本研究目的在探討台灣商業電視新聞，1996-2006年十年間，受收視率和置入性行銷影響，媒體如何形塑其下工作者，工作者的工作樣貌有什麼樣的轉變，以及如何自處和抵抗。 本研究以深度訪談和個案研究二種方式進行，訪談十位分屬六家衛星新聞台不同階層工作者，研究發現在收視率的部分，媒體從收視率數字開始即以一種近乎暴力的形式控制工作者，並透過採訪會議控制採訪組，收視率會議控制編輯系統和主播，使得其下工作者，從1996年前的政治力操控，轉變為收視率數字控制，精彩和收視數字凌駕一切規範，八卦娛樂和視覺感官化獲勝。 所幸，新聞工作者並不將自己囿於這樣的控制之下，開始有資深工作者努力在收視率之下，開創仍有新聞價值的題材，或者以品牌形象﹑外界力量﹑個人知識﹑影音技巧來抵抗收視率。 置入性行銷部分，因為收入來的最直接，所以媒體的控制往往來自最高階層的壓力，而沒有達到目標值的處罰控制力道往往大於獎勵，但是有不少媒體工作者為了躲避收視率的壓迫，仍然選擇留在置入性行銷的部門之中。 在這樣的控制力之下，媒體人漸漸學會置入性行銷大於一切的原則，不能得罪廣告主，廣告主負面新聞碰不得，不過資深工作者仍沒有放棄，他們發現因為正當性的問題，外界的力量會讓置入性行銷退縮，或者是做到領導品牌，讓廣告主臣服於專業之下，可以爭取到較大的操作空間，至於負面新聞，則可以以模糊原則偷渡。 收視率和置入性行銷這十年來，讓不少優秀媒體人打退堂鼓，期待從這些資深工作者生存下來的方式之中，為媒體人找到一條在離去與妥協之間的第三條路。 關鍵字﹕資深新聞工作者﹑收視率﹑置入行銷﹑市場導向﹑新聞產製﹑控制抵抗 / The purpose of the study is to investigate how audience ratings and placement marketing have influenced the commercial cable news in Taiwan and how news workers are molded by the media from 1996 to 2006.The present study further discusses the transitions of job trend among news workers, as well as how these workers place themselves and make a resistance in the job field. The research was conducted by in-depth interviews and case studies. Ten different news workers at different job levels, who belonged to six satellite news stations, were interviewed. From the perspective of viewership, the study indicates that news workers are violently manipulated by media through the ratings. The cover groups are restrained by pre-interview meetings; and the editing desks and news anchors are also controlled by meetings for ratings.Replacing the manipulation of political power before 1996, news workers are thus constrained by the ratings. Excitement and ratings figures override all standard norms. Gossip, entertainment and visual stimulations are the key factors. Fortunately, news workers do not wish to constrain themselves under such circumstances.Senior news workers began to seek valuable news topic and intended to resist the ratings by creating a leading image, seeking strength from the external, and increasing individual knowledge and audio-visual techniques. Placement marketing, the most direct profits for the media, often generates media control as the pressure from the staff of highest level. When the goal value was not achieved, the controlled strength through punishment was often stronger than rewards. To avoid pressure from ratings, many media workers have chosen to stay at the division of placement marketing.Under such controlling force, media people gradually learned a principle that placement marketing is greater than all others.They did not want to offend the advertisement host, nor would they want to cover any negative news against them. However, senior news workers had not given up. They realized the legitimate problems would retreat the placement marketing by means of public strength.It is possible to submit the advertisement host under the achievement of brand leadership. Thus a wider freedom of manipulation could be gained. As for the negative news, it is possible to sneak across blurredly. Within the last decade, ratings and placement marketing has discouraged many outstanding media people.The study anticipates to search the survival patterns from these senior workers and a third choice besides leaving and submitting for all media workers. Keywords : senior news workers, ratings, placement marketing, market-driven, news production, controlling resistance

本文旨在瞭解新聞工作者所遭遇的職業災害種類，以及發生職災的成因，並探討媒體組織在事前是否提供良好的安全衛生環境，最後檢視現行的職災法制能否有效達到事前預防與事後補償的效果。 研究結果發現，近年來的媒體不景氣，組織人事精簡帶來的高工時和高勞動強度，導致原本就有許多外在採訪風險的新聞工作者，心理壓力更是影響健康的一環。透過資料收集與訪談顯示，記者常見的外在職災包含「蓄意襲擊」、「意外傷害」、「通勤災害」、「天災」、「腕穴道症候群」及「椎間盤突出、脊椎側彎等攝影記者常見職災」等六種；而內在健康的損害包含「過勞（死）」、「精神官能症」、「類PTSD症候群」及「腫瘤、癌症」等四類。 而媒體組織大多缺乏事前預防的機制，包括外勤採訪時的安全裝備，或是事前安全訓練等均無，導致新聞工作者普遍缺乏安全意識，卻又在搶快、搶畫面的前提下，以肉身抵擋各種意外，造成各種嚴重的職災；而法規方面，事前安全衛生法規偏重工業環境安全，不適用於記者的工作環境，而發生職災後，則有法律上認定的困難，包括過勞死與精神官能症的判定基準都過於嚴苛，造成新聞工作者對於法律提供的金錢補償往往是「看得到、吃不到」。 然而綜觀上述，可以發現新聞工作者容易發生職災的最根源，來自於媒體結構性的改變，近年來因著不景氣裁員，記者的工作量一人當三人用；同時間各種置入性行銷、拉廣告業務等違反新聞倫理的生態，更容易讓新聞工作者身心俱疲。媒體主管若不改善新聞工作者的勞動條件，便難以避免內在和外在各種職業災害的發生。 / The study aims to investigate different types of occupational accidents encountered by journalists, and to explore whether or not media organizations provide a safe and healthy work environment for their employees, and to finally review the current legal system that regulates the workers’ compensation in the labor force of media and journalism. Recently, the global economic recession has highly increased the unemployment rates in Taiwan. As a result, the labor condition of journalists has been negatively influenced. Apart from external risks caused at work, mental pressure has greater affected their overall health. According to the interviews of 19 journalists and 5 related personnel, the 6 most occurred occupational accidents encountered by journalists are: “deliberately attack”, “unexpected accident”, “commuter accident”, “natural disaster”, “carpal tunnel syndrome”, and “intervertebral disk herniation and scoliosis”, and “other common occupational accidents for photographers”. As well, there are 4 other types of internal occupational accidents: “karoshi”, “psychoneurosis”, “post-traumatic stress disorder”, and “tumors and cancer”. In addition, the occupational accidents preventing system for this particular career is not completely developed, thus, only few journalists own safety awareness. In terms of the related regulations, workers’ compensation in Taiwan is mainly made for the blue collars, which is not yet suitable for journalists. Unfortunately, the standard criteria for “karoshi” and “psychoneurosis” are so rigorous that almost no one could receive the subsidies after accidents. Draw a conclusion of “occupational accidents encountered by journalists”, journalists in Taiwan carry heavy workloads and being demanded to work overtime due to mass layoffs in the industry. It is still difficult to avoid both external and internal occupational accidents if the chiefs of the media organizations do not make necessary changes to ameliorate the structure. Above all, the inadequate labor condition of the media workers should be first improved, so that many occupational accidents can be prevented as the result.

本研究旨在以社會學家Zygmunt Bauman的「液態現代性」概念為理論基礎，討論社會「液化」過程中新聞工作本質有何轉變，並探究當前未曾經歷台灣新聞產業蓬勃、初入行即面臨新聞價值、專業與勞動條件不穩定狀態的新一代記者，如何看待新聞工作及其自身角色意涵。 　　Bauman指出，當前社會在由固態現代性過渡至液態現代性過程中具「時空關係轉變」、「資本與勞動力分離」、「生產者社會轉向者消費社會」及「權力運作方式改變」等特質。本研究循此討論新聞工作之本質於「時間與速度」、「傳受雙方關係」、「工作穩定性」及「媒體組織角色」等面向的轉變，並以敘事探究之方式蒐集新一代記者的工作故事，分析其對新聞工作及自身角色的認知。 　　研究結果發現，當前新聞工作深陷伴隨媒體科技而來的速度競賽中，使報導傾向快速淺薄，記者個人工作成果亦難以累積。而由於媒體組織內未能提供穩定薪資成長或以裁員及短期約聘為營運手段，促成當前新聞工作的高流動性與低穩定性。且當前媒體組織與新聞記者之權威地位常賴閱聽人／消費者之觀看與評價而確立，使新一代記者改視新聞工作為提供資訊之「服務業」。 　　此種媒介境況影響著新一代記者對自身角色的認知：工作不穩定使其須時時關注自身表現能否被組織看見並達成期待，凸顯其為「組織中之工作者」；當其應組織要求執行業配等額外工作時，又須「兼具記者、廣告與業務之角色」；在組織頻以商業利益主導人事策略之際，則迫使其屢「以商業價格衡量自身價值」，認為「便宜又好用」是其未被裁員或受聘雇之緣由，無法感受自身的不可替代性。 　　但另一方面，當前媒體境況中的新一代記者亦「期待改變並尋求突破」，希冀藉由接觸新的人事物刺激思維且提升能力，並於固有工作中尋找突破之可能；而於媒體環境及記者社會地位不佳之際，他們仍「對自身表現充滿期許」，認為須每日拿出成績、努力獲得挖角加薪之機會與他人肯定；新一代記者亦認為新聞工作「具影響力與個人意義」，個人的興趣與工作成就感是其繼續工作之動力。 　　綜上所述，液態現代性社會中的速度競賽、勞資分離、消費者社會以及對輕盈流動與彈性靈活的追求顯皆促使整體媒介境況變遷，改變新一代記者與新聞工作、媒體組織及閱聽人／消費者間之關係。而新一代記者對自身角色的理解一方面受媒體組織內的工作形態與工作穩定性之影響，另方面則反映其在具流動靈活的液態現代性社會中猶能積極工作的心境。

論文摘要 本研究主要以探討在洛杉磯地區的華文媒體中的女性新聞工作者之勞動經驗 與流動因素，以深度的訪談法共訪問美國南加州洛杉磯地區35 位華裔女性新聞工作者，並由女性角度的觀點切入、並結合參與觀察法探討在海外的少數媒體生態中的工作經驗、以及針對走入家庭的女性工作者，嘗試深入瞭解影響她們在面臨工作與家庭的衝突時所作的抉擇及規劃的背後主因。 研究發現，在洛杉磯華文媒體的特殊生態、報導取材、新聞製作及分配， 使女性新聞工作者在新聞產製上佔有優勢。而華裔女性的性別特質，如富有同理心的的刻板印象，使她們在與受訪者建立關係、以及採訪軟性新聞和撰寫上受到重視。在勞動經驗中，許多電視媒體的女性新聞工作者須面臨美感勞動的實踐及適應。 除了語言適應問題和移民身份問題外，許多華裔女性新聞工作者曾遭遇性騷 擾的困境。雖然美國在立法保護及執行上相當徹底，但因國籍背景、文化融入和合法需留權的不同，華裔女性新聞工作者在面對性騷擾問題時，會作出不同的反應及抵抗策略。影響華裔女性新聞工作者流動的因素可分為工作環境、個人因素、及家庭因素。而因美國政策與教育制度對家庭主婦的肯定、職場生態對於婦女再就業給予支持、和家庭結構的不同與經濟因素的考量，使在美的華裔女性新聞工作者，選擇回歸家庭的自主性意願高。 / Abstract This research primary discusses the working experience and labor turnover of the Chinese female journalists in Los Angeles Chinese news industry. The research utilized semi-structured Interview method to interview thirty-five Chinese female journalists in greater Los Angeles area. Through the female’s point of views, observation of work experience in oversea minority media; we will discuss the influence and reasoning of decision when they encounter conflict from their career and family. The research revealed that female journalist have an advantage over male in the news production industry due to the Los Angeles Chinese media special ecological, reports drawn, news production and distribution. Chinese women gender traits, such as stereotype of sympathy will enable them to establish bonding with the interviewee easier, as well as advantage in soft news interviews and editing. In the labor experience, many women television journalists have to face with "aesthetic labor" practices and adaption. Beside the language barrier and immigrant status, many Chinese female journalists have been suffered sexual harassment. Although United States legislature has a sufficient system for protection and enforcement; however, due to the nationality background, cultural integration and the residence right difference, many Chinese female journalists are not able to fight back when they are suffering from sexual harassment. They have to react with different strategy and approach. Generally speaking, working Environment, personal factors, and family factors are three main categories influencing Chinese female Journalists job turnover. On the other hand, United States political policy and education system supports homemaker reemployment. Depends on the economic considerations and family structures; Chinese female journalists Are willing to leave their jobs and stay at home instead.

新聞教育以培育新聞專業人才為主旨，但近年的統計數據指出，新聞系仍是台灣許多高中生嚮往的大學志願，畢業後願意投身新聞職業的新聞系學生卻越來越少。在這之中，新聞系學生在大學期間的從業意願轉變過程與原因值得探討。 本研究從Tiedeman的歷時性觀點出發，以14位不從事新聞工作的新聞系畢業生為研究對象，將他們的職業選擇視為一段由學習與生活經驗構築而成之歷程，並透過深度訪談法瞭解他們對自身學習經驗的主觀詮釋，分析其畢業後首份職業決定的形成過程，並循Krumboltz的生涯決定社會學習論剖析各項影響職業選擇的因素。 研究發現，新聞系學生的非職業抉擇實屬一段歷經新聞從業意願起伏的過程，而非一夕促成的決定。其中，大學學習經驗的影響最是深遠，而「個人的興趣與能力」、「校內實習」與實際接觸新聞實務的「校外實習」是最重要的三個節點，新聞系學生在三者之間經歷職業期望落差，對他們的新聞從業意願造成負面影響。研究者並將新聞系學生的非新聞職業抉擇歷程分為四類：（1）發現新聞之外的職業興趣、（2）校內實習期間經歷職業想像衝突、學習挫折、（3）在校內、外實習經驗的轉換間感知新聞理想與現實的落差，以及（4）從未萌生新聞從業意願。 縱使未投入新聞業，新聞系的專業訓練仍對新聞系學生的職場表現有所助益，諸如資訊蒐集、溝通表達、團隊合作能力等。最後，研究者根據研究結果，對當前的新聞教育提出相關討論與建議。

本研究從勞動觀點出發，檢視台灣媒體組織中的非典型雇用新聞工作者的勞動樣貌，並探討在非典型雇用型態下勞資雙方在生產過程中的互動與關係轉變。非典型雇用新聞工作者則既是受雇於資方的勞工，同時也可視作個人企業。做為勞工，非典型新聞工作者的各項勞動條件幾乎都不如正職工作者；做為個人企業，非典型新聞工作者需獨自面對外在環境變動的風險。正向來看非典型雇用是對於僵化體制的抵抗與反動，脫離組織換取自主性與自由，甚至帶來權力翻轉改變；反向思考則以社會學家Buroway「製造甘願」的概念為基礎，說明非典型新聞工作者對於資方過度剝削的順服，心甘情願參與資方所組織的趕工競賽，透過官僚、科技與價值觀的控制形塑出順服的意識型態。 研究結果依契約型態將新聞媒體產業中的非典型勞動力分為派遣／約聘新聞工作者、自由新聞工作者與獨立／公民記者三種類型，一般非典型雇用新聞工作者勞動條件都比一般正職工作者差，而三種型態的非典型勞動力的契約嚴謹程度會影響到勞動條件與自主性。不同的自主程度會影響到工作者的職業認同感與甘願的機制，派遣與約聘工作者的勞動過程中充滿不甘願的元素但受限於理想與現實卻被迫甘願；自由新聞工作者看似自由自主，但對工作延續性的焦慮也迫使他們落入競爭的遊戲中並自我限縮；獨立與公民記者以無償勞動換取絕對的自主權，然而要在眾多論述中取得框架的定義權，只能以自我剝削換取主流與個人媒體的轉引與跟進，勞動所產生的價值與實際付出不成比例。 本研究建議未來新聞產業界建立良好的新聞鑑價制度，並大力推行公民委製新聞平台，藉此提升台灣新聞產業勞動者的勞動條件與新聞產出品質。 / This research examined the labor of atypical employed journalists in the news industry in Taiwan, discussing the relationship changing between the capitalist and the labor during the production process. Atypical employed journalists are on the one hand the temporary workers who suffer the worse labor condition than permanent employees. On the other hand, they viewed themselves as self enterprise that faced external risks alone. Positive speaking, atypical employment was the resistance of traditional rigid discourse. For the sake of freedom and autonomy, workers leaved organizations and anticipated power reversal. Negatively, based on Buroway’s concept of “manufacturing consent,” this study illustrated how atypical employees submitted to the capitalist’s over-exploitation, willing to making out organized by the capital through the ideology formed by bureaucracy, technology and value control. The results revealed that atypical employed journalists were separated into three kinds: dispatched/contract workers, freelancers and independent/citizen journalists. Generally speaking, those temporary workers’ the labor condition were worse that permanent employees and the type of contracts would affect their working condition and autonomy. Different degree of autonomy could therefore inference occupational identity and consent. Dispatched and contract workers were forced to make consent with the capitalists due to ideal and reality; freelancers seemed to enjoy the freedom and autonomy, but the anxiety to job sustainability forced them to join the competitive game and self-constraint; independent and citizen journalists’ free labor guaranteed the absolute autonomy, but they had to work hard and even self-exploit in order to take advantage of frame disputes in both main stream and personal media. The value conducted during the labor process and the effort they made were out of proportion. This study suggested establishing complete news valuation system, and supporting community-funded reporting to upgrade the labor condition and report quality in the news industry in Taiwan.