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銷售通路對傷害保險損失率之影響分析李文斌 Unknown Date (has links)
國內保險經營,行銷通路長久以來均以業務人員直銷通路及經代通路為首要業務來源,近年來新興保險業務通路崛起,最被看好的為電話行銷通路、網路通路及銀行行銷通路,其中影響最鉅者即是銀行行銷通路。
本研究乃針對銀行通路行銷傷害保險之效益與職業團體通路、直接業務通路、經代通路、電話行銷通路、網路通路與客服中心八種通路比較,對於保險公司保費收入與理賠支出面的影響。研究結果顯示
(一) 銀行通路損失率顯著低於直接業務通路的損失率,是保險公司可以加強銀行通路業務
(二) 電話行銷通路及網路通路在損失率比銀行通路顯著較低,為值得注意之新興通路
(三) 電話行銷通路及網路通路在保險費比銀行通路顯著較低,可見傷害保險業務在通路尚有極大發展空間
(四) 職業團體通路、直接業務通路與經代通路之損失率相對偏高,個案公司應積極改善此通路績效
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醫療傷害保險:藉由保險機制達到醫師與病人雙贏的制度安排陳嘉輝 Unknown Date (has links)
一般當討論到保險的時候,只討論到保險的承擔風險的功能,也就是故事到理賠完畢就結束了,但很少提及到理賠完畢之後的故事。本文的病人醫療傷害保險強調的是理賠完畢後的故事。發生醫療傷害時,病人之保險公司理賠完病人取得代位求償權之後,就能將原本由許多病人各自處理的醫療糾紛集中由病人之醫療傷害保險公司處理。因為案件數量大,經由學習、標準化可以降低交易成本。而交易成本的降低,可以使醫師與病人雙方都得到好處,達成雙贏的局面。
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傷害保險契約相關法律問題之研究-以意外傷害之認定、因果關係之判斷及舉證責任之分配為中心 / A Study on legal Issue Relating to Personal Injury Insurance Contracts-Emphasis on the Definition of Injury by Accident, The Judgment of Causation, and The Allocation of Burden of Proof盧彥宥, Lo, Weng Loong Unknown Date (has links)
隨著科學及社會經濟的進步,人類所遭受的外來意外傷害事故日漸增多。根據台灣保險事業發展中心針對人壽保險業被保險人死亡原因的調查結果顯示,意外事故高居第二位,亦因如此,國人對於傷害保險之潛在需求日益增長。時至今日,傷害保險已與傳統的人壽保險、產物保險成鼎足之勢。然而,因傷害保險理賠爭議涉訟的件數亦隨之增加,亦表示傷害保險本身同時也存在著許多爭議,實有研究之必要與價值。根據目前傷害保險的理賠爭議分析,大多集中於意外傷害認定相關的爭議問題,即「意外傷害」構成要素的意涵、因果關係及舉證責任的分配等。本文的主軸亦集中於此三項爭議問題作探討。
傷害保險事故為何及是否發生,影響保險人是否應負保險金給付責任,故如何認定傷害保險之保險事故即屬重要,亦為保險法第一百三十一條規範之主要目的,實有探究之必要。而除了傷害保險之保險事故應如何認定之外,認定損害之發生是否係導因於傷害保險之保險事故,亦即傷害保險之保險事故是否與損害之間具有因果關係,亦為是否須使保險人負保險金給付責任之要件之一,自亦應予說明。又訴訟中,應由何人就引起損害之事故屬於傷害保險之保險事故負舉證責任,亦影響當事人及利害關係人之權益甚深,實有討論之必要。是以,本文即針對傷害保險事故之認定,因果關係之判斷及傷害事故之舉證責任分配為分析,並附帶說明保險實務目前對於傷害保險常見之爭議問題所持之見解和趨勢。
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個人醫療費用保險之研究金寶玲, JIN, BAO-LING Unknown Date (has links)
本文共一冊約五、六萬字,計分五章。
首章概述個人醫療費用保險之內容及形態,分為五節,分別介紹住院費用保險,外科
手術費用保險,基本醫療費用保險、高額醫療費用保險及綜合醫療費用保險。
第二章說明保險費之計算,分為二節,一為影響保險費計算之因素,二為公式之介紹
。
第三章論及醫療費用保險成本上升之問題,分別述明原因及因應措施。
第四章分析我國個人醫療費用保險之狀況,分為三節,分別說明健康保險特約、傷害
保險特約及人壽保險及意外險中之醫療給付部份。
第五章提出改進之建議,以資參考。
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意外傷害保險關於「意外」之認定 / A study on the definition Of “accident” in accident insurance李武峰, Li, Wu-Feng Unknown Date (has links)
保險已成為現今社會一重要經濟制度,與證券及銀行共同為金融支柱。而保險已成為每個人生活的必需品,扶助很多遭遇突然事故或災變的家庭度過難關。教科書或文章已經說了很多保險是自助人助的論述。國人從早期對保險的排斥,到現在台灣保險覆蓋率世界第一,每人平均擁有約三張保單,即可證明國人對保險的接受度已經提高。
但依財團法人消費金融評議中心統計,前述金融三大支柱中,以保險的爭議最多。在2015年,產、壽險業申訴及評議案件占整體均為20%及60%以上,而銀行約在10%上下。究其原因,乃保險之經營技術較為特殊,且其為無形「產品」消費者若欲感受保險的存在,幾乎是在理賠階段。而理賠終究有不符合條件之情況發生;再者,消費者與保險公司理賠認定認知差距亦是爭議所在;最後,(保險)消費者主觀意念認為購買保險就是為了發生事故時能得到理賠,故更加深與保險公司間之對立。尤有甚者,以詐欺手段取得保險金,在申請與審理間,保險公司付出相當大的成本查證,但同時也因處理費時而造成客戶不滿(關於『保險詐欺』壽險理賠先進及前輩已有多篇文章論述,且非本文主題,故不予贅述,或容不才爾後以專文研究)。
本人在壽險業界任理賠人十有七年,有感理賠爭議來自三大類:一、壽險:以違反告知義務被保險公司解除契約之爭議為大宗;二、健康保險:此又可分為二類(一)手術爭議及(二)是否有住院必要之爭議。近年則以(二)為大宗;三、傷害險:在業界,傷害險的爭議件數並非最多,但所造成的影響卻為最大。本文以傷害險為研究主題,係以所造成的影響最大為發想;另外,保險法第一三一條所規定之文義是否足以弭平傷害險爭議(尤其在經過多次條文修正後)。從諸多案件中可以發現,一般人對保險法第一三一條條文「I傷害保險人於被保險人遭受意外傷害及其所致殘廢或死亡時,負給付保險金額之責。II前項意外傷害,指非由疾病引起之外來突發事故所致者。」常有誤解,將之解釋為「非疾病即屬意外」顯然解讀錯誤!蓋若「非疾病即屬意外」此一論點成立,則按邏輯將無法解釋「老邁」身故此一自然現象(雖然最高法院民事判決一○三年度台上字第六一二號有稱『按意外傷害保險係承保意外傷害所致之損失,凡傷害或死亡之原因,非罹患疾病、細菌感染、器官老化衰竭等身體內部因素所致,而係外來、偶然等不可預見之事故所生,除保險契約另有特約不保之事項外,均為承保範圍內之意外事故。)按判定是否符合保險上之意外傷害,不能僅僅以「非疾病即屬意外」一語帶過,因為它還必須符合突發、偶然、不可預料等要件。
另外,當被保險人受到意外事故而致傷、殘或死亡時,而傷害結果摻有疾病因素「貢獻」其中時;或承保事故與非承保事故互有因果關係時,該次傷害結果得否認定為傷害保險之承保事故,則必須運用「近因原則」加以判斷。
保險人因承保事故發生而有給付責任,為因契約而成立「債」之關係。但事故是否為承保範圍,則為關鍵所在。於壽險,生存、死亡或殘廢理賠,認定較為簡單;但於傷害保險,被保險人是否因為條款約定之「意外傷害事故」致成傷害,因為事過境遷,事實很難認定。於法院繫屬時,被保險人(受益人)與保險公司間之攻防,即與舉證責任息息相關。若有一方舉證不能,即有受訴訟不利益風險。 / Insurance is now a major part of the economy system. It plays an important role like stocks and bonds, or banks in the financial industry and it is now essential in our everyday life. Insurance helps the families that experienced accidents or tragedies overcome the difficulties. Lots of textbooks and articles have let us know that the insurance is the statement of cooperation. People in Taiwan had been rejecting the insurance in early days; however, until now, the usage rate of insurance in Taiwan has become the top class in the whole world with the average three policies per person, which can prove that insurance is more acceptable nowadays.
Nevertheless, according to the research of Financial Ombudsman Institution, among the three important roles in the financial industry, Insurance, Stocks and Bonds, and Banks, Insurance is the most controversial. In 2015, the percentage of appeals and arbitration of Non-life and life insurance industry are over 20% and 60%. However, the banks have only around 10%. To explain this kind of circumstance, it is because that the value proposition of insurance industry is more special than others. The products of the insurance, the policies, are mostly intangible, which that the customers cannot recognize the product easily and only when the claims have been settled, the customers can reach the product directly. But, the claims are not always settled as long as the conditions are not met. Moreover, the recognition of the claims are not the same from different points of view and that is the controversial point. Lastly, the customers regard the policies as the guarantees of the claims, which mean that they think once they bought the policies, the claims will be settled anyway as long as the accidents happen. Therefore, this thought strengthens the opposition of the customers to the companies. Furthermore, some people try to get the settlement using fraudulent methods. Such kind of activities costs the companies a lot to verify during the phase of application and processing. At the same time, due to the investigation, it also brings the dissatisfaction of the customers.
I have been working in the department of claim of life insurance for 17 years and I have learnt that the controversies are basically from three categories, Life Insurance, Health Insurance, and Injury Insurance. For Life Insurance, most of the conflicts are from the obligation of disclose of the customers, and if the obligation is not fulfilled, the company will terminate the contract in the end. For Health Insurance, it can be categorized into two, one is surgery conflicts and the essentiality of being hospitalized and most of them are the second one. For the last, Injury Insurance, it doesn’t have the most cases of the conflicts, but it is the most influential.
This paper focuses on Injury Insurance due to the characteristics of most influential and whether the definition of Article 131(A personal accident insurer is obligated to pay the insured amount when the insured suffers injury by accident, or becomes disabled or dies on account of such injury. The term "injury by accident" as used in the preceding paragraph refers to physical harm caused by unforeseen external events other than illness.), Insurance Act, can eliminate the conflicts of Injury Insurance or not. From lots of cases of Injury Insurance, normal people are not clear about the Article and misunderstand the contents as either disease or accidents. If the statement is true, then the natural death cannot be explained as an accident. The recognition of an accident cannot solely by such a brief definition because it has to meet the conditions of “Sudden”, “Accidental”, and “Unpredictable”.
In addition, when the insured is injured, disabled, or dead caused by accidents and the outcome of the injury contains the elements of disease, or when the insured peril and the non-insured peril have causal relationships, whether the outcome can be recognized as the insured peril or not depends on the “Proximate Cause”.
The insurer has the obligation to pay once the insured peril occur because of the contract and form the relationship of debt. However, the key of the issue is whether the accident is in the scope of the insured peril. In Life Insurance, the recognition of survival, death, or disability is simpler compared to Injury Insurance which contains more uncertain elements. On the other hand, in Injury Insurance, whether the insured is injured because of the insured peril or not is not easy to verify due to the fact is not the same as it happened. During the suit, the burden of proof has a great relationship with the defendant and the plaintiff. As long as one cannot provide any proof, he has the risks of losing the suit.
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產物保險業經營傷害險個案分析 / A case study on personal accident insurance operation of a non-life insurance company in Taiwan廖舷安, Liao,Hsuan An Unknown Date (has links)
國內保險經營,長久以來即是人身保險及財產保險分業經營方式,但兩者的經營規模差距很大,據統計資料顯示,壽險業這五年來的傷害險保費收入,平均每年約有580億元,健康險平均年約1260億元,對於產險業整體業界總保費收入約1100億元的市場規模而言,實在是塊誘人和商機無限的新市場,能加入傷害險或健康險的經營,將是產險業者突破經營瓶頸的關鍵,不僅保險市場會產生蛻變,更會對消費大眾帶來多元的選擇與影響。
在此背景下,本研究主要探討產險業經營傷害險的績效,並舉個案實例經營此單一險種的過程,就其在商品研發、行銷、核保和理賠等各項作業流程,進行探討分析。經本研究個案分析,歸納出幾點問題,一是在經營策略面,以業績成長為首要的考量,自然會選擇通路商的行銷方式,所謂「掌握通路,就是贏家」,兩年來通路業績佔了該險種的73%,而其賠款金額佔率,亦佔了76%左右,經營績效的結果顯示出「成也通路,敗也通路」,如何強化通路商之管理是經營重點。二是由理賠資料分析統計,並與壽險業資料比較,發現有相關性趨勢,但卻有相對惡化的現象,諸如平均死亡率,男性比女性多出5倍以上,比壽險業的3倍高;平均每件死亡賠款230萬元,比壽險業的120萬元,高出近一倍,且又以男性50~59歲的年齡層最高,此點顯示出其商品是否有「保費太低而保障過高」的問題。三是其面臨人力和經驗不足的問題,加上缺乏醫療、法務、徵信調查等相關專業人員及其運作經驗,無法在核保和理賠作業時,因應實際的作業需求。
我國保險法經過兩次修正後,現在已開放產險業者得以經營傷害險,再者,有關健康險是否可進一步開放予產險業者經營,相信很快會經立法院通過修法審議。故本研究的結果,即是找出經營問題和原因,並提出改善建議,期能提供產險業者經營傷害險或未來健康險的參酌。
關鍵字:個人傷害保險、綜合率、非比率再保險 / In our insurance market, there are two types of operation, that is, life insurance and non-life insurance, but the business scale of the two types has a long way to go. According to the data, the average premium income of whole life insurance market of the personal accident and health insurance is about NT$58 billion and NT$126 billion per year respectively among these five years. Relative to the non-life insurance which premium income is about NT$110 billion, it’s really a captivating and unlimited new market that the non-life insurance can take the risk about the personal accident and health insurance. From my point of view, it will be the main key to break through the bottleneck of operation of the non-life insurance market. Not only the whole insurance market will be changed but also it can bring multi-choice and influence to consumers.
Under this background, the main task of this research is discussing the non-life insurance’s result of operation the personal accident insurance. It has a real case that also includes the product of development, marketing, underwriter and claim for further discussion and analysis. According to the research of this case, it can generalize some points as below. The first is about the tactic of operation: we will choice the way of marketing way of channel if we consider the growth of premium income as primary issue. What is called” Someone will be a winner if he controls the channel”. In our company, the business of channel was occupied about 73% of the personal accident insurance and the claim also in the same situation was about 76% over the past two years. Unfortunately, the result of operation is “Control the channel will make someone success and failure”, so the key point of operation is how to enhance the management of channel. The second is about the statistics of claim: we compared with the data of life and non-life insurance and find some related trends, but there is a phenomenon of related aggravation, such as rate of average death, men are five times more than women in non-life insurance but only three times in life
insurance statistics; the average indemnity of death is about NT$2.3 million in non-life insurance which is one time higher than life insurance market and especially with men that age level among in 50~59 years old. On the basis of above mentioned, it shows the problem of this product have higher indemnification but lower premium income. The third is about the problem of lack of manpower and inadequate experience, in addition, it also lack such relevant professional personnel as medical, legal and investigative, etc. So it can’t offer the demand of real operation in the underwriting and claim process.
The law of insurance has already opened that the non-life insurance can operate the personal accident insurance after revision two times in our country. Moreover, we believe that will be passed through about the non-life insurance also can operate the health insurance by the legislative rapidly. After the analysis, the conclusion of this research is finding out the question and reason of operation and offering the suggestion of improvement. I hope it can provide some recommendations for the non-life insurance that will operate the personal accident insurance or oncoming of the health insurance.
Key words: Personal Accident Insurance、Combined Ratio、Excess of Loss
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論傷害保險之保險事故張傑雄 Unknown Date (has links)
傷害保險之機能不但隨著現代社會之需要而變化,而傷害保險事業也可說已經蓬勃發展。然而,有關傷害保險之爭訟日益增多,尤其在保險事故的認定上,更是屢屢出現各種爭議,並逐漸有類型化之趨勢。
為此,立法院於民國九十二年一月二十二日,增訂保險法第一百三十一條第二項規定:「前項意外傷害,指非由疾病引起之外來突發事故所致者。」徵其目的,乃在於透過法律位階明文定義傷害事故,以期定紛止息,然在其他保險先進國家,此種立法例極為鮮見。
有鑑於傷害保險屬於保障人身意外傷害事故之重要險種,在傷害保險事故之認定上卻爭訟不斷,而上述最新之明文立法方式,是否真能解決紛爭,即有待檢驗。此外,在某些案例中,醫學鑑定報告及法醫學上的判斷雖不可欠缺,但在保險事故的認定與判斷方面,法律整理工作更是前提要件,例如保險事故之要件、舉證責任之歸屬等等。本文即欲引介並檢視其他保險先進國家對意外傷害認定爭議問題之處理方式,以作為我國處理相同爭議之借鏡。
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紐西蘭意外補償制度與我國相關意外傷害補償制度之研究顏佳瑩 Unknown Date (has links)
在多元的現代社會中,人們的活動日趨複雜,但意外事故也隨之增加。各國政府為了解決意外傷害造成的社會問題,莫不致力於發展各種意外傷害補償制度,期望能為遭受意外傷害之受害人提供及時有效的補償。我國勞工職業災害補償制度、強制汽車責任保險制度,與紐西蘭意外補償制度的制定即是此脈絡下的產物。
紐西蘭意外補償制度自1974年開始實行,是世界上第一個針對人身傷害採行全面無過失補償制度的國家。全體國民強制加入意外傷害的社會保險體系,由官方的意外補償公司(Accident Compensation Corporation,通稱ACC)負責制度之運作,全民不論在任何場合發生之意外傷害,亦不論意外事故之發生有無過失,均可獲得補償。我國則於民國68年修正勞工保險條例,明訂職業災害保險,並於民國73年制訂勞動基準法第59條,規定雇主之無過失補償責任,建立職業災害補償制度;民國85年亦針對汽車交通事故造成之人身傷亡,制訂強制汽車責任保險法,建立強制汽車責任保險制度。
本文係以紐西蘭意外補償制度及我國勞工職業災害補償制度、強制汽車責任保險制度為研究中心。除介紹兩國意外傷害補償制度的發展過程、法律依據、重要內涵及組織架構外,並針對兩國制度在運作過程中產生的問題進行檢討與制度優缺點之比較分析。最後提出本文對於制度改革的建議,期能解決制度本身存在的問題。
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就雇主職業災害責任論雇主責任保險相關問題 / The study of employers' liability insurance for employees' accupational injuries and death李育錚, Li, Yu-Cheng Unknown Date (has links)
本文全文共分六章,茲將各章之內容簡述如下:
第一章 緒論
本章主要論述本文研究之動機、研究方法以及略述各章之要點。章內就本文主要討論之點先予以顯明。
第二章 雇主責任之分析
本章主要乃就我國現行法制下雇主對其受僱人因職業災害所生之法律上責任為分析。而雇主責任基礎,除了民事上損害賠償責任外,尚有因職業災害補償制度所生之雇主補償責任。就民事上損害賠償責任而言,目前除了民法上侵權行為及債務不履行所生損害賠償責任外,尚有基於海商法所生雇主補償責任。而職業災害補償制度,我國現採雇主直接職業災害補償責任與社會保險雙軌併行制度,就雇主直接職業災害補償責任觀之,目前規定於我國勞動基準法、工廠法等勞工法規,基於保護勞工之立場,均採無過失責任,只強調客觀上是否有職業災害之發生,而不須討論雇主是否可歸責; 而勞工保險之職業災害給付,則將雇主責任社會保險化,以保險給付取代部分雇主職業災害補償責任。而因同一職業災害發生,使民事上雇主損害賠償責任與職業災害補償制度下所生雇主責任可能產生競合關係,應如何為處理,是否涉及受僱人雙重利得,均為本章所討論之重點。
第三章 雇主職業災害責任之風險管理
本章乃就雇主於面臨眾多職業災害責任所帶來風險之情況下因應之道。首先,先對因雇主責任所可能發生之風險種類為一概述。為了將此風險帶來損失程度降到最低,因此風險管理在現代企業中極為重要。因應雇主責任而所為風險管理,應就兩方向為之,一為降低職業災害發生率,此乃屬事前之預防工作,應由作好工作場所安全管理來著手; 另一則是保險之應用,此乃於事故發生後將損失程度降到最低之補救工作,目前我國之勞工保險、傷害保險、及雇主責任保險皆有移轉雇主責任風險之功能,並以此引導出雇主責任保險之重要性。
第四章 雇主責任保險之分析
本章乃就因應雇主所面臨之各種雇主責任,而分析理想中雇主責任保險應具有之內涵。先就雇主責任保險之基本架構,如保險契約當事人及關係人定義、保險事故及保險利益之內容為概述。於討論雇主責任保險之承保範圍時,因為職業災害中涉及職業病,但因職業病之特殊性,與意外事故之性質相差甚遠,故是否納為承保範圍中,有待討論。而事故發生後之理賠,則雇主民事損害賠償責任與職業災害補償責任之目的不同,前者主要在損害補償,後者則為保障勞工之生活,故責任額度之計算而有不同,且保險人是否承擔防禦費用,亦因雇主責任類型不同而生不同結果。且若雇主有重複投保雇主責任保險,是否涉及複保險之問題,且各保險人間因如何分攤,亦為本章討論之重點。
第五章 雇主責任保險與其他保險之競合
本章就雇主責任保險與勞工保險、團體傷害保險、及其他責任保險之間競合關係為論述。當職業災害發生時,勞工保險與雇主責任保險之保險人均生保險給付義務,欲解決此一問題,應先就受僱人之勞保給付受領權與其對雇主之請求權所生請求權競合關係為分析,若兩者間可雙重受領,則勞工保險給付與雇主責任保險間不生抵充問題,反之則否。而團體傷害保險,於保險法理上與責任保險不同,但因為我國內政部相關解釋函,肯定團體傷害保險給付得抵充雇主勞動基準法職業災害補償責任,因此,團體傷害保險與雇主責任保險間亦涉及競合關係,而應如何處理,仍有待討論。甚於雇主責任保險與其他責任保險間,則構成最典型之保險競合關係,各保險人基於損害填補原則,如何計算理賠分攤額,涉及眾多學說,亦為本章論述重點之一。
第六章 我國雇主責任保險之現制分析
本章乃就我國現行雇主意外責任保險市場概況為概述,並就其承保範圍過於狹窄,無法切合雇主真正需求所生種種缺失為分析,並參酌各家學說及外國相關保單,提出改進建議之道。
第七章 結論與建議
最後,就雇主所承擔之各種職業災害責任為一結合,並提出修法上之建議。且對於我國現行之雇主意外責任保險,針對目前之缺失,提出建議改進之道。
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