中國在計劃經濟體制下，政府強調一元化的管理，即由政府單一主體承擔政治、經濟、社會的職能。但隨著1978年改革開放、1992年社會主義市場經濟的建立和發展，到了二十一世紀重視科學發展的貫徹和實踐，全面、協調、可持續的發展成為發展策略，使得社會建設成為現代化建設的重要內涵，民生保障成為政府的重要工作。這就使得政府不僅要做好經濟調節和市場監管，更要履行好公共服務的供給，與此同時，在社會主義市場經濟的條件下，民眾對政府公共服務的需求日漸增加。 　　為了滿足民眾對公共服務提供上多樣化和複雜化的特點，中國政府開始關注社會組織在公共服務供給上的作用，近年來各地不斷推行政府購買社會組織公共服務的嘗試、探索和實踐，是中國創新社會管理當中最引人注目的改革，是政府推進轉變職能、加快社會體制改革、建構「小政府、大社會」治理格局的服務型政府的重要措施。中國公共服務購買的首例得追溯到1995年的上海。當年上海市浦東新區社會發展局向上海基督教青年會委託養老服務，是中國政府最早向社會組織購買公共服務的探索。 此後，中國各地區政府如廣東、江蘇、北京、四川、浙江等地紛紛都展開了政府向社會組織購買公共服務的推廣探索，公共服務購買的內容和範圍逐漸擴大到醫療衛生服務、教育服務、社區服務、培訓服務、就業服務、計劃生育服務等諸多公共服務領域。

人脈理論相關的文獻,尤以 Granovetter(1973)提出非常優雅的「弱連結 (weak tie)」一詞最為經典,他的論文發現經由弱連結介紹新工作的成功率高於 強連結,同時提出弱連結相較於強連結(strong tie)更多元,因此弱連結對宏觀世 界的效益必大於強連結。而後 Rogers(2006)也在創新的擴散中提出弱連結應 該屬於異質性連結,強連結則屬於同質性的連結,異質性不容易連結卻對擴散的 影響更大。因此本研究的動機將以弱勢的創業家為研究對象,探討弱連結擴散的 動機與擴散方法,並回答研究問題弱連結的擴散效益為何? 本研究發現弱連結的脆弱並不全然是異質性不易溝通之故,因為弱連結與強連結最大的不同是強連結靠關係遠近產生連結,弱連結則是自願性的連結居多,因此創業家的創夢才是真正點燃連結的起源,此外弱連結的橋樑特質是喜好轉介稀有性消息,產生消息經濟的效益而達到更廣泛的連結,因此研究者認為弱連結應用於創新擴散將有三點效益,第一點是弱連結因為自發性動機與可被信任的第三方而提高傳遞意願,第二點是弱連結以泛泛之交居多,他們喜好轉介稀有性消息,因此提高傳送廣度,最後發現所謂的六度分隔除了代表差異性人脈將造成平 均為六的結果外,也代表著六個人脈圈,本研究因此發現第一度的人脈差異將影 響網際網路時代的小世界接受率。 而對於創業家以弱連結來進行創新擴散,研究者認為實務上建立異質性創業 團隊將有助於進入不同特質的弱連結樞紐區,此外創業家勇於發表創夢的想法, 其心態越開放也有助於凝聚弱連結,因此創業家可以藉由社群網站或部落格等媒 體建立自行發聲的管道,將有助於幫助創業家位於樞紐中心,強化擴散的能力。 研究者在回顧文獻後也發現,弱連結在開放式網絡下的橋樑特質與效益被後來學 者忽略,同時隨著網際網路興起帶來多元的媒體與開放式人際關係,研究者認為 將更有助於觀察弱連結對創新擴散的幫助,本研究觀察 Apps 產業裡 Bonnie’s Brunch 個案後,經由八位訪談者與半年的網路社群媒體追蹤的結果,發現弱連 結的橋樑功能是資訊的聚集處,也是連結的捷徑,因此擁有對的連結的確是很重要的事,但是弱連結卻未必時常擔任善意的陌生人,因此弱連結的連結困難在於弱連結的自願性動機,因此研究者在理論貢獻部分提出弱連結的力量來源為自願性的動機,這股隱性的力量唯有受到單純動機的點燃才能爆發出來,因此創業家成功的方程式還有一項無法被操控的弱連結影響力,唯有創業家經過長期的耕耘,持續提供資訊交換,才能與弱聯結維繫關係。 / Among the personal network theory related literatures, the elegant term “weak tie” proposed by Granovetter(1973) is the most classic theory. His thesis paper finding shows that the success rate of introducing new jobs through a weak tie is higher than that of a strong tie. Hence, he believes that as the macroscopic view of the world’s weak tie is more diverse than the strong tie, the benefits produced after creating the tie are definitely greater than the strong tie. Rogers (2006) later proposed in diffusion of innovation that the weak tie is the tie of heterogeneity, while the strong tie is the tie of homogeneity. Heterogeneity does not easily produce a tie, but it has a greater impact on diffusion. Therefore, the weak tie diffusion motivation and diffusion method were explored in this study, and the research problem, i.e., the diffusion benefits of the weak tie, was answered. It was found in this study that the vulnerability of the weak tie is not entirely due to the communication difficulty of heterogeneity, because the greatest difference between the weak tie and strong tie lies in the fact that strong ties produce ties depending on the distance of a relationship, while weak ties are generally voluntary ties. Hence, entre- preneurs’ building of dreams is the actual source that triggers ties. In addition, the weak tie bridge is characterized by a preference to prefer rare news, Newsonomics, and achieve more extensive links. Thus, the researcher believes that there are three benefits when the weak tie is applied in diffusion of innovation. First, the weak tie enhances the willingness to convey messages due to its own voluntary motivation and trustworthy third party. Second, weak ties are generally formed by acquaintances. They prefer to refer rare news, thus the broader conveyance. Lastly, it was found that the so-called six degrees not only represents differential personal networks that result in the outcome of six on average, but also represents six network circles. It was therefore found in this study that the first-degree personal network will affect the small world acceptance rate in the Internet age. As for entrepreneurs, they engaged in diffusion of innovation through weak ties. The researcher believes that, in practice, the establishment of the entrepreneurial team of homogeneity is conducive to entry into weak tie hubs of different characteristics. In addition, entrepreneurs had the courage to express their ideas about building dreams, and their open-mindedness also contributed to the gathering of weak ties. Hence, it is suggested that entrepreneurs establish channels to voice themselves through communi- ty networks, BLOG, and other medias, which will help them stay in the hub and strengthen their ability to diffuse. Through literature review, the researcher found that the bridging characteristics and benefits of the weak tie in the open-type network had been neglected by subsequent researchers. At the same time, the rise of the Internet has brought about a diversity of media and open-type interpersonal relationships, which is believed to be more helpful for weak ties to contribute to diffusion of innovation. Through observations made on the entrepreneurs of Bonnie’s Brunch in the App industry, the results of interviews with 8 individuals, and long-term tracking of Internet community media, it was found that the bridge of the weak tie is a gathering place of information and it is also a shortcut of ties. Therefore, having the right links is indeed important. However, the weak tie is not always willing to serve as the stranger that displays goodwill. The difficulty in linking weak ties therefore lies in the voluntary motivation of the weak tie. In the researcher’s theoretical contributions, it was mentioned that the source of the weak tie force is the voluntary motivation, and this implicit force can only explode after igniting pure mo- tive. Therefore, the successful equation still possesses the influence of the weak tie that cannot be manipulated. Only through long-term cultivation of entrepreneurs and con- tinuous provision of information exchanges to maintain the relationships with weak ties.

現今企業為因應科技不斷創新及產業結構之快速變動，當顧客需求變動更加快速，且顧客個別需求差異又大時，企業要如何快速因應？本研究探討的主題以顧客導向、顧客關係與共創價值為理論基礎，探討顧客與企業共創價值的新商業模式；並透過行動通訊產業的實務驗證，對顧客與企業共創價值的流程、概念與互動關係進行研究，肯定此新商業模式之價值。研究目的包括：探討企業與顧客共創價值之相關理論、發展企業與顧客共創價值之新商業模式以及藉由行動通訊產業實務驗證此商業模式之價值。 延續共創價值理論、顧客關係管理以及網路外部性與行動通訊價值鏈等前人研究與理論基礎，本研究所提出的新商業模式概念以企業經營利潤的提升為目的，就顧客與企業合作之創價路徑以及時程演進進行探討描述。透過產業研究驗證得到，創價路徑分為價值創造互動點、關鍵樞紐公司、經驗環境平台以及價值轉運機制等四個階段。而時程演進則分為引誘期、維持期、成長期與更新期四個階段。而研究結論包括：此新商業模式創造獨特價值、新商業模式能夠協助企業因應產業變化以及行動通訊產業為新商業模式之應用先驅。建議企業在應用新商業模式上先就企業本身的產業定位及優勢進行全面性檢討，才能夠發揮本身的優勢，以發展平台整合目標資源，透過價值轉運機制即時迅速地提供關鍵顧客獨特價值。 / The thesis focuses on new business model based on co-creating value with customers. It provides an overview of distinctive features of the unique value creating by corporate and customer. The specific purposes of the thesis are to define the co-creating value with customers, to develop a new business model based on that, and to enhance the value of the new business model in conjunction with mobile communications industry. Based on the researches regarding to co-creating value, customer relationship management and network externalities, this thesis analyses the key players and interactions that form part of co-creating value between corporate and customer, providing a foundation for future strategic analysis and drawing on some of the key factors that may influence the take-up of the new business model---including value creating process (value-creating interactive point, key nodal company, experience platform and value-transferring hub) and timeline developing (inducing period, preserving period, growing period, and renewing period)---the thesis also provides predictions regarding the future of industrial applying. A field experiment was conducted in mobile communications industry. The experiment reveals that the new business model has unique value, the new business model can facilitate the corporate adoption to the variation market and the mobile communications industry is found to be the first mover in terms of the implementation in this new business model. The importance and managerial implications of the new business and follow-up research are also discussed.

在傳統的迴歸模型架構下，統計推論的進行需要假設誤差項之間相互獨立，且來自於常態分配。當理論模型假設條件無法達成的時候，排列檢定（permutation tests）這種無母數的統計方法通常會是可行的替代方法。 在以往的文獻中，應用於複迴歸模型（multiple regression）之係數排列檢定方法主要以樞紐統計量（pivotal quantity）作為檢定統計量，進而探討不同排列檢定方式的差異。本文除了採用t統計量這一個樞紐統計量作為檢定統計量的排列檢定方式外，亦納入以非樞紐統計量的迴歸係數估計量b22所建構而成的排列檢定方式，藉由蒙地卡羅模擬方法，比較以此兩類檢定方式之型一誤差（type I error）機率以及檢定力（power），並觀察其可行性以及適用時機。模擬結果顯示，在解釋變數間不相關且誤差分配較不偏斜的情形下，Freedman and Lane (1983)、Levin and Robbins (1983)、Kennedy (1995)之排列方法在樣本數大時適用b2統計量，且其檢定力較使用t2統計量高，但差異程度不大；若解釋變數間呈現高度相關，則不論誤差的偏斜狀態，Freedman and Lane (1983)、Kennedy (1995) 之排列方法於樣本數大時適用b2統計量，其檢定力結果也較使用t2統計量高，而且兩者的差異程度比起解釋變數間不相關時更加明顯。整體而言，使用t2統計量適用的場合較廣；相反的，使用b2的模擬結果則常需視樣本數大小以及解釋變數間相關性而定。 / In traditional linear models, error term are usually assumed to be independently, identically, normally distributed with mean zero and a constant variance. When the assumptions cannot meet, permutation tests can be an alternative method. Several permutation tests have been proposed to test the significance of a partial regression coefficient in a multiple regression model. t=b⁄(se(b)), an asymptotically pivotal quantity, is usually preferred and suggested as the test statistic. In this study, we take not only t statistics, but also the estimates of the partial regression coefficient as our test statistics. Their performance are compared in terms of the probability of committing a type I error and the power through the use of Monte Carlo simulation method. Situations where estimates of the partial regression coefficients may outperform t statistics are discussed.