner’s education showed no impact on the ability to refuse sex. Conclusion: The results corroborate with existing literature and highlight the need for improved efforts to specifically address social and cultural barriers that may aid women’s ability to practice safe sex negotiations in their relationships.

Recent events- including the overlapping pandemics of hyper-visible racism, policebrutality, economic downturn, climate crises, and the Covid-19 virus- have reified the significance of teacher diversity to counter structural inequalities in education. Of particular concern are low-income urban schools. While greater teacher diversity exists in urban schools, Black teachers - and Black women in particular- experience high turnover compared to their white and male counterparts. Through a contextual analysis of Black women teachers, the purpose of this study was to explore intersectionality and identity negotiation by investigating whether professional experiences and decisionmaking were moderated by ethno-racial and gender identities. Multiple sources of data were collected regarding eight self-identified Black women of the African diaspora with at least two years of experience in urban schools. Analysis of demographic surveys, open-ended responses, and three rounds of semi-structured interviews yielded ten themes: 1) supplementing curriculum with counter-narratives and role models, 2) facilitating conversations about race-related current events, 3) teaching the truth about American history, 4) guiding students to navigate a racialized society, 5) experiencing microaggressions in interracial interactions, 6) disengaging from diversity initiatives, 7) participating in supportive intra-racial relationships, 8) avoiding gendered racial stereotypes, 9) pursuing desired ends, and 10) redefining professionalism. The result of this study adds to the research base regarding intersectionality and identity negotiation as factors influencing teachers of color in urban schools. Additional recommendations are also given to guide research, practice, and policy. / Policy, Organizational and Leadership Studies

[pt] Em geral, os Requisitos Não-funcionais (RNFs) só são tratados nas atividades relacionadas à arquitetura do software, e, muitas vezes, apenas durante a implementação. Essa situação resulta em custos mais altos e menor qualidade do software. Este trabalho estuda mecanismos para ressaltar os RNFs durante as atividades de construção de requisitos. A escolha dos requisitos pelos diversos interessados, dentro do processo de elicitação de requisitos do software através do consenso, é um problema complexo. Representar e estruturar dinâmicas de grupos, que são compostas por ações humanas, é um desafio. Durante o processo de decisão em grupo ocorre o debate de um conjunto de idéias, nem sempre expostas de maneira clara e nem sempre entendidas por todos da mesma forma. O debate envolve vários perfis de participantes, com pontos de vista distintos, e por vezes conflitantes. Sendo tais diferenças, em contra partida, fundamentais para a qualidade da decisão em grupo, pois as ideias são analisadas sob vários ângulos. Um processo colaborativo de construção de RNFs e seu suporte computacional são propostos. A abordagem de Negociação - Colaboração é reutilizada para trabalhar especificamente RNFs. Leva em consideração não apenas a construção dos RNFs em si, mas também a construção de suas interdependências. Tais interdependências entre os requisitos impactam a própria decisão sobre os RNFs a serem construídos. A avaliação do processo foi apoiada por um software desenvolvido para suporte, ao mesmo tempo, de mecanismos de Negociação-Colaboração e de atividades de especificação de RNFs. O software é assíncrono e distribuído geograficamente, facilitando a comunicação em grupo, mesmo que com membros distantes fisicamente. Foram realizadas três atividades avaliativas e os resultados produzidos demonstraram indícios positivos ao uso do processo na construção de RNFs. Para cada um dos projetos usados nas avaliações, foi produzida uma lista de RNFs cujo a consistência foi julgada pelos participantes envolvidos como suficientemente satisfatória. O número de RNFs foi dobrado nas três atividades de construção, revelando uma maior cobertura relativa aos atributos de qualidade inicialmente elencados para os softwares. / [en] Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) are often managed late, either during design or, more often, just at implementation. This trend results in higher costs and low-quality software. Our work studies mechanisms to support RNFs, based on the collaborative dynamics of a negotiation process, during the requirements construction activities As such, we created a collaborative strategy for the construction of NFRs. An evaluation was conducted using a tailored tool built to implement the proposed Negotiation-Collaboration mechanisms. The choice of requirements by various stakeholders, within the process of eliciting software requirements through consensus, is a complex problem. Representing and structuring group dynamics, which are composed of human actions, is a challenge. During the group decision-making process, a set of ideas is debated, not always clearly expressed and not always understood by everyone in the same way. The debate involves several profilesq of participants, with different and sometimes conflicting points of view. Such differences, however, are fundamental to the quality of the group decision, as the ideas are analyzed from various perspectives. A collaborative strategy for building RNFs and their computational support is proposed. The Negotiation-Collaboration approach is reused to work specifically with RNFs. It takes into account not only the construction of the RNFs themselves, but also the construction of their interdependencies. Such interdependencies between the requirements impact the decision on the RNFs to be built. The strategy evaluation was supported by software developed to support, at the same time, Negotiation-Collaboration mechanisms and RNFs specification activities. The software is asynchronous and geographically distributed, facilitating group communication, even with physically distant members. Three evaluative activities were carried out, and the results showed positive indications for the use of the strategy in the construction of RNFs. For each of the projects used in the evaluations, a list of RNFs was produced, whose consistency was judged by the participants involved to be sufficiently satisfactory. The number of RNFs was duplicated in the three construction activities, revealing greater coverage regarding the quality attributes initially listed for the software.

[pt] Apesar da difusão das pesquisas sobre storytelling e narratividade na literatura contemporânea de Administração, principalmente na área de marketing e estudos organizacionais, o uso das narrativas nos relacionamentos de negócios e vendas corporativas é um tema ainda relativamente pouco explorado. Nesse contexto, o objetivo da presente investigação de caráter exploratório é identificar e analisar em que medida os executivos e profissionais de vendas fazem uso de narrativas e histórias (storytelling) nos seus relacionamentos de negócios e vendas corporativas. Para isso, foram entrevistados 21 executivos e profissionais de vendas experientes, com reconhecido histórico de bom desempenho em suas organizações. Os dados resultantes das entrevistas foram tratados por meio de análise do conteúdo. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o uso das narrativas é recorrente para se alcançarem diversos objetivos, como compartilhar informações, estabelecer empatia com os clientes e conquistar a confiança destes. Também fornecem indícios de que a prática do storytelling influencia na qualidade da interação entre os sujeitos envolvidos no processo de venda e no potencial de realização de negócios. Além disso, os executivos que têm relacionamentos de negócios podem se beneficiar ao se expressarem por meio de histórias. / [en] Despite the dissemination of studies on storytelling and narrative in contemporary literature of Administration, specifically in marketing fields and organizational studies, the use of narratives in business relationships and corporate sales is a topic still relatively unexplored. In this context, the objective of this exploratory study is to identify and analyze the extent to which executives and sales professionals make use of narratives and stories (storytelling) in their business relationships and corporate sales. For this purpose, 21 seniors executives and sales professionals, with good performance history recognized in their organizations, were interviewed. Data from the interviews were treated by analysis of the content. The survey results indicate that the use of narratives is recurrent and are used to achieve various goals, such as to share information and establish empathy and trust with customers, among others. The results provide indications that the practice of storytelling influences the quality of interaction between the individuals involved in the sale process and the potential of doing business; and that executives who have business relationships can benefit from the practice of expressing through stories.

Due to the high rates of criminal violence and the alternative authority of Criminal Armed Groups (CAGs) in Guatemala humanitarian access faces multiple barriers in regions under CAG control, often leaving vulnerable populations without necessary humanitarian services. With limited institutional and conceptual frameworks to support negotiating for humanitarian access in these criminally violent contexts the international humanitarian system favors avoiding these contexts altogether to minimize the risk of their operations, but with the trends of violence increasing in the region not addressing the issue of negotiating for humanitarian spaces in these contexts only will result in crises worsening. Currently there are few substantive discussions regarding establishing such negotiation frameworks in crime-rich environments, those which do discuss the topic directly suggest using frameworks meant for negotiations with Non-State Armed Groups (NSAGs) in armed conflict. However, due to the difference in motivations between CAGs and NSAGs and drastic contextual differences there is doubt for whether the strategies are transferable between the two contexts. Recently few scholars have shifted the conversation to creating the necessary frameworks to approach negotiating humanitarian access specifically in criminally violent situations, providing guidance based on the typology of the criminal organization and the level of violence. While these new discourses have expanded the resources necessary for humanitarian organizations to negotiate access in regions with high rates of criminal violence it is still necessary to broaden topic further. Therefore, examining strategies for negotiating humanitarian access in regions with high rates of criminal violence in Guatemala seeks to understand how to ensure that affected populations in regions under criminal control continue to receive humanitarian aid despite the threat of violence. To examine this phenomenon this study utilizes the mixed qualitative methods of an extensive literature review on the themes of humanitarian access, criminal governance, and humanitarian negotiations, along with a review of the case of El Salvador’s negotiated 2012 gang truce, and semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of negotiating access. Together with considerations of the unique context of Guatemala the points of intersection between themes and responses assisted in triangulating the analysis of the appropriate strategies to consider when negotiating humanitarian access in regions prevalent criminal violence. Ultimately in regions under criminal control in Guatemala strategies which respect the CAG authority, balance the perceived threat of violence with the real threat of violence, communicate humanitarian impartiality, and are specifically crafted for the type of CAG control are potential paths negotiating humanitarian access to affected populations otherwise forgotten.

This thesis studies the negotiation of political power between the Danish absolutist state, the local government on Bornholm, and its subjects there during the winter of 1738–1739. The aim is to better understand how political power was negotiated in a peripheral region of an early modern state, but also to explore what caused this interaction to begin with and why its eventual outcome was a compromise by the state. The empirical evidence consists mostly of documents created and obtained by an investigative commission formed by the Danish king in 1738 in response to an anonymous letter that accused the local government on Bornholm of corruption and serious criminal offences. The local government had become complicit in peasants’ squatting on disputed land that technically belonged to the king. It will be argued that there existed a distinct political culture on Bornholm that shaped these negotiations and their outcome. Furthermore, the work of the commission and the eventual compromise made by the state demonstrates how this political culture collided with Copenhagen officials’ designs for the island at the time. The investigation into the behaviour of the governor of Bornholm and his eventual treatment sheds light on the role and boundaries of such early modern local officeholders, but also reveals how officials such as him were protected by nepotism and kinship within the Danish absolutist state. Finally, it will be argued that the anonymous letter that led to the establishment of the commission was the product of local conflicts that had escalated to a point of desperation. / <p></p><p></p>

This essay aims to research the writing of George Orwell by analysing the four main pigs in his novel Animal Farm from a linguistic and rhetorical perspective. The paper's purpose is to explore occurrences of chosen phenomena tied to linguistic and rhetorical theory, with the goal to create an understanding of how Orwell portrays his characters exercising leadership and how their communicative strategies differ or coincide. In order to investigate occurrences of linguistic and rhetorical phenomena, the method of qualitative content analysis with a directed approach will be applied. This method of choice leaves room for interpretation based on the chosen theories and can assist in answering the research question. The results incline towards the pigs in Orwell’s novel applying various forms of linguistic and rhetorical strategies, often to persuade, manipulate and/or deceive the animals. Additionally, it is prevalent that there are both similarities and differences in the pigs' use of leadership as well as the use of linguistic and rhetorical strategies. Lastly, the paper will discuss and reflect on the results in order to draw conclusions and answer the research question.