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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

紐西蘭意外補償制度與我國相關意外傷害補償制度之研究

顏佳瑩 Unknown Date (has links)
在多元的現代社會中,人們的活動日趨複雜,但意外事故也隨之增加。各國政府為了解決意外傷害造成的社會問題,莫不致力於發展各種意外傷害補償制度,期望能為遭受意外傷害之受害人提供及時有效的補償。我國勞工職業災害補償制度、強制汽車責任保險制度,與紐西蘭意外補償制度的制定即是此脈絡下的產物。 紐西蘭意外補償制度自1974年開始實行,是世界上第一個針對人身傷害採行全面無過失補償制度的國家。全體國民強制加入意外傷害的社會保險體系,由官方的意外補償公司(Accident Compensation Corporation,通稱ACC)負責制度之運作,全民不論在任何場合發生之意外傷害,亦不論意外事故之發生有無過失,均可獲得補償。我國則於民國68年修正勞工保險條例,明訂職業災害保險,並於民國73年制訂勞動基準法第59條,規定雇主之無過失補償責任,建立職業災害補償制度;民國85年亦針對汽車交通事故造成之人身傷亡,制訂強制汽車責任保險法,建立強制汽車責任保險制度。 本文係以紐西蘭意外補償制度及我國勞工職業災害補償制度、強制汽車責任保險制度為研究中心。除介紹兩國意外傷害補償制度的發展過程、法律依據、重要內涵及組織架構外,並針對兩國制度在運作過程中產生的問題進行檢討與制度優缺點之比較分析。最後提出本文對於制度改革的建議,期能解決制度本身存在的問題。
2

傷害保險契約相關法律問題之研究-以意外傷害之認定、因果關係之判斷及舉證責任之分配為中心 / A Study on legal Issue Relating to Personal Injury Insurance Contracts-Emphasis on the Definition of Injury by Accident, The Judgment of Causation, and The Allocation of Burden of Proof

盧彥宥, Lo, Weng Loong Unknown Date (has links)
隨著科學及社會經濟的進步,人類所遭受的外來意外傷害事故日漸增多。根據台灣保險事業發展中心針對人壽保險業被保險人死亡原因的調查結果顯示,意外事故高居第二位,亦因如此,國人對於傷害保險之潛在需求日益增長。時至今日,傷害保險已與傳統的人壽保險、產物保險成鼎足之勢。然而,因傷害保險理賠爭議涉訟的件數亦隨之增加,亦表示傷害保險本身同時也存在著許多爭議,實有研究之必要與價值。根據目前傷害保險的理賠爭議分析,大多集中於意外傷害認定相關的爭議問題,即「意外傷害」構成要素的意涵、因果關係及舉證責任的分配等。本文的主軸亦集中於此三項爭議問題作探討。 傷害保險事故為何及是否發生,影響保險人是否應負保險金給付責任,故如何認定傷害保險之保險事故即屬重要,亦為保險法第一百三十一條規範之主要目的,實有探究之必要。而除了傷害保險之保險事故應如何認定之外,認定損害之發生是否係導因於傷害保險之保險事故,亦即傷害保險之保險事故是否與損害之間具有因果關係,亦為是否須使保險人負保險金給付責任之要件之一,自亦應予說明。又訴訟中,應由何人就引起損害之事故屬於傷害保險之保險事故負舉證責任,亦影響當事人及利害關係人之權益甚深,實有討論之必要。是以,本文即針對傷害保險事故之認定,因果關係之判斷及傷害事故之舉證責任分配為分析,並附帶說明保險實務目前對於傷害保險常見之爭議問題所持之見解和趨勢。
3

個人醫療費用保險之研究

金寶玲, JIN, BAO-LING Unknown Date (has links)
本文共一冊約五、六萬字,計分五章。 首章概述個人醫療費用保險之內容及形態,分為五節,分別介紹住院費用保險,外科 手術費用保險,基本醫療費用保險、高額醫療費用保險及綜合醫療費用保險。 第二章說明保險費之計算,分為二節,一為影響保險費計算之因素,二為公式之介紹 。 第三章論及醫療費用保險成本上升之問題,分別述明原因及因應措施。 第四章分析我國個人醫療費用保險之狀況,分為三節,分別說明健康保險特約、傷害 保險特約及人壽保險及意外險中之醫療給付部份。 第五章提出改進之建議,以資參考。
4

意外事故社會保障之研究--以損害賠償與社會保障法之交互影響為中心

詹豐吉, Chan, Feng Chi Unknown Date (has links)
意外事故之發生自古有之,但是在現代社會中,由於事故之數量及所造成的龐大損失,意外事故受害者需求的滿足,成為一項重要的社會問題。在面對這些意外事故所造成問題,國家莫不積極地介入社會生活中。其不但將相當可觀的資源投入事前的各種預防措施,對於各種危險型態從事行政管制。此外,國家基於社會國家的意旨,建立其他替代損害填補來源(Alternative Source of Compensation)以合理救濟受害者之需求,諸如社會保障制度、強制責任保險等機制。 然而.鑑於社會整體資源有限性之限制下,國家應考慮以何種手段方得以處理這些不幸的損害,以達到合理保障受害者權益的目標,因此國家對於補償制度建構,應有全盤理念,,否則將有流於不免有「頭痛醫頭,腳痛醫腳」之弊端。據此,本文將針對各類意外事故之特性,並考察其他先進國家,諸如德國、瑞典、荷蘭、紐西蘭、英國、美國及日本之發展歷程,從而檢討檢討我國現行意外事故社會保障制度之政策,及損害賠償與社會保障制度之協調關係。
5

營造綜合保險基本條款之研究

彭祖德, Peng,Tsu-Te Unknown Date (has links)
本文係以我國財政部核准之營造綜合保險基本條款為主題,條款內容依險種性質分類為營造工程財物損失險及營造工程第三人意外責任險兩大區塊加以研析。並就保險法理、我國現行司法判決、外國立法例、中華人民共和國建築工程一切險條款與外國再保險公司工程保險條款,探討營造綜合保險基本條款中相關法律爭議及嘗試提出相關修正建議。
6

意外傷害保險關於「意外」之認定 / A study on the definition Of “accident” in accident insurance

李武峰, Li, Wu-Feng Unknown Date (has links)
保險已成為現今社會一重要經濟制度,與證券及銀行共同為金融支柱。而保險已成為每個人生活的必需品,扶助很多遭遇突然事故或災變的家庭度過難關。教科書或文章已經說了很多保險是自助人助的論述。國人從早期對保險的排斥,到現在台灣保險覆蓋率世界第一,每人平均擁有約三張保單,即可證明國人對保險的接受度已經提高。 但依財團法人消費金融評議中心統計,前述金融三大支柱中,以保險的爭議最多。在2015年,產、壽險業申訴及評議案件占整體均為20%及60%以上,而銀行約在10%上下。究其原因,乃保險之經營技術較為特殊,且其為無形「產品」消費者若欲感受保險的存在,幾乎是在理賠階段。而理賠終究有不符合條件之情況發生;再者,消費者與保險公司理賠認定認知差距亦是爭議所在;最後,(保險)消費者主觀意念認為購買保險就是為了發生事故時能得到理賠,故更加深與保險公司間之對立。尤有甚者,以詐欺手段取得保險金,在申請與審理間,保險公司付出相當大的成本查證,但同時也因處理費時而造成客戶不滿(關於『保險詐欺』壽險理賠先進及前輩已有多篇文章論述,且非本文主題,故不予贅述,或容不才爾後以專文研究)。 本人在壽險業界任理賠人十有七年,有感理賠爭議來自三大類:一、壽險:以違反告知義務被保險公司解除契約之爭議為大宗;二、健康保險:此又可分為二類(一)手術爭議及(二)是否有住院必要之爭議。近年則以(二)為大宗;三、傷害險:在業界,傷害險的爭議件數並非最多,但所造成的影響卻為最大。本文以傷害險為研究主題,係以所造成的影響最大為發想;另外,保險法第一三一條所規定之文義是否足以弭平傷害險爭議(尤其在經過多次條文修正後)。從諸多案件中可以發現,一般人對保險法第一三一條條文「I傷害保險人於被保險人遭受意外傷害及其所致殘廢或死亡時,負給付保險金額之責。II前項意外傷害,指非由疾病引起之外來突發事故所致者。」常有誤解,將之解釋為「非疾病即屬意外」顯然解讀錯誤!蓋若「非疾病即屬意外」此一論點成立,則按邏輯將無法解釋「老邁」身故此一自然現象(雖然最高法院民事判決一○三年度台上字第六一二號有稱『按意外傷害保險係承保意外傷害所致之損失,凡傷害或死亡之原因,非罹患疾病、細菌感染、器官老化衰竭等身體內部因素所致,而係外來、偶然等不可預見之事故所生,除保險契約另有特約不保之事項外,均為承保範圍內之意外事故。)按判定是否符合保險上之意外傷害,不能僅僅以「非疾病即屬意外」一語帶過,因為它還必須符合突發、偶然、不可預料等要件。 另外,當被保險人受到意外事故而致傷、殘或死亡時,而傷害結果摻有疾病因素「貢獻」其中時;或承保事故與非承保事故互有因果關係時,該次傷害結果得否認定為傷害保險之承保事故,則必須運用「近因原則」加以判斷。 保險人因承保事故發生而有給付責任,為因契約而成立「債」之關係。但事故是否為承保範圍,則為關鍵所在。於壽險,生存、死亡或殘廢理賠,認定較為簡單;但於傷害保險,被保險人是否因為條款約定之「意外傷害事故」致成傷害,因為事過境遷,事實很難認定。於法院繫屬時,被保險人(受益人)與保險公司間之攻防,即與舉證責任息息相關。若有一方舉證不能,即有受訴訟不利益風險。 / Insurance is now a major part of the economy system. It plays an important role like stocks and bonds, or banks in the financial industry and it is now essential in our everyday life. Insurance helps the families that experienced accidents or tragedies overcome the difficulties. Lots of textbooks and articles have let us know that the insurance is the statement of cooperation. People in Taiwan had been rejecting the insurance in early days; however, until now, the usage rate of insurance in Taiwan has become the top class in the whole world with the average three policies per person, which can prove that insurance is more acceptable nowadays. Nevertheless, according to the research of Financial Ombudsman Institution, among the three important roles in the financial industry, Insurance, Stocks and Bonds, and Banks, Insurance is the most controversial. In 2015, the percentage of appeals and arbitration of Non-life and life insurance industry are over 20% and 60%. However, the banks have only around 10%. To explain this kind of circumstance, it is because that the value proposition of insurance industry is more special than others. The products of the insurance, the policies, are mostly intangible, which that the customers cannot recognize the product easily and only when the claims have been settled, the customers can reach the product directly. But, the claims are not always settled as long as the conditions are not met. Moreover, the recognition of the claims are not the same from different points of view and that is the controversial point. Lastly, the customers regard the policies as the guarantees of the claims, which mean that they think once they bought the policies, the claims will be settled anyway as long as the accidents happen. Therefore, this thought strengthens the opposition of the customers to the companies. Furthermore, some people try to get the settlement using fraudulent methods. Such kind of activities costs the companies a lot to verify during the phase of application and processing. At the same time, due to the investigation, it also brings the dissatisfaction of the customers. I have been working in the department of claim of life insurance for 17 years and I have learnt that the controversies are basically from three categories, Life Insurance, Health Insurance, and Injury Insurance. For Life Insurance, most of the conflicts are from the obligation of disclose of the customers, and if the obligation is not fulfilled, the company will terminate the contract in the end. For Health Insurance, it can be categorized into two, one is surgery conflicts and the essentiality of being hospitalized and most of them are the second one. For the last, Injury Insurance, it doesn’t have the most cases of the conflicts, but it is the most influential. This paper focuses on Injury Insurance due to the characteristics of most influential and whether the definition of Article 131(A personal accident insurer is obligated to pay the insured amount when the insured suffers injury by accident, or becomes disabled or dies on account of such injury. The term "injury by accident" as used in the preceding paragraph refers to physical harm caused by unforeseen external events other than illness.), Insurance Act, can eliminate the conflicts of Injury Insurance or not. From lots of cases of Injury Insurance, normal people are not clear about the Article and misunderstand the contents as either disease or accidents. If the statement is true, then the natural death cannot be explained as an accident. The recognition of an accident cannot solely by such a brief definition because it has to meet the conditions of “Sudden”, “Accidental”, and “Unpredictable”. In addition, when the insured is injured, disabled, or dead caused by accidents and the outcome of the injury contains the elements of disease, or when the insured peril and the non-insured peril have causal relationships, whether the outcome can be recognized as the insured peril or not depends on the “Proximate Cause”. The insurer has the obligation to pay once the insured peril occur because of the contract and form the relationship of debt. However, the key of the issue is whether the accident is in the scope of the insured peril. In Life Insurance, the recognition of survival, death, or disability is simpler compared to Injury Insurance which contains more uncertain elements. On the other hand, in Injury Insurance, whether the insured is injured because of the insured peril or not is not easy to verify due to the fact is not the same as it happened. During the suit, the burden of proof has a great relationship with the defendant and the plaintiff. As long as one cannot provide any proof, he has the risks of losing the suit.
7

傷害保險之意外事故要件與因果關係之研究 / A Study on the Definition of Injury by Accident and the Causation of Personal Injury Insurance

陳彥銘 Unknown Date (has links)
傷害保險於我國實際販售之歷史悠久,屬相當傳統之保險商品,且為保險實務中最為廣泛使用的險種。惟傷害保險雖已在我國和世界各國運行多年,其所生之爭議卻仍層出不窮。其原因不外乎,我國法院對於傷害保險意外事故之要件仍未有一穩定不變之定義,傷害保險之因果關係理論亦是各法院採取不同之解釋。 本篇論文主要探討傷害保險意外事故要件之定義與因果關係之判斷。意外事故要件之定義部分,除整理目前學說見解、實務判決,並提出本文對於意外事故要件之定義,以期切合保險法中意外事故之條文用語並有效釐清相關爭議案件,本文搜尋大量實務判決,並對其中較棘手之爭議案件進行分析與研究;因果關係部分,目前實務判決於傷害保險案件上,有時採「相當因果關係」有時採「主力近因原則」,究應採何種因果關係判斷原則,本文提出意見,並詳述因果關係之實際操作流程。此外,關於數項條件競合造成損害結果發生之案例,亦深入探討、歸類,進而提出各種類型案例之相對應處理方法。
8

企業保險需求分析之研究 / A Study on the Needs Analysis of the Business Insurance

連朝相 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究係以企業保險為研究主體,企業的保險需求涵蓋產物保險及團體保險,以解決企業經營所面臨的財產、責任及人身上之風險,故本研究包含產物保險及團體保險,經由對企業投保產物保險及團體保險的分析,瞭解企業投保保險的現況,依此找出企業購買保險的需求所在,並藉此擬訂有效的行銷策略。 本研究以國內保險經紀人的目標客戶群為觀點來挑選研究對象,研究問卷之抽樣方法係採取非隨機抽樣法中的便利抽樣法,選擇之地區僅限於台北縣市、基隆市之企業。因考量企業體與一般消費者不同,主要決策者業務繁忙,訪問不易,故先以電話詢問有無接受問卷調查之意願,電話詢問的企業家數約有550家,其中表示有意願接受問卷調查的有285家,有意願者再利用E-mail、傳真、郵寄,或直接在電話線上接受訪談,願意接受問卷調查的285家中,回收141份問卷,回收率49%,其中2份為無效問卷,有效問卷為139份。 研究結果顯示:企業會選擇目前保險公司投保,及續保時「更換過保險公司」的原因,無論產險或團體保險,「保費較低」均佔所有原因之冠,可見價格仍是企業選擇保險公司最關鍵的考慮因素。 120家有投保團體保險的企業,有97.5%的企業有投保團體意外險,有45%的企業有投保團體定期險,顯示有超過一半的企業僅投保團體意外險而沒有投保團體定期險,目前產險公司所銷售之傷害保險較壽險公司便宜許多,在費率上有絕對競爭優勢,因此,對產險業及保險經紀人而言,團體傷害保險商機仍大。 本研究顯示,近七成的企業直接找產險公司投保,有三成是透過保險經紀人安排保險,資本額越大者,透過保險經紀人投保的比率有越高的趨勢,資本額5000萬以下的企業有27.6%係透過保險經紀人投保,資本額20億以上的企業有63.6%係透過保險經紀人投保,可見大企業業委由保險經紀人投保者較普遍,而中小企業仍習慣直接找保險公司投保。另外,企業會選擇目前保險公司投保的最重要原因中,資本額5000萬以下的企業,無論產險或是團體保險,以選取「與業務員有認識」的比率最高,產險為31%,團險為39.1%;而資本額20億以上的企業,無論產險或是團體保險,以選取「保費較低」的比率最高,產險為54.5%,團險為36.7%,可見大企業選擇保險公司以保費高低為最主要考量,而中小企業則是人情掛帥,所以經營中小企業應保持跟客戶有良好的互動,培養良好的人際關係。
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論我國寵物保險之現狀與檢討 / A study on current situation and review of pet insurance

趙國婕, Chao, Kuo-Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,隨著少子化、高齡化出現,飼養寵物之人開始日漸增多,許多人將寵物視為家庭成員的一份子,對其呵護備至。家庭成員可以透過人身保險中之人壽保險、健康保險、意外保險,以及現行全民健康保險,來面對生活中突如其來的意外。推及至寵物,由於其並非全民健康保險保障之主體,又寵物之醫療費用相對高昂,因此飼主在飼養寵物時,可能因寵物一時之疾病而陷入經濟困難,另一方面,寵物無論係醫療費用抑或喪葬費用、因疏失導致第三人損害等各方面,均可能造成飼主財力上之負擔,因此寵物保險應運而生,提供飼主將危險自行保留以外之其他選擇。 本文將以寵物產業市場為出發,探討現行寵物保險當前之發展現況,而由於當前販售寵物保險之保險公司為數不多,因此將針對現行販售之保單條款做出比較,以判斷其優劣,同時,將針對寵物保險之核保考量因素、理賠、法律面向進行分析。另外,本文亦同時針對外國目前寵物保險發展現況加以介紹,作為我國未來寵物保險之借鏡。最後,針對前述綜合判斷後,本文將提出個人建議,以期拋磚引玉,提供未來寵物保險改進之方向。
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解決醫療糾紛民事責任之保險與法律制度 / The law and insurance of resolving civil liability in medical malpractice

高添富, Kao, Tien Fu Unknown Date (has links)
本文將負面醫療結果(醫療傷害)統稱為醫療事故(medical incident),而醫療事故中又分為醫療過失(medical negligence)、醫療不幸(medical mishap,又名醫療災禍)及醫療意外(medical accident)三種情況。造成醫療傷害可能是因為醫療的過失責任,也可能是無醫療過失責任,本文特意將無醫療過失責任再細分為無過失責任、非過失責任與無法律責任(自然死亡或自然病程)三種,並將「無過失責任」no fault liability一詞泛以「無關過失責任」稱之;醫療行為中可預知的合併症與副作用的「醫療不幸」及不可預知、不可抗力的「醫療意外」屬非過失責任範疇,而不可避免性的自然死亡及自然病程,則屬無法律責任的範疇。 責任負擔可分為賠償、補償、救濟三種。賠償者,以不法之侵權行為,致使他人受損害時,因而填補其所受之損害,謂之賠償,英文為indemnity。補償者,指根據該法所指定的人員敲定的額度提供的金錢補助,而不是指針對不法行為或違反契約依法起訴所獲得的補償性賠償金,英文為compensation。救濟者,特別指由國家向貧困者提供的財政幫助,英文為relief。 過失責任的歸責原因是醫療疏失,所以是以損害填補原則及不當得利禁止原則,以填補受害者所受損害及所失利益;因此,過失責任要負的是損害「賠償責任」。非過失責任的歸責原因包括醫療不幸(即副作用、合併症)與醫療意外兩種,因為醫師客觀上已盡注意義務,不論有無結果預知義務或結果迴避義務,醫師已盡力防阻,仍不免發生醫療傷害,故並無醫療疏失可言,應由國家社會對受害者予以救濟;因此,非過失責任理應由福利國家的救濟制度來負責。無關過失責任no fault liability的歸責原因是危險責任,針對所有醫療事故,不論對錯無關過失下,只要有了醫療傷害,加害人就予以被害人限額補償的基本保障。因為醫師身為危險責任主體,依報償責任理論(利之所存,險之所擔)、危險控制理論及危險分擔理論下必須承擔危險責任,因以,無關過失責任應負醫療事故補償責任。 賠償、補償、救濟三種責任負擔都可以分別採用基金模式或保險模式來解決;本文則認為,醫療過失責任宜採取醫師專業責任保險,予受害人損害賠償。醫療無關過失責任宜採取醫事人員強制責任保險,輔以醫療事故特別補償基金,予受害人基本保障補償。醫療非過失責任宜採取醫療風險救濟基金,予受害人風險救濟,急難救助。 故本文結論提出事故補償、風險救濟、損害賠償三階層的保險與基金制度架構,以解決醫療糾紛民事責任問題即;第一層事故補償—針對醫療事故,以醫事人員強制責任保險無關過失,限額補償;第二層風險救濟—針對醫療意外,整合醫療風險救濟基金定額救濟;第三層損害賠償—針對過失責任,以醫師責任保險損害填補。 / In this paper, we study negative outcomes associated with the delivery health care, which are collectively referred to as “medical incident”. This is further divided into “medical negligence”, “medical mishap” (also known as “medical disaster”), and “medical accidents”. Medical injuries may be in consequence of medical negligence or otherwise, that is they may be with fault or without fault. In this paper we further medical injuries without fault into three categories: (1) liability regardless of fault, (2) liability without fault, and (3) no legal liability. Notably, we refer to “no-fault liability” as “liability regardless of fault” to better distinguish its legal implications with respect to other kinds of medical injuries without fault. Predictable complications and side effects of medical treatments are considered “medical mishap”; unavoidable natural death or nature course of disease have “no legal liability”. The burden of duty can be divided into three categories: indemnity, compensation, and relief. Indemnity is secondary to the violation of rights leading to injury and damages. Compensation is set by appointed experts and given in direct consequence of the occurrence of the injury, and is independently of the determination of legality and contract fulfillment. Relief specifically refers to financial assistance given by government entities to those in need. At-fault liability follows medical negligence, and as such indemnity is given for reparation of damages and the prohibition of gains from the provision of negligent medical care. Causes of liability with no fault include medical mishaps and medical accidents. In these cases, the physician has fulfilled duties as medical professionals and in so doing have done their best to prevent medical incidents. Nevertheless due to circumstances beyond control, medical injuries occur. Because there is no negligence on the part of the physician, these losses are ideally dealt with by the governmental agencies. Liability regardless of fault attributes liability based on risk alone. Under this system, for all medical incidents, whether or not they are the consequence of negligence, the victim receives relief at a pre-determined amount. This relief serves as the basic protection of patients. Since the physician as the chief medical care provider is also at the center of medical risk, by principles of risk management, liability regardless of fault should in addition be organized as medical incidents compensation. The three forms of duty burden–indemnity, compensation, and relief–can be organized either as foundations or as insurances. We argue that duty burden for medical negligence is best managed by professional liability insurance to provide compensation to the victims. Medical liability regardless of fault is best managed by compulsory medical provider liability insurance with additional medical incidence compensation fund to provide at least a basic level of compensation to the victims. Medical liability without fault is best managed by medical risk relief fund for assistance for the victims. In conclusion, in this paper we analyze various forms of liability and management of medical risks, and propose the use of professional liability insurance for medical injuries with fault, compulsory liability insurance for liability without fault, and relief fund for liability regardless of fault, in the setting of medical incidence. This provides a comprehensive, three-layered solution to the emerging problem of proliferation of medical incident cases in the courts. The first layer is incidence compensation, directed at all medical incidents, via compulsory medical personnel liability insurance regardless of fault. The second layer is risk relief, directed at medical mishaps and medical accidents, via risk relief funds. The third layer is damage indemnity, directed at at-fault liability, via physician professional liability insurance, to fulfill the victims’ damages.

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