第一章：緒論─為對於「居住環境」的基本概念，以及台北縣之初步了解的導論。其 次並界定本論文之研究目的與其所探討問題之範圍和層面。 第二章：研究之方法和過程─對於本論文所利用的研究方法與其進行過程之交待。 第三章：台北縣實質居住環境之現況─根據問卷調查結果，對於台北縣一般住宅本身 之實質環境現況，作一詳細之分析。 第四章：台北縣的公共設施與住宅外部環境現況─根據問卷調查結果，對於北縣之公 共設施與住宅外部環境，如噪音、空氣污染……等現況，作一詳盡之分析。 第五章：閭鄰關係與居民對於住宅環境之評估─根據問卷調查結果，對於台北縣一般 閭鄰關係情況加以分析；並參考居民對於住宅環境的主觀滿意程度，對北縣住宅環境 加以分析評估。 第六章：總結─提出台北縣住宅環境改善之課題所在，並試研擬北縣住宅環境改善之 策略方針。

住宅問題隨著經濟發展、社會型態轉變以及都市人口遽增，已成為目前臺灣社會所面臨之重要問題。尤其老人人口比例快速增加，更突顯老人住宅問題的重要性。檢視國內有關老人住宅問題之研究，有客觀指標探討居住品質，有分析居住者之主觀居住滿意度，惟住宅的品質不應僅依靠客觀的標準或是主觀的滿意度而定，更應該考量居住者對其環境之感受，特別是在瞭解老人的生理、心理、及社會需求下，進一步來探討居住者對環境之認知感受。本研究以環境心理學的角度探究老人室內居住環境，包括下列議題：（一）瞭解目前老人的居住環境品質；（二）試圖從老人的立場出發，明白什麼樣的環境才是好的居住環境；（三）探討當老人在評價環境的好壞時，採取什麼樣的標準；（四）分析哪些因素會影響老人對其環境之評價；（五）根據研究結果提出建議。 　　本研究採用質性研究方法，深入訪談十位居住在一般社區的老人。研究發現：（一）老人們對其居住環境之評估有五個範疇：空間、顏色、照明、溫度及噪音等。（二）老人們對室內居住環境的主觀評價有四個面向：對空間的評估、對顏色的喜惡、對購買東西的權利以及對擺設東西的權利。（三）主觀評價會因其所擁有的資源（自主）而有不同，自主指的是自主權、受到尊重以及自由權。（四）老人對室內居家環境之評價是基於客觀實質環境 vs. 心理感受、生理因素 vs. 心理因素及安全vs. 舒適等。（五）影響老人對室內居住環境評價之因素有身體狀況、社會支持及住宅位置等。（六）以自主的角度來看老人對居住環境之評估，可發現老人的個人特質如性別、年齡及家庭支持等，會影響其評估。本研究分別從政策上的目標、實務上的目標、建立社區支援體系、建立無障礙空間、提供多元化的活動及設施、重視女性老人的權利以及建築業者設計住宅時所需之考量等方面提出建議。

学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-09-25 ; 学位の種類: 新制・課程博士 ; 学位記番号: 工博第2852号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1419 ; 整理番号: 25537 / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13381号 / 工博第2852号 / 新制||工||1419(附属図書館) / 25537 / UT51-2007-Q782 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科環境地球工学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙田 光雄, 教授 吉田 治典, 教授 小林 正美 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

居民為都市生活之主體，因此，居住環境品質之衡量除必需以居民之主觀感受為出發點外，居住環境之客觀綜合評估亦是必需納入考量方是一完整之架構。過去相關研究之實證分析受限於技術之層面多未能將空間資訊納入整合考量，例如公共設施可及性，因此，評估結果實不甚完整，而地理資訊系統結合空間與屬性資料之綜合性分析，正是解決此類問題之強有力工具。 　　因此，本研究從居住者之角度出發，以主計處「台灣地區住宅狀況調查報告」中對住宅狀況之抽樣調查為主，結合地理資訊系統對鄰里環境之評估，涵蓋主客觀因素建立居住環境品質指標，進行台北市居住實質環境之評估工作，期使評估結果能作為政府住宅政策之擬訂及住宅資源分配之參考；並以評估結果與房價及居民居住滿意度做交叉分析，以作為改善或提昇居住環境品質之方向。 　　居住環境品質評估之結果，各樣本里之品質分數差距不大。整體而言，以松山區及中山區樣本里居住環境品質較佳，而以南港區樣本里居住環境品質較差。 　　居住環境品質、房價與居民居住滿意度之交叉分析結果：在高房價地區，居住環境品質與居民居住滿意度兩者間有較高之一致性；在低房價地區，居住環境品質與居民居住滿意度兩者間之關係則較不明顯。

鑒於國內住宅需求殷切，同時卻仍有大量空屋無人居住使用，顯示居住環境需求與供給間確存有極大的差異，以致公私部門不能利用有效財源作有效的投資。本研究為縮短供需差距，摒除已往研究偏重所得與需求關係的研究，建購所得型式及居住支出之居住環境需求理論模型，複於需求模型導入住戶規模因素，使所得、支出與住戶屬性並列為需求影響因素。其次，利用住宅現況調查資料，分析居住環境水準與相關住戶屬性之對照關係，並著手分析各居住群組之居住環境需求量，以提升分析可信度，對住戶群落予以細分及區隔居住環境群落，凸顯各種影響因素特性。本研究實證結果：居住支出增加、有業人口數愈多，家計負責人教育程度提高及年齡愈大，則其住宅面積及房間數數量愈多，而且其住宅座落與各種都市服務設施距離相對縮短，但國小、工作場所與市場則無顯著關係。 有關理論模型建購，係基於Stone－greay 函數符合需求模型相關假設，及效用之可分性、可加件原則，以儲蓄率自所得中另離析支出之需求模式，再由個人居住需求累計為住戶居住環境需求模型，進一步設定其最小居住環境需求量為Barten之人口規模函數。在實證分析方面，為了瞭解住戶居住環境水準，以次數分析、關聯分析就歷年發展、地區別、住宅權屬、家計負責人屬性分析其分組水準及分析頻度，並檢定住戶與居住環境的變數關聯程度，以擇定需求量迴歸分析的應變數組及自變數組，及就具有居住支出項的大量樣本進行住戶屬性及居住環境特性的群落分析，俾進行各群組需求分析。 本研究雖已跳脫以所得推導居住環境需求窠臼，惟由於資料及分析係援用政府既成問卷，造成研究領域受限，需再就研究之主題深入設計調查問卷。本研究需求函數係設定為直線，然而居住環境需求量與住戶屬性間若非線性關係時，則其相關係數偏低，且無法驗證兩者間之需求關係。住戶自變數(行業、職業、所得等屬性)間，並未檢定其是否已存在高度相關，無法達到自變數完全獨立之要求。居住環境設施具有共用之基本生活設備時，雖可測定其居住環境水準，但無法進行其需求分析。群落分析固然能分離居住環境群及住戶群，但易使迴歸分析模型內部分虛擬變數與其他變數形成共線而無解，而且本分析僅偏重實質居住環境需求，對於住戶非實質需求、偏好及社會文化群族傾向等因素，在經濟學之需求模型中均無法予以論證，有待識者續以作為研析之題材。 / The domestic housing are in great demand, but on the other hand lots of housing remain vacant. This phenomenon reveaIs there exists a significant difference between supply and demand for housing environments. Therefore, both public and private sectors are unable to make the most use of available funds to invest effectiveIy. The purpose of this study is to lessen the above difference. Prior studies stressed the importance and the relationship between income and the demand for housing. In this study,first the anthor build up a theoretic demand model for housing environments. This demand model is mainly relevant to no only income but also household expenditure. Secondly, the author converts the factor of household scale into the model. That makes income, expenditur,and household attributes serve as three major factors affecting this demand model. Then, applying data (housing status quo ) gathering from government statistics, the author analyzes the relationships between quantities of housing environments and relevant household attributes. FinaIly,the author analyzes the quanities of living environments for each Iiving cluster,which is specified and segregated, to explicate the property of each factor,thus to enhance the reliability of this study. The result of this study indicates that those household with more living expenditure,more emplyed employed persons, higher education and more age, will have more floor area and room number. In addition, the distances between their residenes and the variety of public service facilities are relatively shoty,but they are litte related with the elementary school, work place and market. Theoretically,this model has been built based on Ston-geary utility function which is suitable for certain hypotheses for demand model. And frOm the additivity and the separability of this utilty function, the author derives the demand mode, reIevant to household expenditure, for housing environments. Then the author integrates individual demand model into the household one for living environments, and further defines the least quantities for living environments as Barten's population scaIe function. In empirical performance, the author applies frequency analysis and Chi-square analysis to analyze physical Iiving environments,respecting the past 20 yeare, different districts, household tenure, and household attributes. Ih addition. the author examines the co-relations of those variables between dwelling units and household environments to determine dependent and independent variables for regression. Besides, a great deal of samples with household expenditure has been inspected by cluster anaiyis. Although this paper analyzes the demand function for housing environments on many factors instead of only on income (elasticity, the study is somehow limited since the data acquired from government tatistics.It would be more appropriate if we design a better questionnaire proper to this subject. Also, in this paper,the demand function has been defined as linearity,but if the demand quantities of living environment and household properties develop as a non-linear reationship, then the multiple coefficient of determination appears low,hence the demand relationship can not be tested between them.Moreover, the independent variables for resident themse1ves, such as industry,occupation, and income, have not been tested whether if they are highly related,thus these bariables do not fit in the requirement of complete classified into different living environment Ievels, their demands can not be anaIyzed. Likewise, cluster analysis can segregate living environment clusters and resident clusters, it is apt tO make some variables, especiaIIy those in those regression models with dummy variables, convert into the combination of other variables thus can not be explained. Ih summary,this study underlines the demand for physical living environments. To those factors, such as non-realistic demand, preference, and social/cultural inclinations, they can not be tested in the demand models of economic theories, nowadays. This challenge stiII needs more endeavors to make.

在都市發展環境當中，居住環境品質取決於居住者本身之感受程度，可分為內部環境及外部空間結構，內部環境係指針對居住者本身所在的生活圈裡，外部空間結構則多半為公共設施的鄰近程度、交通便利性及嫌惡設施等因素，世界衛生組織曾於1961年世界衛生報告中提出理想居住環境為安全性、健康性、便利性、舒適性等基本理念，經由探索性、驗證性因素，分析彙整出解釋社區居民對居住環境品質之衡量著力點在於實體性、社區服務與管理、現代化等三大方面，因此居民感受度是與前開四種基本理念相呼應的。 在針對居住環境品質與社區滿意度相關文獻探討後發現，居住環境品質多與社區滿意度有關聯，顯示在建構生活品質模式應先將領域分群，透過客觀、認知及評估因子，即可呈現各領域的滿意度。 為解決公共設施保留地取得、歷史建築物保存及公共開放空間之提供等議題，我國開始實施容積移轉制度，主要目的為追求環境寧適、健全實質建設、保留彈性立法規則及民眾參與，惟接受基地在注入原基準容積後，其鄰近居民之居住環境品質是否受到影響及衝擊，為本研究所關注之重點；本研究係探討容積移轉制度實行迄今，接受基地容積移轉案件在興建完成後，對週邊土地所帶來之影響。 本研究以容積移轉接受基地興建前後對居住環境品質之問卷調查，以新北市中和地區之接受基地周邊住民作為受訪對象，以因素分析、結構方程模式為分析方法，以五大變數－接受基地興建前既有環境滿意度、接受基地興建後正面環境改善、接受基地興建後負面改變影響、容積移轉政策修正建議及其政策滿意度進行模式驗證；研究結果發現既有環境滿意度對負面改變影響、政策修正建議呈正向影響，對正面環境改善、政策滿意度呈負向影響，另負面改變影響、政策修正建議則具有著之中介效果，該研究可作為未來推動容積移轉制度辦理之修正建議。 / In the urban development environment, living environment quality depends on how residents feel. It can be divided into internal and external spatial structure environments. The internal environment refers to living areas where the residents themselves reside; the external spatial structures are mostly the proximity, accessibility and distaste factors of public facilities. The World Health Organization’s 1961 World Health Report proposed the basic concept of the ideal living environment for safety, health, convenience, comfort, etc. They compiled an analysis of the environmental community to explain the measure of the quality of living through exploratory, confirmatory factors. The analysis compiled an explanation of the way community residents measure environmental quality. The focal point lies in the three aspects of modernization: physical properties, community service and management. Therefore residents' susceptibility echoes the former four basic philosophies. In regards to the quality of living environment and community satisfaction, after disscussing relevant literature, we found that the quality of living environment correlate with community satisfaction interaction. This shows that during the construction of life quality models, domain clustering should first take place, then go through the analysis of objective factors, perceived factors, evaluated factors before presenting various domains of satisfaction. However, to address topics on land reserved for the public infrastructure, topics on historical building preservation and public open space topics, Taiwan began to implement transferable development rights control. The main goal of this system was to pursue environmental quality, improve substantive construction, maintain the flexibility of legislative rules and promote public participation. However, the main concern of this study is whether or not the environmental living quality of nearby residents' was affected after the development rights of the receiving area received incremental development rights and built high-rise buildings. This study mainly dicusses ways to implement the so far accepted transferable development rights case after construction is complete, and the effects brought on by the surrounding land. This study looks at environmental quality before and after transferable development rights acceptance and construction. A questionnaire was designed for this study and was administered to local residents of the Zhong-he, New Taipei City development rights receiving area as target respondents. This study was conducted by way of factor analysis and structural equation modeling analysis. Five variables were proposed, which are variables of nearby residents of the development rights receiving area regarding environmental satisfaction before construction; variables of nearby residents having positive evaluation after construction; variables of nearby residents having negative evaluation after construction; variables of nearby residents regarding transferable development rights policy amendment; variables of nearby residents regarding transferable development rights policy satisfaction, to conduct a model confirmatory. The results show that environmental satisfaction variables have a positive impact on negative evaluation variables and policy amendment variables, but have a negative impact on positive evaluation variables and policy satisfaction. In addition, negative evaluation variables have indirect effects on policy amendments. This study can be used as a reference for the implementation of the transferable development rights system in handling amendments in the future.