To preserve the older building stock in Sweden in a sustainable manner, investigations of the construction and condition of these buildings are required. The investigations are needed to make correct decisions on maintenance of buildings and to evaluate energy-efficient measures for different types of buildings. In this work, the building stock in the city of Arboga, built before 1945 is investigated. Data about the building stock have been compiled using information from the building register of The National Heritage Board and the national database of energy certificates. Properties such as usage of the building, construction year, number of floors, area, volume and placement have been investigated and documented in an inventory list. The objective of the present study is to implement a method where the building stock can be divided into more manageable categories. The categorization is done by grouping the inventory in three steps: number of floors, location relative to other building and volume ratio. Based on the building categories, an archetype building is created for each category. With the help of these typical buildings, careful studies on energy-efficient measures can be performed. The results can then be extrapolated on the entire building stock. Delimitations have been made during the inventory. Outliers i.e buildings where the volume deviates much from the average in each category have been excluded. Finally, the method applied on 149 buildings resulted in four categories and four type buildings which represents the building stock of Arboga, built before 1945.

The importance of policy networks and the need to treat networks seriously have long been emphasized within the field of policy science. However, not many attempts have been made to investigate the explanatory power of policy networks using the tools and theoretical concepts provided by social network analysis (SNA). This historical limitation is the central undertaking of the current thesis, which sets out to clarify the possible relationship between network structure and the organizing capacities and performance of policy networks. Not only is the aim to elucidate how different network qualities affect performance, but the thesis also has a methodological aim of indicating in what ways SNA contributes to and enhances policy network research. Based on the theoretical concepts policy, networks, institutions, and social capital, an analytical framework is formed. A set of hypotheses regarding how network structures are believed to affect the performance of policy networks is suggested. Two particular network qualities-namely, network closure and network heterogeneity-are proposed as central for the process and its outcome. The former reflects the internal structure of a network in terms of density and centralization, while the latter reflects how the network is connected to other networks and addresses its level of diversity and cross-boundary character. The empirical part of the thesis consists of three case studies, in which policy processes within different policy sectors are studied. The empirical analysis confirms the existence of a relationship between network structure and performance. As the level of network closure increases, so does the capability to prioritize, thereby enhancing efficiency. However, the level of network heterogeneity is positively related to the function of resource mobilization, which, in turn, is a central prerequisite for improved effectiveness. The thesis concludes that a significant explanatory power exists in the concept of policy networks and that SNA is a promising way to explore its possibilities, enhancing policy research and the conceptual and theoretical developments within the field. Finally, the implications of the findings for contemporary policy making and public administration are discussed. / Godkänd; 2008; 20080519 (ysko)

Jämställdhetsintegrering som policystrategi antogs i Beijing 1995 i samband med FN’s fjärde världskonferens om kvinnor. Över 20 år senare är forskare ännu inte eniga om hur man på bästa sätt implementerar jämställdhetsintegreringen, och forskning som berör den lokala nivån är begränsad. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka och analysera förutsättningar för implementering av två kommunala förvaltningars arbete med jämställdhetsintegrering, och vad som kan utläsas som särskilt viktigt för en hållbar implementering av jämställdhetsintegrering på lokal nivå. Det analytiska ramverk som tillämpas i uppsatsen utgörs av fyra variabler som Alison E. Woodward sammanställt för att analysera förutsättningar för implementeringen av jämställdhetsintegrering. Dessa fyra variabler är konsensus, genuskunskap, motstånd och implementeringsansvar och utförande. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med berörda aktörer från studieobjekten Barn och Ungdomsförvaltningen och Räddningstjänsten i Halmstads kommun resulterar i slutsatsen att Räddningstjänsten har bra förutsättningar för implementeringen av jämställdhetsintegrering, eftersom förvaltningen uppfyller kriterierna för Woodwards fyra variabler. Barn och Ungdomsförvaltningens förutsättningar visar sig vara nämnvärt sämre, främst som följd av att förvaltningen inte uppnår kriteriet för variabeln konsensus, som brister i förvaltningsledningen. Konsensus är också den variabel som utifrån respondenternas svar visar sig vara den som är mest avgörande för implementeringen av jämställdhetsintegring.

No description available.

In this thesis I interrogate the concept of respect for animals, or intrinsic value, in the new Swedish Animal Welfare Act adopted in 2018. I draw on poststructural theory and conceptual input from political theory as well as Martha Nussbaum’s capability approach. Through the WPR method I analyze government propositions and official government reports between 2011 and 2018, related to the new animal welfare act. The previous Animal Welfare Act from 1988 is used to assess conceptual change in the thirty years that have passed between the two animal welfare acts. Even though respect for animals does not have material legal impact for the animals and cannot be said to constitute a conceptual shift compared to the previous law adopted in 1988, I draw attention to the political implications of the introduction of respect for animals. By analyzing the problem representations and the conceptual logics in the documents, I show how discourses around competitiveness, profitability and productivity in the animal-based food sector were aligned with the global threats of climate change mitigation and antimicrobial resistance, and how these values were seen as state responsibilities while the protection of animals’ intrinsic value became seen as an individual moral responsibility. As a consequence the policy question of what the recognition of animals’ intrinsic value in the law ought to mean as a political issue of justice remained unaddressed. I also show how the emphasis on science in the balancing of animal interests against economic interests has limiting effects on citizens’ political agency.

The ongoing transformation of the Russian society largely consists in changes in the institutional framework constraining actors' behavior in the emerging market economy. While we have a substantial knowledge about the functioning of a market economy we know very little about how to create such a system. The transition in Eastern Europe offers an opportunity to acquire new knowledge about the prerequisites for the establishment of a market economy. This thesis is based upon research performed in a project called "Institutions and the Emergence of Markets - Transition in the Russian Forest Sector" conducted between 1997 and 2001 at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Austria. The purpose of the study was to identify institutional hurdles for the reformation of the Russian forest sector. The task was approached through a series of case studies of the institutional problems hampering developments in the forest sector of eight Russian regions. Data describing the behavior of forest enterprises was obtained through an interview survey among enterprise leaders in each one of the eight regions. The so-called Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework provided a common design for the eight case study reports comprising the first phase of the project. One such case study report is included in this thesis - the one dealing with institutional problems in the forest sector of the Arkhangelsk Oblast. Based on the previous eight case studies an integrating analysis was made with the purpose of identifying more general characteristics of the institutional framework embedding the Russian forest sector. The results of the analysis were reported in a journal article published in 2001. This article is also included in the thesis. In a third and final phase of the project, the results of the previous studies were disseminated through a series of policy exercises to forest stakeholders in four of the eight case study regions, the purpose being to see if a participatory policy formulation process could be established among regional forest stakeholders. The third paper included in this thesis reports on the results of the policy exercises conducted in the regions of Murmansk, Karelia, and Arkhangelsk in the autumn of 2000 and the spring of 2001. As this thesis illustrates, transforming the old Soviet command economy into a modern market system is a formidably complex task. The reforms taken early during the transition (e.g., privatization and price liberalization) triggered a series of spontaneous changes in the economy actually threatening to bankrupt many Russian enterprises and ultimately to upset the entire social order. However, the development also triggered its own response in that it made many market non-viable enterprises enter the so- called virtual economy. Here enterprises exchanged goods and services through barter trade thus avoiding true market competition. In fact, many of the rules-in-use (institutions) constraining the behavior of actors in the virtual economy originated in the old Soviet command system. A major problem with the virtual economy is that it maintains the sub-optimal resource allocation typical of the command economy. The findings reported in this thesis empirically corroborate central hypotheses generated by the theory of the virtual economy. Some ideas are also explored about ways to disentangle the institutional deadlock preventing a large part of the forest enterprises from restructuring to become viable in the emerging Russian market economy. The study arrived at the very general conclusion that there are no easy top- down procedures that automatically will lead to an efficiently functioning Russian market economy. The results contest the claims made by the "shock therapy" school of (mainly western) reform advisors to the Russian government. While certain basic reform measures could not be introduced gradually, there was no ground for expecting rapid automatic and profound positive changes in the institutional framework constraining actors' behavior in the Russian economy. On the contrary, the institutional deadlock characterizing the Russian economy will take a long time (and quite innovative thinking) to disentangle. The problem consists in envisaging a way to introduce institutional changes with the multiple purpose of improving the efficiency of the economy (raising people's standard of living) while at the same time improving the workings of democracy and doing so in a society where the existing institutional framework does not work properly. The study led to a number of specific conclusions relating to the possibilities of reforming the Russian forest sector, making the institutional framework constraining actors' behavior more conducive to economic efficiency. It was found that there is a need for changes throughout the entire institutional hierarchy, ranging from constitutional rules, through collective choice rules, to operational rules. Separation of duties and obligations between the political and economic spheres of society should be an underlying principle in all these changes. It was also suggested that policies for improving the institutional framework governing the Russian regional forest sector should be elaborated in a dialogue with the stakeholders who are directly affected by malfunctioning of the sector. The study showed that the use of policy exercises for elaborating improved forest policies seems feasible although the Russian civil society is (still) not sufficiently developed to allow participatory policy formulation procedures to work effectively. / Godkänd; 2004; 20070116 (haneit)

No description available.

Ledarskap är en viktig faktor för att en verksamhet ska fungera bra, och det är chefens uppgift att se till att det fungerar. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om chefens kommunikation, motivation, konflikthantering och närvaro påverkar upplevelsen av ledarskapet inom äldreomsorgen. Metoden som har använts i studien är kvantitativ där datamaterialet samlades in via enkäter i en grupp på sociala medier. För att ta reda på om det fanns något samband mellan upplevelsen av ledarskapet och de fyra teman så genomfördes hypotesprövningar i form av chi-två test. Teorin beskriver de fyra teman, kommunikation, motivation, konflikthantering samt närvaro och varför det kan vara viktiga delar i ett ledarskap, det är detta som sedan kommer förhållas till i analysen. Denna studie påvisar att många av respondenterna är missnöjda med ledarskapet inom äldreomsorgen. Studien visar även att det finns ett samband mellan hur nöjda respondenterna är med ledarskapet och chefens kommunikation, motivation, konflikthanteringen samt närvaro. Studien visar att alla fyra teman har starkt samband med upplevelsen av ledarskapet. Det tema som visar starkast samband är motivation och upplevelse av ledarskap. / Leadership is an important factor for a business to function well, and it is the job of the manager to ensure that it works. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the manager's communication, motivation, conflict management and presence affect the experience of leadership in the elderly care. The method used in the study is quantitative where the data was collected via surveys in a group on social media. To find out if there was any connection between the experience of leadership and the four themes, hypothesis tests were conducted in the form of chi-two tests. The theory describes the four themes, communication, motivation, conflict management and attendance and why it can be important parts of a leadership, this is what will then be related to in the analysis. This study shows that many of the respondents who are dissatisfied with the leadership in elder care. The study also shows that there is a connection between how satisfied the respondents are with the leadership and the manager's communication, motivation, conflict management and attendance. The study shows that all four themes are strongly associated with the experience of leadership. The theme that shows the strongest connection is motivation and experience of leadership.

Försvarsmakten har under 00-talet succesivt reducerats mot bakgrund av att hotet mot Sverige har bedömts som lågt. De försvarsbeslut som har legat till grund för utformningen av försvaret under 00- och 10-talet har visat sig vara underfinansierade. Detta har inneburit en vikande trend avseende försvarsförmåga. I samband med ett försämrat omvärldsläge under 10-talet har nya politiska krav på̊ ökad försvarsförmåga åter hamnat i fokus. Studien fokuserar på̊ utformningen av, och processen bakom försvarsbeslutet 2015, vars avsikt var att möta den försämrade omvärldsutvecklingen. Resultatet visar på̊ ännu ett underfinansierat försvarsbeslut, där de dominerande drivkrafterna har varit andra än att säkerställa en tillräcklig försvarsförmåga för att kunna möta det försämrade omvärldsläget. Istället har ekonomi utgjort den dimensionerande faktorn när försvarsbeslutet skulle realiseras.

Sanctions are presumed to work on the logic of a cost/benefit analysis, where the actors make concessions in response to induced pressure from the public who demands policy change because of hardened living conditions. The literature regarding sanctions effect on policy change are numerous, but less research has been made on what effects follow in domestic politics when sanctions are lifted. The theory of economic voting explains how voters reward or punish their leaders depending on the economic performance of the country. Most studies have focused on democratic developed countries, but this research will extend the theories to an autocratic setting. This essay fills a gap in the literature by a applying case study approach to a field of work that is largely dominated by quantitative research designs. Through a case of structured focused comparison of two periods where sanctions are implemented and then lifted, this essay is able to show that for the case of Iran, the coercive measures had an impact on support for the government. The public rewarded the incumbent for good performance when the sanctions were lifted, which confirms earlier findings that voter behavior in autocratic countries are similar to those in democracies. The economy is here shown to be of importance for regime approval, but more research is needed on what affects support for governments in non-consolidated democracies.