以往探討三七五減租之議題，多為站在保障佃農的角度，於既存的制度當中研擬解決三七五租約之辦法；本研究則從地主財產權保障的角度出發，探討三七五租約對於地主財產權產生之限制，並根據研究分析之結果研擬終止耕地三七五租約之補償對策，盼政府正視三七五租約對地主財產權限制與損失補償之課題。 租佃雙方依耕地三七五減租條例（以下簡稱減租條例）所訂定之三七五租約，對於佃農耕作權之保障十分完善，但反過來說即是對地主財產權之嚴格限制。政府自民國40年正式實施減租政策，截至民國95年底止，仍有約4萬1千筆的租約件數受減租條例所規範。三七五租約長期性地對地主財產權產生收益上的限制，若依照大法官解釋文中所陳述「財產權持續性的限制」，若逾其社會責任所應忍受之範圍，形成個人之特別犧牲者，國家應就個別情形給予合理補償，而三七五租約似符合此一概念。由於我國對於因政府執行管制政策造成人民財產權受損，未有得以維護其財產權之適當管道，本研究遂援用美國法管制性剝奪學說之概念，嘗試對三七五租約加以分析，藉由分析發現，減租條例對地主嚴格之限制，已構成管制性剝奪，類屬於我國特別犧牲之情形。 本研究進一步針對都市地區及鄉村地區之三七五租約個案加以訪談分析，發現位於都市地區且用地已變更編訂之個案，財產權受限制程度最高；而位於鄉村地區用地未變更之個案，其財產權受限制程度最低。是以未來政府於處理三七五租約議題時，應對於不同地區之租約個案加以了解，並且對於達到特別犧牲程度之地主，給予應有之補償。 / 37.5% rent reduction contracts limit landlords to exercise their usufruct over a long period of time. According to the Interpretations of Justice of the Constitutional Court, if lasting limitations on property rights were to the extent that the harm suffered has become a special sacrifice, the government has to compensation the property owners. This paper quotes the concept of regulatory taking to analyze 37.5% rent reduction contracts with the principles of diminution in fair market value, economically viable use, and investment-backed expectations. By case study, some 37.5% rent reduction contracts have become regulatory takings, which are like special sacrifices. As a result, the government has to place importance on the issue of 37.5% rent reduction contracts, and compensation the property owners who suffer special sacrifice.

本研究操弄受試的食物剝奪程度以及鋰鹽（LiCl）去價值程序，觀察此兩種實驗操弄對於大白鼠舔舐行為的影響，以探討飢餓驅力調節完結行為的機制。實驗一連續觀察8天大白鼠舔舐15%蔗糖液的表現，結果顯示初期兩天剝奪受試和自由吃食受試的舔舐表現並沒有顯著差異，第三天起剝奪組才顯著高於自由吃食組。實驗二待大白鼠習於食物剝奪狀態下舔舐15%蔗糖液之後，進行僅舔舐空管的消除情境測試。實驗結果顯示將剝奪狀態改為自由吃食，不論有無接受誘因學習都不能降低受試舔舐空管的表現。實驗三則待大白鼠習於食物剝奪狀態下舔舐25%蔗糖液之後，接受空管測試（實驗三A、B、C）與舔水消除情境測試（實驗三B、C）。實驗三結果如同實驗二，將剝奪狀態改為自由吃食，不論有無接受誘因學習都不能降低受試舔舐空管或舔水的表現。實驗四使用柳橙香料配加蔗糖液（20%）進行舔舐訓練，以僅含柳橙香料水進行消除情境測試。實驗結果顯示受試不論是由剝奪狀態轉為自由吃食，或由自由吃食轉為剝奪，都顯示出當驅力高舔舐表現高或驅力低表現低的現象。實驗五進行鋰鹽去價值實驗，大白鼠先擁有舔飲柳橙香料糖精液（實驗五A）或草莓香料食鹽水（實驗五B）的經驗後，再進行鋰鹽去價值程序。實驗結果顯示大白鼠唯有舔舐香料糖精液或香料食鹽水後接受鋰鹽注射才能降低其舔舐香料水的表現；糖精－鋰鹽配對、糖精－鋰鹽配對後再舔飲一次糖精液，以及香料水－鋰鹽配對都無法降低受試舔飲香料水的表現。糖精或食鹽水只要和鋰鹽配對過，便能產生味覺嫌惡。本研究結論如下：（1）飢餓驅力調節舔舐行為的能力只顯現在舔飲蔗糖液以及舔舐柳橙香料水的消除情境測試中；（2）香料與糖精或香料與食鹽必須同時呈現與鋰鹽配對才能降低香料引發舔舐行為的能力。 / The effects of food deprivation and lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced devaluation on licking behavior were studied for the regulatory mechanism of hunger drive on licking behavior. The first experiment for measuring the licking of 15% sucrose solution for 8 days and found that deprived subjects did not lick more than non-deprived ones until the third day. In the second experiment, the rats trained to lick 15% sucrose in a food-deprivation state were shifted to a non-deprivation state and tested under extinction procedure by using the empty tube. This shift in deprivation did not suppress licking in empty tube test for subjects with or without incentive learning experiences. In the third experiment, the rats trained to lick 25% sucrose in a food-deprivation state were shifted to a non-deprivation state and tested in empty tube (Exp. 3A, B, C) or water-licking test (Exp. 3B, C) conditions. Independent of incentive learning, the shift in deprivation did not suppress licking in these two kinds of extinction conditions although the concentration of sucrose was increased. In the fourth experiment, rats were trained to lick 20% sucrose mixed with orange flavor and tested in orange flavor water-licking test condition. Deprived rats licked more than non-deprived ones in the test condition whether they were trained under deprivation or non-deprivation. In the fifth experiment, rats were trained to lick orange flavor saccharin solution (Exp. 5A) or strawberry flavor sodium chloride (NaCl) solution (Exp. 5B) and then tested by the LiCl devaluation procedure. Flavored saccharin or flavored NaCl paired with LiCl suppressed rats to lick flavored water. But none of saccharin paired with LiCl, incentive learning after saccharin devaluation, and flavored water paired with LiCl had any significant effect. Saccharin or NaCl paired with LiCl could induce taste aversion. In conclusion, hunger drive modulating licking behavior was only found in licking sucrose or the flavored water-licking test condition. Further, only flavored saccharin or flavored NaCl solutions paired with LiCl could suppress licking flavored water.

由於政經環境之變遷、公司治理的缺漏和外部監理機制之失調，常導致重大金融犯罪之發生，與其惡害卻由全民負擔之不公現象。於是除嚴刑峻罰外，奠基於任何人均不得從犯罪中獲利之犯罪所得剝奪理念與制度設計，遂於二ＯＯ四年金融七法修法時被廣泛納入。惟歷經一段期間之適用後，其法實效性如何？有無源於其他刑事法制無從配合，或囿於司法實務判解之困頓，所導致的扞格？部分國際公約與其他國家之相關法制設計及運作理念，有無值得比較、參研之處，均殊值探研。 　　本文嘗試先掌握金融犯罪之特性，與近來金融犯罪防制法規之演變。其次，再就我國犯罪所得剝奪法制沿革、犯罪所得之界定、計算為研析，並探索犯罪所得剝奪法制在預防、打擊與抗制金融犯罪等之必要性，以及其應通過之憲法基權保障檢驗。再者，則希能透過偵審案例，探究研現階段我國金融犯罪防制法規，在犯罪所得之暫時保全與終局剝奪上所面臨之實務困境及問題；並瞭解部分重要之國際公約與美、英、日等國家有關法制之設計。最後，則期能歸結相關問題與爭議，並融合法制建構、實務運作、外國法制借鏡等數個層面，提出可能之解決途徑或修法建議。 / Political and economic changes, incomplete of corporate governance, and imbalance of external supervision mechanism are all reasons for occurrence of major financial fraud. The losses and costs of major financial fraud, in general, are always enormous. Unfortunately, most people, instead of offenders, need to bear the huge losses. As a result, except the strategy of severe punishment, the idea and regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime were introduced to combat these problems in 2004. However, after a period of practicing, how about the application and practice of regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime is. Therefore, we are concerned about: are there any problems or difficulties resulting from criminal legal system and the practice of precedent itself? What we can learn from international conventions and other countries’ similar legal system? The thesis, first of all, attempts to figure out the feature of major financial fraud and the changes of financial regulations. Secondly, we try to explore the history of regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime, the definition and the calculation of proceeds of crime, and whether the regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime are essential for preventing and against major financial fraud or not. Meanwhile, in order to guarantee and protect the fundamental rights of people, we also hope to exam the regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime by the concepts of constitution. In additions, according to the case study, the thesis also longs for exploring what are the practical problems and dilemmas for current regulations on temporary seizure and final forfeiture procedures. At the same time, comparing with the international conventions and other countries’ similar legal system on laundering, search, freeze, seizure and confiscation of the proceeds from crime is also important and useful for this study. Finally, after concluding the relative problems and debates about this topic, of course, the paper hopes to propose a possible approach or legal amendment by integrating legal system modification, legal practice, and foreign legal system.

自2007年金融海嘯爆發以來，至目前2012年的歐債危機，銀行部門就不斷成為風暴的中心。雖然金融危機並非金融海嘯或歐債危機的起因，但卻像是一種經濟衰退放大的機制。如何針對銀行部門進行有效的監管，自上世紀末90年代就已經開始進行討論。然而，經過十年來的發展，仍然發生雷曼兄弟倒閉等事件的金融危機。除了銀行的表現之外，是否仍有其他因素會影響銀行的經營績效？因此，本文欲探討：銀行的控制股東，是否會影響銀行經營決策的方向，進而產生不同的營運表現。 本文先分析集團內部股份盈餘比差異，分析集團內部是否存在剝奪的動機。其中，相較於目前計算金字塔結構的現金流量權的方法，本文發展馬可夫鍊計算現金流量權(盈餘分配權)。除了金字塔結構之外，本方法亦可精確地計算交叉持股或者較複雜的股權結構的現金流量權。本文並利用簡單回歸，分析集團持股銀行的比例，是否會對銀行績效產生影響，藉此觀察其中產生的剝奪問題。本文進一步分析，當控制股東進入董事會之後，其董事會代表持股銀行比例，是否也會對銀行績效產生影響，產生剝奪問題。最後，本文歸納出可能發生的剝奪機制：控制股東利用放款的途徑，因而導致逾期放款比例的增加，降低銀行營運表現，進而達到剝奪的效果。

睡眠是否能鞏固陳述性記憶目前尚無定論。過去研究一致較支持睡眠能增進相關字詞配對的學習，但睡眠是否能增進無關字詞配對的學習，目前仍存在不一致的發現。造成該差異的原因可能是：過去研究多採用的行為測量指標，或許無法充分反映出睡眠促進記憶新聯結（new association）產生的效果。事件關聯電位（Event-related potential, ERP）的N400反映出語意記憶系統內每個字詞彼此的相關程度，因此本研究使用N400來探討睡眠強化無關字詞配對形成新聯結的電生理歷程。30名健康受試者（15位男性與15位女性，平均年齡為20.7歲） 隨機分派至睡眠組或清醒組，第一晚在學習80組無關字詞配對後，接受第一次再認記憶測驗，同時進行ERP的記錄。隨後睡眠組接受睡眠記錄（PSG），清醒組則接受整晚的睡眠剝奪，兩組受試者皆在第二晚給予8小時的躺床時間，使他們有機會充足睡眠以恢復精神，於第三天早上接受第二次再認記憶測驗及ERP記錄。在記憶測驗時，無關字詞配對分別組成促發字（prime）與目標字（target）先後出現，受試者需判斷先後出現的字詞是否為先前學過的完整配對，在測試階段同時記錄腦電波訊號。行為測量結果顯示睡眠過後，再認表現的正確率顯著提高且反應時間明顯縮短，但在睡眠剝奪後則顯示相反的結果。電生理測量發現睡眠組的N400振幅在睡眠過後較清醒組明顯降低。另外，睡眠組較清醒組有較高的正確率與較短的反應時間。睡眠組再認測驗的進步量與慢波睡眠呈現負相關，而慢波睡眠與第一次再認測驗的正確率呈現正相關，根據二階段睡眠記憶鞏固理論，慢波睡眠涉及重新組織記憶的歷程（系統性固化），因此學習表現較佳的受試者出現較多的深度睡眠，可能反應其經歷系統性固化。本研究結果顯示睡眠對於產生新聯結有明顯的增強效果，而且慢波睡眠可能參與了記憶表徵重新分配的歷程。 / The effect of sleep on declarative memory remains contradictory. Prior studies show that sleep benefits the learning of related word pairs consistently, while the learning of unrelated word pairs, however, show mixed results. It is possible that the behavioral measures used in previous studies are not sensitive enough to reveal subtle effects of sleep on new associations. N400, an event-related potential (ERP) component reflecting relatedness among words in semantic memory, was used in the present study to investigate the effect of sleep on the physiological process underlying new associations of unrelated word pairs. Participants were randomly assigned to either a Sleep group or a Wakefulness group. In the learning phase, participants were asked to memorize 80 visually presented unrelated word-pairs, followed by a pre-test phase with a recognition task. The participants then underwent either a night of nocturnal sleep (Sleep group) or sleep deprivation (Wakefulness group). A post-test was conducted after subjects had one night of recovery sleep. During both pre-test and post-test sessions, prime and target words were presented successively for the subjects to judge whether they were among the original pairs or new pairs. ERPs were recorded during both test phases. The behavioral data show that differences in improvement of recognition and decreases in reaction time from pre-test to post-test are significant between Sleep and Wakefulness groups. N400 peak amplitude attenuated significantly after sleep but not after wakefulness. The improvement of recognition negatively correlates with slow wave sleep (SWS). The number of word-pairs acquired in the learning phase, however, correlates positively with SWS. According to the two-stage memory consolidation theory of sleep, SWS involves in redistribution of memory (systematic consolidation). Therefore, that the participants with high performance showed more SWS may reflect the process of systematic consolidation. These results suggest that the sleep has an enhancing effect on the formation of novel association, and SWS may be involved in the process of redistributing memory representations.