文獻探討中首先針對依附理論的文獻加以回顧。指出嬰兒的依附行為，具有確保嬰兒生命安全的作用。三種不同的依附型態，是嬰兒適應不同環境所形成的不同結果。隨著孩子年紀的增長，中西方父母不同的教養方式，將分別導致親子間情感的疏離與親密。 在本論文中，則將依附行為視為個人生命中最初始的情感性行為，研究者進人家庭場域中，觀察親子的互動。並進一步探討，隨著生命成長，教養環境的改變，兒童如何去適應如此的改變。另外，藉由清末民初的傳記分析，探討中國傳統的情感表達方式。最後，綜合上述，編纂問卷，以了解當今大專生及大學生如何表達親子間的情感。 研究發現，嬰兒多自我焦點情緒的表現。親子間多肌膚之親。到了幼兒期，親子間仍保有表達性情感的特徵。因為父母認為孩子還不懂事，所以父母也不刻意於角色的扮演，因而容許自己與幼兒做某種程度的自我表現，如親親摟摟的示愛。在同時，幼兒也將透過社會化的歷程漸漸學會感受他人焦點情緒，進而壓抑自我焦點情緒的流露。傳統中國人的情感表達多訴諸工具性行為，委婉的傳遞愛的訊息。個人的恥感，促使個體少於自我表現，包括情感的直接表達，藉此降低個人的獨立性，以建立互相依賴的關係。而當今的成年子女對父母仍保存工具性愛情的特徵，且少於情感的直接表達，在態度上對此則保留持平。 / Research indicates that infants show much ego-focused emotions. Parent and infants touch each other closely. In the young children stage, parent and children have the characters of expressive love. Because parent thought that young children did not know much, parent did not have to play the social roles. At the same time, young children would learn the ability to feel other-focused emotions. Other-focused emotions may inhibit the expressing of ego-focused emotions.Now, young adults in Taiwan have the characters of instrumental love to thier parent. They seldomly show expressive love. Their attitude about expressive love is closely average.

收視率對當代電視新聞的影響，是國內外傳播學者關切的議題之一，尤其以台灣的媒體生態而言，僅有一家收視率調查公司，所提供的收視率數據遭到挑戰，學者憂心新聞媒體為商業服務，恐將對新聞發展帶來不利的影響。 新聞組織需要一項評估的工具，「收視率」既然如此受到質疑，為何長期以來一直找不到收視率以外的機制足以取代？也就是說，如果要找到一項得以取代收視率的機制，外界必須先了解收視率如何在當代媒體機構中被使用，它與新聞組織到底存在什麼樣的共生狀態，過去外界透過短暫觀察與訪談，便對新聞室運作與收視率的關連下了評論，從實務經驗來看，並不認為其知其所以然。本研究將從實際新聞室的運作，對於收視率在新聞室中的流動，提供最直接的證據。 本研究將以電視編輯的對話分析，輔以資深人員訪談，解構收視率在新聞室中的工具性；繼之從傅柯的權力系譜學下，觀察新聞組織如何披著收視率的外衣，馴服新聞編輯，反之，新聞編輯如何透過權力的流動，利用收視率對組織進行反制。提供最實際的場域證據，展現新聞室與收視率的日常活動經驗，讓外界得以了解，並正視兩者之間的緊密聯繫，對未來提出改變收視型態建議時，能更臻成效。 關鍵詞：收視率、新聞編輯、工具性、傅柯、權力。 / The influence of TV rating cause to news organizations was a topic that gains most focus of the scholars in mass-communication era. Especially in Taiwan, there is only one institution provides such statistics, therefore the authenticity of these statistics has been widely quest about. Scholars also shown their worry about that the commercially development of news organizations will lead them heading to the iceberg. Indeed, News organizations need a tool to evaluate the effects of their programs to the audience. Even through TV rating has been queried by scholars, why the tool still irreplaceable? There must be something that deep inside between TV rating and news organizations that haven’t been noticed. To break into this connection, we must first realized that TV rating already been symbiosis with news organizations. And clear-out how the tool been used inside news organizations. For the time being, scholars have been reviewing such relation from outsider point of view and made the conclusion based on such basis. From which, we think is just skin-deep. In this study, we will provide evidences from inside the news room. This thesis is based on analyze of the communications between editors. Together with interviews of senior news producers, we try to assay the tool phenomenology of TV rating inside the news room. Further we observe how news organizations use rating to discipline news editors under the theory of genealogy of power form Michael Foucault. In contrary, how editors resist news organizations through floating power of rating. From such study we can clearly identified the reality of close connection between TV rating and news room. And then we could have more valid suggestions about replacing TV rating in the future. Keywords: TV rating, news editors, tool phenomenology, Foucault, power

在本論文中，研究者認為影響受訪者跨族群交友的主要因素主要可從兩方面來看，分別為兩者連繫的同質性、連繫強度、接觸場合、社經地位差序變項，以及受訪者個人的世代、族群、教育程度與跨族群交友偏向程度。透過1997年三期三次「台灣地區社會變遷調查」社會網絡與社區組調查資料，本論文使用階層線性模型（Hierarchical Linear Models，HLM），從受訪者與他人的兩者關係所形成的連繫層次，以及受訪者個人層次來對台灣跨族群交往的現象作進一步的分析。研究結果發現，受訪者個人特質，例如受訪者教育程度、所屬族群，較兩者連繫特質，例如兩者連繫強度、認識場合，更強烈地影響了跨族群連繫形成的可能性，這樣的結果在過去由於方法上的限制，無法得到驗證，透過此研究，可對台灣族群相關網絡研究在建立跨族群連繫的可能因素上，提供了不一樣的看法與解釋。 / In this paper, I argued that what impacts the respondents constructing the cross-ethnicity ties can be treated from two perspectives. One is the tie-level, such as the homogeneity, tie strength, contact contexts, and socio-economical resources variables between two actors. The other is the individual-level, like the generations, ethnicities, levels of education, and the degrees of the preference for making cross-ethnic ties of the egos, that is, the respondents. I tested my hypotheses using the social network data in 1997, called Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS). Through building the hierarchical linear models, some advanced analysis could be done for understanding the cross-ethnic interaction phenomenon in Taiwan by considering the tie-level and the individual-level at the same time. The research results showed that when talking about the possibility of making cross-ethnic ties, personal characteristics, like levels of education, and ethnicities, are more important than tie characteristics, such as tie strength and meeting places of the two. However, this outcome cannot be examined in the past because of the methodological restrictions. Through this research, it provides different sights and explanations for discussing the possible reasons for constructing cross-ethnic ties in the social network researching area in Taiwan.

近年來，大型資料庫的建制與分析逐漸成為一種教育研究趨勢，本研究即以PISA 2003資料庫為例，目的是建立影響數學成就的結構方程式模型。在評閱相關文獻後，研究者採用內在動機、工具性動機、數學焦慮、自我概念與數學成就等變項，探討之間的影響關係模型。此外，為使本研究所建立的模型具有模型穩定之證據，因此，將有效樣本隨機分割為建模樣本與驗證樣本，進行最終模型的交叉驗證。 據此，本研究首先使用描述性統計以瞭解香港學生的整體表現傾向，其次，透過探索性因素分析確立研究問卷的信效度，最後，以結構方程式模型建立模型並交叉驗證。資料蒐集對象為香港十五歲之在學學生，有效樣本達4,389位。 依據統計分析結果顯示，內在動機與工具性動機對數學成就沒有直接影響效果，但是內在動機與工具性動機透過數學焦慮及自我概念對數學成就產生間接影響，本研究歸納出七點結論茲分述如下： 1.工具性動機較內在動機更為強烈 2.數學焦慮在動機與數學成就間扮演中介變項之性質 3.自我概念在動機與數學成就間扮演中介角色 4.自我概念在數學焦慮與數學成就間扮演中介角色 5.在內在動機、工具性動機與數學焦慮中，工具性動機扮演負向壓抑變項角色 6.在內在動機、工具性動機與自我概念中，工具性動機扮演負向壓抑變項角色 最後，根據研究結果提出各項建議，以供教學實務上及未來研究參考。 / Recently, establishing and analyzing databases becomes a trend in the field of education research. This study took PISA 2003 database as an example to create a psychometric model of factors that influence mathematics achievement. Based on the literature review, the researcher decided to put influential factors, including intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, mathematics anxiety, self-concept, and mathematics achievement into the model. Afterwards, through cross-validation the present study had verified the model stability. In the aspect of statistic analysis, the descriptive static shows HK students’ general learning tendency. Moreover, the exploratory factor analysis confirmed the reliability and validity of the questionnaires. Lastly, the structural equation modeling(SEM) was used to set structural model. The valid samples were 4,389 15-year-old students. According to the results, intrinsic motivation and instrumental motivation had no direct effect on mathematics achievement and had indirect effect through mathematics anxiety and self-concept. The results were summarized as follows: 1.Students had more instrumental motivation than intrinsic one. 2.Mathematics anxiety was a mediator variable between motivations and mathematics achievement. 3.Self-concept was a mediator variable between intrinsic motivations and mathematics achievement. 4.Self-concept was a mediator variable between mathematics anxiety and mathematics achievement. 5.Instrumental motivation was a negative suppressor variable among intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, and mathematics anxiety. 6.Instrumental motivation was a negative suppressor variable among intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, and self-concept. Finally, according to the findings, implications and suggestions for teaching of mathematics and future research were discussed.

由於長期以來根深蒂固的誤解，馬克思的哲學往往被視為一種「經濟決定論」的主張--經濟決定了社會、文化與政治等一切其他領域；此一誤解之必然結果是：「馬克思的國家學說」也被當作國家理論中最典型的「工具主義」--國家是資產階級用來進行階級宰制的工具。為了釐清這點，本論文之作者嘗試性地自「歷史社會學」的角度切入，說明馬克思的研究進路 其實與當代一般歷史社會學學者的研究進路無異，都是自歷史傳承與社會脈絡等眾多複雜的面向來了解「國家自主是否自主」的多種可能性：國家既不是現代資產階級手中的簡單工具，也不是能夠完全獨立於社會之外的政治實體。其次，自馬克思國家學說本身的哲學基礎，即所謂「歷史唯物論」看來，政治與經濟之間的關係也非單向決定的因果關係，而是呈現著 多種不同面向的辯證互動關係，因此也造成了馬克思有關國家自主性的學說中之兩種不同論述：「寄生性國家」與「工具性國家」。本文從馬克思論國家的本質、起源及其與社會的關係開始說起，再逐步論及「寄生性國家」與「工具性國家」這兩種論述中的各種「國家」類型，包括「東方專制主義」、「專制君主制」、「波拿巴主義的國家」、「工具國家在英國 」以及「工具性的國家在法國」等，可以說完整地梳理出馬克思國家學說的發展脈絡，並充分說明它其實就是一種有關國家的歷史社會學。 目 錄 第一章 序言 第一節 研究動機…………………………………………002 一之一：國家研究的歷史發展………………………………………002 一之二：馬克思主義與國家研究……………………………………005 第二節 論題形成的脈絡…………………………………010 二之一：馬克思論「寄生性國家」與「工具性國家」………………011 二之二：馬克思的歷史唯物論與國家研究…………………………019 第三節 研究進路的問題…………………………………025 三之一：歷史社會學的研究進路與國家研究………………………026 三之二：馬克思與「以國家為中心」的國家研究進路………………035 第四節 論述架構與研究限制…………………………041 四之一：論述架構……………………………………………………040 四之二：研究限制……………………………………………………047 第二章 歷史唯物論與國家 第一節 馬克思的歷史唯物論…………………………058 一之一：歷史唯物論與「經濟決定論」………………………………058 一之二：歷史唯物論與整體性觀點…………………………………063 第二節 馬克思論述人類歷史的發展………………072 二之一：分工、所有制與歷史………………………………073 二之二：國家自主性與國家的形式…………………………………080 第三節 小結…………………………………………………085 第三章 寄生性國家 第一節 東方專制主義的社會經濟基礎……………089 一之一：東方專制主義與「亞細亞生產模式」的概念………………089 一之二：東方專制主義國家自主性的形成…………………………095 第二節 向資本主義社會過渡中的專制君主制…100 二之一：專制君主制的歷史背景……………………………………100 二之二：專制君主制中的階級關係與國家自主性…………………105 第三節 波拿巴主義與法國歷史………………………110 三之一：法國歷史中的國家傳統……………………………………110 三之二：波拿巴主義的階級、意識形態因素與國家自主性………116 第四節 小結…………………………………………………122 第四章 工具性國家 第一節 資產階級與工具性國家………………………127 一之一：資產階級的形成……………………………………………127 一之二：資產階級與工具性的現代國家……………………………132 第二節 工具性國家在英國與法國…………………138 二之一：英國資產階級工具性國家的形成…………………………138 二之二：法國資產階級工具性國家的形成…………………………143 第三節 小結…………………………………………………148 第五章 總結與評估 參考文獻…………………………………………………………154 人名索引…………………………………………………………163 主題索引…………………………………………………………170 / For many decades, Marxian philosophy was usually misunderstood as a doctrine that is primarily "economically determinstic", ie., economy determines the social, cultural, and political spheres. What is the corollary of this misunderstanding is that Marxian Doctrines on the State had become one of the most typical types of Instrumentalism among the theories of the state and that state is the instrument of class domination in the hands of the capitalists. In order to clarify this long-term misunderstanding, the author of this thesis try to find his revelation in contemporary Historical Sociology, and to demonstrate the Marxian approaches to the state is no different from the approaches of many Historical Sociologists. Historical Sociology has shown its constant attempts to understand the diverse possibilities of state autonomy from the perspectives of historical heritage and social context. According to this viewpoint, state is neither the simple instrument in the hands of the capitalists, nor a political entity that can be totally isolated from the society. Secondly, in the light of Marxian Historical Materialism, the relationship between politics and economy is not an one-way causation. As the ultimate foundation of the Marxian doctrines of the state, Historical Materialism makes it clear that politics and economy are mutually and dialectically interactive, and this vigorous interaction provides us the two possible doctrines of the state, that is, parasite state and instrumentalist state. This thesis started from the formulations of the nature, origin of the state and its relations to the society, then the author gradually focus upon a "typology" of the state which can be shown in the two Marxian state doctrines, these types including "Oriental Despotism", "Absolutism", "Bonapartism", "Instrumentalist State in England", and "Instrumentalist State in France". The author not only gave an overall exposition of the development of the Marxian doctrines of the state, he also sufficiently proved that the doctrines constitute in fact some kind of historical sociology of the state.