在一般的民主國家，選舉乃是落實民主政治運作的制度安排。而選舉的結果不僅會影響政府政策的走向、政府的更迭，甚至是政黨制度的重組。因此，對於選舉制度的設計、制定、規劃與討論一直都是政治學中爭辯的議題。一般而言，選舉制度的討論包括選票轉換為議席的「比例性」與選舉制度對「政黨政治」的影響，而本文著重在對於前者的研究。 本文從「比例性」之於選舉制度的重要性切入，先針對足以影響選舉結果之比例性偏差的因素做一瞭解，並以台灣第六屆與第七屆立法委員選舉作為實證，利用各種方法（直接分析選舉數據、迴歸分析、本文選擇的比例性偏差測量公式），以尋求、說明、分析「政黨比例性偏差」與「選區規模」之間的相關性與影響力。 不論是直接觀察、整理選舉結果，或以統計分析來檢定關聯程度、相關方向及解釋力，或是利用Taagepera「n指數」計算我國第六屆與第七屆立法委員選舉的「比例性」，所得到的研究結果呼應了本文的研究假設，此即，選區規模、選區數越大，選舉結果的比例性越佳（不比例性越小）、政黨的比例性偏差越低。 雖然透過本文選舉結果的整理與觀察、Taagepera「n指數」的計算，都顯示出我國立委選制改革後，『單一選區』的採行，強化了選舉結果的「不比例性」，削弱了小黨的政治空間，扭曲了選民的偏好與委託；而具有『調節性議席』功能的『全國不分區席次』，無助於調和「區域選舉」的比例性偏差，且因5％的政黨門檻限制，非但無法改變小黨在區域選舉上的劣勢，反而加深了小黨整體的比例性偏差。但由於僅有一屆改制後的選舉數據資料可供分析，本文的研究結果能夠呈現的部分有限，待未來改制後更多屆的選舉數據來佐證、分析與檢驗，或許能得到較為明確、有力的結果分析。

選舉制度的設計與評估，主要有兩方面的考量，一是可治理性；二是分配的比例性。以台灣的情況為例，新選制的選舉結果，理論上政府的運作將趨向穩定；相較之下，在制度替換的過程中，改革者通常只看見舊制度的缺失，舊制度本身所具有的優點－比例性，在改革過程中往往被忽視。本文的研究目的即是重拾對比例性的視野，透過Loosemore-Hanby D指數測量選制改革前後的比例性偏差程度，檢視1992至2008年間比例性偏差數值的變化，並從五個面向－選區規模、席次分配、法定門檻、席次總數、選票結構－解釋比例性偏差發生的原因，發現所有的選制設計皆不利於比例性，導致新選制的比例性偏差與舊制度產生極大的落差。 此外，透過比較其他可能的比例性狀況可以發現，無論是聯立制的模擬或是票源模擬的結果，皆顯示有助於提升小黨的代表性；另一方面，同樣採用並立制的日本，四次的選舉經驗可以做為我國參考的對象，但是由於選舉制度的各項要素不盡相同，也使得兩國選舉結果的比例性和小黨代表性呈現差異性。 最後，混合制固然同時融合了相對多數決制和比例代表制的特性，但是由於制度上選制要素以及非制度上國情與社會狀況的不同，很難期待一個完美的選舉制度出現，因此，我們只能尋求一個理想的選舉制度，且善用混合制所具有的彈性，做出適度的調整。 / Upon the evaluation of an electoral system, the main concerns are the governability and proportionality. In Taiwan’s case, the electoral system of Legislative Yuan altered from SNTV to mixed-member system; however, the reformers invariably accentuated the stability of governance but ignored the semi-proportionality of SNTV. Hence, the result of election in 2008 got unbalance between governability and proportionality. This article tends to measure the degree of disproportionality by Loosemore-Hanby index from 1992 to 2008 and tries to explain how disproportionality occurred from five dimensions－district magnitude, levels of seat allocation, threshold, number of total seats, and ballot structure. In addition, the results could be quite different when it compared with of other situations. According to this paper, the representation of small parties and the degree of proportionality will be enhanced while adopting MMP and redistributing the votes. Moreover, this paper is going to make a comparative study with Japan which have adopted MMM and have experienced four times elections since 1996. Finally, although mixed systems combine some features of both plurality and PR, there is still no perfect electoral system in the world. However, by making good use of flexibility of mixed systems, we might have an “ideal” system which can be regularly updated to suit changing needs and political conditions.

面對通訊與資訊科技的大幅進步，通訊網路正在進行一個巨大的變革，要將電信網路與數據網路整合成一個單一的All-IP網路以支援所有網路應用服務。欲達到整合型網路的理想，仍有許多困難尚待克服，而服務品質問題是其中最關鍵的問題之一。因為受限於封包交換網路之原有的特性，All-IP網路有影響服務品質的三項因素：過長的延遲時間、抖動以及封包遺失。首先，我們利用了達成度函數(achievement function)來處理單位的轉換，使得能夠同時考量此三項不同單位的因素。接著，本文中提出一套方法來解決All-IP網路上端對端(end-to-end)的資源配置及路徑規劃問題。在分配資源時，我們企圖提供一種成比例的公平性給各個不同等級。此公平性的精神是要使得所有網路使用者的滿足程度相當，而非各個不同等級的使用者分配到相同的資源。我們將以預算方式控制端對端品質管理以追求使用者之整體最大滿意程度。 本論文的規劃概念是將網路規劃分成兩個階段。第一階段是在一筆給定的總預算底下，以成比例的方式去分配資源給各個不同等級，並建置網路上的頻寬，使各等級能依其需求拿到適當的頻寬，確保滿足程度相當。 接下來第二階段則是在第一部份已完成的規劃基礎下，做路徑規劃，指派新進入的使用者到一條較好的路徑，在滿足此使用者的延遲時間要求下，使此系統的壅塞程度越小越好。路徑規劃的概念為如何挑選最佳網路路徑，以規劃具服務品質之端對端路徑，並可達到資源之最有效利用。網路營運者將可運用此套方法來調校自身所營運的網路以追求使用者最高滿意度。 / We present an approach for the fair resource allocation problem and QoS routing in All-IP networks that offer multiple services to users. The objective of the optimization problem is to determine the amount of required bandwidth for each link and each class to maximize the sum of the users' utility. In this work, we focus on approaches that, while allocating bandwidth, attempt to provide a proportionally fair treatment of all the competing classes. First, we will show that an achievement function can map different criteria subject to various utility onto a normalized scale. It may be interpreted as a measure of QoS (Quality of Service) on All-IP networks. Using the bandwidth allocation model, we can find a Pareto optimal allocation of bandwidth on the network under a limited available budget. This allocation can provide the so-called proportional fairness to every class, that is, this allocation can provide the similar satisfaction to each user. Next, we present a routing scheme under consideration of the delay. Such an optimal path provides the end-to-end QoS guarantees to each user. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate how to solve the fair resource allocation problem and how to modify the nonlinear parts.

由於不同的行業，其工作內涵差別極大，而不同的工作，其特性更是相去甚遠，自然，對於工作所需之人員，其應具備之資格條件也就大不相同，例如社會各種職場之報考者常常面臨著體格檢查限制的壓力，日常的生活、人際交往、求學、就業、失業、等等問題無時無刻不在困擾著他們，甚至在人生的每一個階段，他們都必須在縫隙中尋求生存的空間。 有些人事用人機關認為體格檢查限制並非是一種歧視行為，而是基於公共利益的需要而給予的合理的差別待遇，所謂「歧視」一詞具有多義性，在此應從侵害「國民就業機會平等」理解之。針對體格檢查限制之問題，本文擬先就體格檢查之意涵予以說明，並舉例說明公務人員考試之體格檢查限制，例如對B型肝炎帶原者限制其報考各類國家考試，這樣一個涉及健康標準的問題，其所設限之體檢標準是否合理？其唯一標準是「醫學標準」，如果科學證明B型肝炎帶原者對他人不構成傳染或雖有傳染性但並不嚴重且可以採取措施加以預防，則上開有關體檢之資格限制標準，構成對B型肝炎帶原者平等競爭公職權利的侵犯，是違憲的，因大量的醫學證明，B型肝炎帶原者並不會對公眾的健康構成威脅。 本文係以有關人民參加需經國家考試公務人員就業體格檢查限制所涉及之基本權利之保障與限制（干預）為研究之課題，人民就業體格檢查是否可以予以差別待遇？而該差別待遇是否合理？合乎比例原則？手段與目的之間如不符比例原則，恐有違憲之虞，故國家於設定體格檢查限制條件時，必須有合理的限制標準，並能依據合理的判斷基準予以救濟，避免侵害人民之權利，且立法、司法及行政各部門，更應負起積極的責任，研擬相關配套措施，以保障人民憲法上的基本權利，全文共分6章：第一章緒論，旨在說明本文之研究動機並界定研究範圍，同時提出本文之研究目的和方法。第二章體格檢查之基本概念，先敘明體格檢查之意涵，包括體格檢查之概念、目的（功能）、意義及特點（執行機構），再加以整理公務人員體格檢查標準之法規依據。第三至第五章構成本文之本論。旨在依序探討公務人員就業體格檢查限制所涉之基本權利保障與限制（干預），並檢討相關行政救濟案例，各章內容以我國憲法所保障之就業基本權利探討為主，並以憲法對於限制人權之相關原則的討論為輔。第六章結論，則在將前述各章之研究結果作綜合性的簡要陳述，並嘗試提出檢討及建議作為本論文之歸結。 / Each career has unique requirements for employees due to the different entity of the career. Therefore the job applicants have to face the pressure of physical examination during application to a new job frequently. Some human resource organizations consider “the abridgement of physical examination” as a rational differential treatment based on the public interests, rather than a discriminative behavior. As the term “discrimination” has versatile meanings, it will be interpreted as an interference of “the equal opportunity for civil employment” in this thesis. In this article, the meaning of the abridgement of physical examination on employment will be illustrated, followed by an example from the abridgement of the physical examination on professional examination. For example, it should be scrutinized whether it is appropriate to abridge a hepatitis B carrier of attending the civil examination, which is concerned from a view of health judged by the medical standard. Some researchers argued that the scientific evidences showed hepatitis B will not be transmitted via carriers, or even can be transmitted but not severely and can be prevented. Then standards of the physical examination on employment would invade the right of equal competition for civil service. Those would be unconstitutional because hepatitis B carriers would not make any threat to public health, which were proved through lots of medical evidences. The main purpose of this thesis concentrated on the protection and interference of basic rights involved in the abridgement of physical examination on civil service. The study will scrutinize the appropriateness, rationality, equality of discriminative treatment in the physical examination on civil service. If the goal and the means of public deeds are not proportional, it would be unconstitutional. To set up the conditions for the abridgement of physical examination, the government should have reasonable standards of restriction and also reasonable judgment criteria of relief for the abridgement of physical examination to avoid invading civil rights. The organization of legislation, justice and administration should take the responsibility of drafting relevant integrated measures to guard the civil privilege. The thesis consists of six chapters. Chapter one (prolegomenon) includes the motive, scope, goal and methods of this study. Chapter two (introduction) elucidates the concept, goal (function), construction and characteristics (an executive body) of the physical examination, and regulations related to standards for the physical examination on the civil service. Chapter three to five (main body) center on the protection and abridgement (interference) of basic rights and the review of administrative relief cases involved in the physical examination of employment. We will study the protection of right of work in our constitution mainly, accompanied by discussion of the relative principles of interference of human rights as well. Chapter six (conclusion) summarizes the research results in previous chapters and make conclusions and suggestions.